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At least 289 records · Page 16
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2018

Microstructure and texture evolution of deformed Mg-Zn alloy during recrystallization

Highlights: • The texture intensity in the Mg-Zn alloy relied on the microstructure. • Fine DRXed grains showed a fiber texture distributing between <10.0> and <11.0>. • Coarse DRXed grains mainly exhibited <11.0> fiber texture. • The preferred growth of <11.0> oriented grains resulted in texture evolution. - Abstract: The microstructure and texture evolution of Mg-Zn alloy during recrystallization was investigated by EBSD in the present study. Deformed region, fine DRXed region and coarse DRXed region were obtained in Mg-Zn alloy during deformation. It was found that the texture intensity in DRXed region was weaker compared with the deformed region. The second phase at grain boundaries resulted in the formation of fine DRXed grains with weaker texture compared with the coarse DRXed region. Additionally, a remarkable grain-size driven textural transition from <10.0>–<11.0> texture to <11.0> texture were detected with the growth of DRXed grains. The recrystallized grains with small grain size showed a fiber texture distributing homogeneously between <10.0> and <11.0>, while <11.0> fiber texture was predominant for the large recrystallized grains. It is suggested that <11.0> oriented grains grew faster than other oriented grains, which was ascribed to larger misorientation between <11.0> oriented grains and their neighboring grains.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Existence of a solid solution from brucite to {beta}-Co(OH){sub 2}

Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer A solid solution exist between Mg(OH){sub 2} and {beta}-Co(OH){sub 2}. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Synthesis has been performed through an easy and fast coprecipitation route. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer No long range-ordering of the cations occurs. -- Abstract: This study shows that between brucite (Mg(OH){sub 2}) and {beta}-Co(OH){sub 2}, all the compositions are possible. The solid solution Mg{sub 1-x}Co{sub x}(OH){sub 2} has been synthesized by an easy and fast coprecipitation route and characterized by XRD and TEM. Single phase powders have been obtained. The particles exhibit platelets morphology with a size close to one hundred nanometers. XRD analysis shows an evolution of the cell parameters when x increases and demonstrates that no ordering of the cations occurs. However, extra reflections on TEM electron diffraction patterns seem to indicate that local ordering can exist. The compounds issued from this solid solution could be good candidates as precursors in order to obtain Mg-Co mixed oxide with all possible cationic ratios.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Composition and temperature dependence of ferroelectric and pyroelectric properties of (1 − x)[PMN–PT(65/35)]–xPZ (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.10) ceramics

Highlights: • PMN–PT–PZ ceramics with PZ content smaller than 0.10 mol% were synthesized. • T{sub rt} of the PMN–PT–PZ ceramics increased linearly with the increase of PZ constant. • A mutation of the ferroelectric and pyroelectric properties was observed near T{sub rt}. - Abstract: (1 − x)[Pb(Mg{sub 1/3}Nb{sub 2/3})O{sub 3}–PbTiO{sub 3} (65/35)]–xPbZrO{sub 3} (PMN–PT–PZ) ceramics near morphotropic phase boundary with 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.10 were synthesized via the conventional solid-state reaction method. X-ray diffraction and variable temperature dielectric property characterization indicated that the rhombohedral to tetragonal phase transition temperature (T{sub rt}) increased linearly with the increase of PZ constant. The composition and temperature dependence of their ferroelectric and pyroelectric properties were also investigated. The results showed that there appeared mutation for remnant polarization, coercive field, as well as pyroelectric coefficient at the temperate range near T{sub rt}, which was ascribed to the reorientation of dipoles caused by the rhombohedral–tetragonal phase transition.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Effects of thermal treatment on the Mg{sub x}Zn{sub 1−x}O films and fabrication of visible-blind and solar-blind ultraviolet photodetectors

Highlights: • Single-phase wurtzite/cubic Mg{sub x}Zn{sub 1−x}O films were grown by RF magnetron sputtering technique. • We focus on the red-shift caused by annealing the Mg{sub x}Zn{sub 1−x}O films. • MSM-structured visible-blind and solar-blind UV photodetectors were fabricated. - Abstract: A series of single-phase Mg{sub x}Zn{sub 1−x}O films with different Mg contents were prepared on quartz substrates by RF magnetron sputtering technique using different MgZnO targets, and annealed under the atmospheric environment. The absorption edges of Mg{sub x}Zn{sub 1−x}O films can cover the whole near ultraviolet and even the whole solar-blind spectra range, and the solar-blind wurtzite/cubic Mg{sub x}Zn{sub 1−x}O films have been realized successfully by the same method. In addition, the absorption edges of annealed films shift to a long wavelength, which is caused by the diffusion of Zn atoms gathering at the surface during the thermal treatment process. Finally, the truly solar-blind metal-semiconductor-metal structured photodetectors based on wurtzite Mg{sub 0.445}Zn{sub 0.555}O and cubic Mg{sub 0.728}Zn{sub 0.272}O films were fabricated. The corresponding peak responsivities are 17 mA/W at 275 nm and 0.53 mA/W at 250 nm under a 120 V bias, respectively.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Luminescence improvement in Pr{sup 3+} and Gd{sup 3+} activated Sr{sub 2}Mg(BO{sub 3}){sub 2} inorganic phosphor

Highlights: • Sr{sub 2}Mg(BO{sub 3}){sub 2} doped Gd{sup 3+} and Pr{sup 3+} have been synthesized by solution combustion synthesis technique. • Effect of doping concentration of Gd{sup 3+} and Pr{sup 3+} on the luminescence of synthesized material is discussed. • Effect of charge compensation by Li{sup +}, Na{sup +} and K{sup +} on emission intensity is studied in detail. • Efficient energy transfer from Pr{sup 3+} to Gd{sup 3+} in Sr{sub 2}Mg(BO{sub 3}){sub 2} was observed. • Optimum concentration and critical transfer distance for optimum concentration have been determined. - Abstract: The photoluminescence properties of (Sr{sub 1−x}Pr{sub x}){sub 2}Mg(BO{sub 3}){sub 2}; (Sr{sub 1−2x}Pr{sub x}M{sub x}){sub 2}Mg(BO{sub 3}){sub 2,} (M = Li, Na, K); (Sr{sub 1−x}Gd{sub x}){sub 2}Mg(BO{sub 3}){sub 2}; (Sr{sub 1−2x}Gd{sub x}M{sub x}){sub 2}Mg(BO{sub 3}){sub 2}, (M = Li, Na, K) and (Sr{sub 1−4x}Pr{sub x}Gd{sub x}Na{sub 2x}){sub 2}Mg(BO{sub 3}){sub 2} inorganic phosphors prepared by solution combustion synthesis technique are discussed. The structure of the prepared phosphor characterized using Thermogravimetric–differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction and fourier transform-infrared. Scanning electron microscopy images of the prepared materials show irregular grains with agglomerate phenomena. Photoluminescence properties were studied at room temperature. Optimum concentration and critical transfer distance of the synthesized phosphors were determined.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Growth of (1 1 1) and (2 0 0) orientation cubic MgZnO thin films under different oxygen flow rate by PLD method and its difference in element composition and optical absorption characteristics

Under different migration energy of reactive Mg, Zn and O atoms from MgZnO target at different oxygen flow rate, (2 0 0) and (1 1 1) orientations MgZnO thin films with cubic structure were fabricated on fused quartz substrate by PLD method. And MgZnO thin film possesses relatively higher Zn composition and lower Mg composition when deposited more along (1 1 1) orientation. The band gap and UV absorption characteristics of MgZnO thin film do not change completely in accordance with the Mg/Zn atom ratio of MgZnO thin films deposited at different oxygen flow rate, but influenced more by the ratio between Mg and Zn atoms that combined with O atoms in MgZnO crystal lattice and the grain boundary density of MgZnO thin films deposited at different oxygen flow rate.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Co/Cr co-doped MgGa{sub 2}O{sub 4} nanoparticles: Microstructure and optical properties

Graphical abstract: The Ga 2p{sub 3/2} spectra consist of two peaks, corresponding to Ga{sup 3+} ions placed at octahedral and tetrahedral sites, respectively. The fraction of tetrahedral Ga{sup 3+} ions (∼1117 eV) increases with increasing doping concentration. - Highlights: • Structural and properties of Co{sup 2+}/Cr{sup 3+}: MgGa{sub 2}O{sub 4} nanoparticles were characterized. • The distribution of cations was studied using XPS. • The inversion degree increased with increasing content of doping ions. • The doping concentration has also effect on absorption and emission properties. • Optical properties of nanoparticles were discussed based on the structural results. - Abstract: MgGa{sub 2}O{sub 4} nanoparticles co-doped with Co{sup 2+}/Cr{sup 3+} ions were prepared by a citrate sol–gel method. Their microstructure and optical properties were studied using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. MgGa{sub 2}O{sub 4} nanoparticles with the size of 10–30 nm were obtained when the precursor was annealed at 800 °C. Results indicated that Ga{sup 3+} and Mg{sup 2+} cations occupied the octahedral sites as well as the tetrahedral sites in samples. The inversion degree of Ga or Mg increased with increasing content of doping ions. Absorption spectra indicated that Co{sup 2+} and Cr{sup 3+} ions entered both the tetrahedral and octahedral sites of spinel structure by substituting Mg{sup 2+} and Ga{sup 3+} ions, respectively. Emission spectra of the co-doped MgGa{sub 2}O{sub 4} showed a broad emission band peaking at 700 and 680 nm, relevant to the emission characteristic of octahedral Cr{sup 3+} and tetrahedral Co{sup 2+} ions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

A photochemical proposal for the preparation of ZnAl{sub 2}O{sub 4} and MgAl{sub 2}O{sub 4} thin films from β-diketonate complex precursors

Highlights: • ZnAl{sub 2}O{sub 4} and MgAl{sub 2}O{sub 4} thin films were prepared by photo-chemical method. • The Zn(II), Mg(II) and Al(III) β-diketonate complexes were used as precursors. • The photochemical reaction was monitored by UV–vis and FT-IR spectroscopy. • The results reveal spinel oxide formation and the generation of intermediate products. - Abstract: ZnAl{sub 2}O{sub 4} and MgAl{sub 2}O{sub 4} thin films were grown on Si(100) and quartz plate substrates using a photochemical method in the solid phase with thin films of β-diketonate complexes as the precursors. The films were deposited by spin-coating and subsequently photolyzed at room temperature using 254 nm UV light. The photolysis of these films results in the deposition of metal oxide thin films and fragmentation of the ligands from the coordination sphere of the complexes. The obtained samples were post-annealed at different temperatures (350–1100 °C) for 2 h and characterized by FT-Infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force miscroscopy (AFM), and UV–vis spectroscopy. The results indicate the formation of spinel-type structures and other phases. These characteristics determined the quality of the films, which were obtained from the photodeposition of ternary metal oxides.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Synthesis, energy transfer and luminescence properties of Ca{sub 2}MgWO{sub 6}:Sm{sup 3+}, Bi{sup 3+} phosphor

Graphical abstract: PL spectra of Ca{sub 2}MgWO{sub 6}:Sm{sup 3+} and Ca{sub 2}MgWO{sub 6}:Sm{sup 3+}, Bi{sup 3+} phosphors with excitation at 407 nm, and the corresponding CIE chromaticity diagram and chromaticity coordinates. - Highlights: • Novel Ca{sub 2}MgWO{sub 6}:Sm{sup 3+}, Bi{sup 3+} phosphor is synthesized by solid-state reaction method in air. • Emission intensity of Ca{sub 2}MgWO{sub 6}:Sm{sup 3+} phosphor is enhanced ∼2 times after co-doped Bi{sup 3+} ion. • Charge compensation and energy transfer may be explained via luminescence properties. • Luminous mechanism is analyzed by energy level diagrams of WO{sub 6}{sup 6−} group, Sm{sup 3+} and Bi{sup 3+} ions. - Abstract: Novel Ca{sub 2}MgWO{sub 6}:Sm{sup 3+}, Bi{sup 3+} phosphor is synthesized by solid-state reaction method in air. Host Ca{sub 2}MgWO{sub 6} with excitation 300 nm emits blue light. Ca{sub 2}MgWO{sub 6}:Bi{sup 3+} phosphor with excitation 300 and 338 nm emits yellow light. Ca{sub 2}MgWO{sub 6}:Sm{sup 3+} phosphor with excitation 300 nm exhibits tunable emission from blue to red light by increasing Sm{sup 3+} doping concentration from 0 to 8 mol%, however, only emits red light with excitation 407 nm. Ca{sub 2}MgWO{sub 6}:Sm{sup 3+}, Bi{sup 3+} phosphor with excitation 300 and 338 nm emits red light. The optimal Sm{sup 3+} doping concentration is ∼5 mol% in Ca{sub 2}MgWO{sub 6}:Sm{sup 3+} phosphor. After Bi{sup 3+} ion is co-doped, luminescence properties of Ca{sub 2}MgWO{sub 6}:Sm{sup 3+} phosphor can be improved obviously because of Bi{sub 2}O{sub 3} as fluxing agent role and energy transfer from Bi{sup 3+} to Sm{sup 3+} ions. The possible luminous mechanism of Ca{sub 2}MgWO{sub 6}:Sm{sup 3+}, Bi{sup 3+} phosphor is analyzed and explained by simplified energy level diagrams of WO{sub 6}{sup 6−} group, Bi{sup 3+} and Sm{sup 3+} ions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Voltage controlled dual-wavelength ZnO/Au/MgZnO UV photodetectors

Highlights: • A dual-wavelength UV photodetector has been constructed with a sandwich structure. • The ratio of the two response peaks can be changed by changing the bias voltage. • The principle was investigated by interpretation of the depletion widths. - Abstract: In this work, dual-wavelength UV photodetectors were successfully constructed by growing ZnO and MgZnO layers on SiO{sub 2} substrates with ZnO/Au/MgZnO structure. The photodetectors exhibited high performance and the influence of different thickness of MgZnO layers was investigated. Moreover, simply by adjusting the applied voltage on the devices, the ratio of the two response peaks (caused by MgZnO and ZnO layers) changed therewith. The detecting properties may originate from the two layers having different increasing rates where the existence of Schottky junctions plays an important role. The photodetectors are meaningful for fabricating dual-wavelength optoelectronic devices for practical applications.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2018

Deep red emitting Mg2La2SnO7:Mn4+ phosphor: Synthesis and luminescence properties

Highlights: • Novel Mg{sub 2}La{sub 2}SnO{sub 7}:Mn{sup 4+} deep-red-emitting phosphor is synthesized in air. • Emission band peaking at ∼ 706 nm is observed in the range of 640–780 nm. • The thermal stability and luminous mechanism is explained. - Abstract: Mg{sub 2}La{sub 2}SnO{sub 7}:Mn{sup 4+} phosphor is synthesized by the solid-state reaction method in air. Monitored at 706 nm, excitation spectrum of Mg{sub 2}La{sub 2}SnO{sub 7}:Mn{sup 4+} phosphor including peaks at ∼ 300, 333, 395, and 516 nm can be observed in the range of 220–600 nm. With excitation at 333 nm, emission band of Mg{sub 2}La{sub 2}SnO{sub 7}:Mn{sup 4+} phosphor is shown in the range of 640–780 nm owing to the {sup 2}E → {sup 4}A{sub 2} transitions of Mn{sup 4+} ion. The optimal Mn{sup 4+} ion concentration is ∼ 0.3 mol% in Mg{sub 2}La{sub 2}SnO{sub 7}:Mn{sup 4+} phosphor. The lifetime decreases from 1.23 to 0.83 ms with the increase of Mn{sup 4+} concentration from 0.1 to 1.2 mol%. There is only one luminescence center (Mn{sup 4+}) in Mg{sub 2}La{sub 2}SnO{sub 7}:Mn{sup 4+} phosphor, which is confirmed by the luminescence properties, decay curves, and time-resolved emission spectra. Mg{sub 2}La{sub 2}SnO{sub 7}:Mn{sup 4+} phosphor has good thermal stability. Luminous mechanism is explained by energy level diagram of Mn{sup 4+} ion and the thermal quenching phenomenon is analyzed by the configuration coordinate diagram of Mn{sup 4+} ion.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Identification of Fragile Microscopic Structures during Mineral Transformations in Wet Supercritical CO2

In this study we examine the nature of highly fragile reaction products that form in low water content super critical carbon dioxide (scCO2) using a combination of scanning electron microscopy/focus ion beam (SEM/FIB), confocal Raman spectroscopy, helium ion microscopy (HeIM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). HeIM images show these precipitates to be fragile rosettes that can readily decompose even under slight heating from an electron beam. Using the TEM revealed details on the interfacial structure between the newly formed surface precipitates and the underlying initial solid phases. The detailed microscopic analysis revealed that the growth of the precipitates either followed a tip growth mechanism with precipitates forming directly on the forsterite surface if the initial solid was non-porous (natural forsterite) or growth from the surface of the precipitates where fluid was conducted through the porous (nanoforsterite) agglomerates to the growth center. The mechanism of formation of the hydrated/hydroxylated magnesium carbonate compound (HHMC) phases offers insight into the possible mechanisms of carbonate mineral formation from scCO2 solutions which has recently received a great deal of attention as the result of the potential for CO2 to act as an atmospheric greenhouse gas and impact overall global warming. The techniques used here to examine these fragile structures an also be used to examine a wide range of fragile material surfaces. SEM and FIB technologies have now been brought together in a single instrument, which represents a powerful combination for the studies in biological, geological and materials science.

carbon↗
DOE OSTI2011

Comparative study on light-induced absorption between MgO:LiNbO{sub 3} and MgO:LiTaO{sub 3}

A comparative study on the light-induced absorption was performed for lithium niobate and lithium tantalate crystals in which the antisite defects were eliminated by MgO doping. The induced absorption was measured in a spectral window ranging from visible to near infrared with a time resolution of 10 ns. Upon pulsed-light irradiation, a broad absorption peaking near 1250 nm was induced in MgO-doped lithium niobate. It was attributed to the small free polaron, an electron trapped at the regular Nb ion site. In contrast, such absorption in the near infrared originating from the free polaron was absent in MgO-doped lithium tantalates. The findings are highly relevant to the frequency conversion performances of high-power and pulsed lasers based on the current periodically-poled devices. The results also suggest guidelines for improving the crystal qualities.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2011

High-pressure phase transformations in MgO-Y2O3 nanocomposites

Temperature and pressure dependence of phase evolution in 0.5 MgO-0.5 Y{sub 2}O{sub 3} is studied using the diamond anvil method. At 300 K and 5.5 GPa, transformations in Y{sub 2}O{sub 3} are observed, resulting in co-existence of cubic, hexagonal, and monoclinic phases. Heating to 1293 K results in increased crystallinity and increase in hexagonal and monoclinic phase content. Isothermal and isobaric hold at 1273 K and 5.5 GPa for 120 min results in yttrium dissolution in cubic MgO, causing 0.83% volumetric strain. Cooling to 300 K and 0 GPa yields a four phase co-existence among cubic MgO and cubic, hexagonal, and monoclinic Y{sub 2}O{sub 3}. The residual MgO unit cell volume expansion is 0.67% at 300 K, indicating solid solution formation. Aging of the nanocomposites for 240 h does not change the observed 4 phase co-existence.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2012

Perovskite phase transformation in 0.65Pb(Mg{sub 1/3}Nb{sub 2/3})O{sub 3}-0.35PbTiO{sub 3} nanoparticles derived by sol-gel

Fabrication of 0.65Pb(Mg{sub 1/3}Nb{sub 2/3})O{sub 3}-0.35PbTiO{sub 3} (PMN-PT) nanoparticles with an average size of about 40 nm and their phase transformation behavior from pyrochlore to perovskite phase is investigated. A novel sol-gel method was used for the synthesis of air-stable and precipitate-free diol-based sol of PMN-PT which was dried and partially calcined at 450 deg. C for 1 h to decompose organics and bring down the free energy barrier for perovskite crystallization and then finally annealed in the temperature range 600 to 700 deg. C. Annealed at around 700 deg. C for 1 h, PMN-PT gel powder exhibited nanocrystalline morphology with perovskite phase as confirmed by the transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Structural properties and spatial ordering in multilayered ZnMgTe/ZnSe type-II quantum dot structures

We report the structural properties and spatial ordering of multilayer ZnMgTe quantum dots (QDs) embedded in ZnSe, where sub-monolayer quantities of Mg were introduced periodically during growth in order to reduce the valence band offset of ZnTe QDs. The periodicity, period dispersion, individual layer thickness, and the composition of the multilayer structures were determined by comparing the experimental high resolution x-ray diffraction (HRXRD) spectra to simulated ones for the allowed (004) and quasi-forbidden (002) reflections in combination with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) profiles confirmed the incorporation of Mg inside the QD layers, and the HRXRD analysis revealed that there is approximately 32% Mg in the ZnMgTe QDs. The presence of Mg contributes to higher scattering intensity of the HRXRD, leading to the observation of higher order superlattice peaks in both the (004) and (002) reflections. The distribution of scattered intensity in the reciprocal space map (RSM) shows that the diffuse scattered intensity is elongated along the q{sub x} axis, indicating a vertical correlation of the dots, which is found to be less defined for the sample with larger periodicity. The diffuse scattered intensity is also found to be weakly correlated along the q{sub z} direction indicating a weak lateral correlation of the dots.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Pressure effects on phase equilibria and solid solubility in MgO-Y2O3 nanocomposites

We study the temperature and pressure dependence of phase evolution in the 0.5MgO-0.5Y{sub 2}O{sub 3} nanocomposite system using a diamond anvil apparatus in conjunction with in situ synchrotron energy dispersive x-ray diffraction at 7 GPa hydrostatic pressure. At (298 K, 7.0 GPa), structural transformations in the Y{sub 2}O{sub 3} phase are observed, giving rise to the co-existence of its cubic, hexagonal, and monoclinic polymorphs together with cubic MgO. An increase in temperature to 1273 K causes the crystallinity of the Y{sub 2}O{sub 3} hexagonal and monoclinic phases to increase. Isothermal and isobaric hold at (1273 K, 7.0 GPa) for 60 min results in yttrium dissolution in cubic MgO, causing {approx}1.0% expansive volumetric lattice strain despite the large differences in the ionic radii of the cations. Cooling the nanocomposite to (298 K, 0 GPa) after a 60 min soak yields four phase co-existence among cubic MgO and cubic, hexagonal, and monoclinic Y{sub 2}O{sub 3}. The residual MgO unit cell volume expansion is 0.69% at 298 K, indicating solid solution formation at room temperature despite large differences in the ionic radii of Mg{sup 2+} and Y{sup 3+}. The macroscopic shrinkage due to densification is 3% by volume. Thermodynamic considerations suggest that the relative molar partial volume of Y{sup 3+} in MgO is a negative quantity, indicating that the partial molar volume of Y{sup 3+} in the solid solution is smaller than its molar volume in the pure state. Aging of the nanocomposites for 240 h does not change the observed 4 phase co-existence. We propose a crystallographic model in which the observed volumetric expansion of the MgO unit cell is primarily attributed to two hydrostatic expansive strain components accompanying solid solution formation: (i) Coulomb repulsion among O{sup 2-} ions in the immediate vicinity of Mg{sup 2+} vacancies, and (ii) misfit strain due to differences in ionic radii upon Y{sup 3+} substitution on Mg{sup 2+} sites.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗