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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 289 records · Page 16
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Evaluating the Impact of Managed EV Charging for Reliable Operation of Bulk Power Systems with High Non-Dispatchable Generation

The growth of electric vehicles (EVs) and variable-generation (VG) sources introduces new challenges for power-system operations. This study introduces a modeling framework and evaluates five EV charging strategies under projected 2040 grid conditions in the Evergy service territory with high non-dispatchable generation. Using realistic EV behavior and generation models, their impacts on system peak demand, ramp rate, and reserve capacity are evaluated. Results show that only the peak-avoidance strategy effectively reduces system peak demand, while decentralized strategies-particularly cost based dynamic charging-can exacerbate peaks due to synchronized user behavior. However, ramp-rate minimization strategy significantly reduce the stress on dispatchable generation achieving the lowest maximum absolute ramp rate (MARR) (56.81 MW) and lowest reserve requirement (2.39 GW). In contrast, unmanaged and TOU random strategies increase the stress on dispatchable generation sources with increased MARR and reserve requirements. These findings highlight the importance of coordinated, system-aware managed charging strategies to ensure reliable and affordable grid operation in the presence of EVs and VG sources.

14 - SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Characterization and Optimization of Skipper CCDs for the SOAR Integral Field Spectrograph

We present results from the characterization and optimization of Skipper charge-coupled devices (CCDs) for use in a focal plane prototype for the Southern Astrophysical Research Integral Field Spectrograph (SIFS). We tested eight Skipper CCDs and selected six for SIFS based on performance results. The Skipper CCDs are 6k × 1k, 15 μm pixels, thick, fully depleted, p-channel devices that have been thinned to ~250 μm, backside processed, and treated with an anti-reflective coating. We demonstrate a single-sample readout noise of <4.3 e - rms pixel -1 in all amplifiers. We optimize the readout sequence timing to achieve a readout noise of 0.5 e - rms pixel -1 after 74 non-destructive measurements, which can be accomplished in a region covering 5% of the detector area in a readout time of <4 minutes. We demonstrate single-photon-counting in all 24 amplifiers (four amplifiers per detector) with a readnoise of σ N ~ 0.18 e - rms pixel -1 after N samp = 400 samples, and we constrain the degree of nonlinearity to be ≲1% at low signal levels (0 e - to 50 e - ). Clock-induced charge (CIC) remains an important issue when the Skipper CCD is configured to provide a large full-well capacity. We achieve a CIC rate of <1.45 × 10 -3 e - pixel -1 frame -1 for a full-well capacity of ~900 e - , which increases to a CIC rate of ~3 e - pixel -1 frame -1 for full-well capacities ~40,000-65,000 e - . We also perform conventional CCD characterization measurements such as charge transfer inefficiency (3.44 × 10 -7 on average), dark current (~2 × 10 -4 e - pixel -1 s -1 ), photon transfer curves, cosmetic defects (<0.45% “bad” pixels), and charge diffusion (point-spread function < 7.5 μm) to verify that these properties are consistent with expectations from conventional p-channel CCDs used for astronomy. Furthermore, we provide the first measurements of the brighter-fatter effect and absolute quantum efficiency (≳80% between 450 and 980 nm; ≳90% between 600 and 900 nm) using Skipper CCDs.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2024

Residential Integrated Heat Pump to Meet All the Home Comfort Needs

This paper will introduce development and field trial of a residential air-source integrated heat pump for cold climates. The heat pump is multi-functional to meet all the home comfort demands, including space cooling, space heating, domestic water heating. The integrated heat pump is an ideal solution to decarbonize northern homes via providing efficient space heating and water heating to replace natural gas. It uses a three-stage compressor and a single set of heat exchangers and valves to deliver all the functions, and thus achieve cost reduction. We developed an innovative system configuration and related controls to solve typical charge unbalance, accelerate charge migration and smoothen mode transition in integrated heat pumps. Laboratory investigations were conducted for individual modes and verified the control functions. Laboratory tests demonstrated that the unit delivered outstanding performance. It achieved 17.0 SEER (seasonal cooling energy efficiency rating) and 11.0 HSPF (heating seasonal performance factor). In the most efficient mode (combined space cooling and water heating mode), the unit reached a total energy efficiency > 30.0 EER and required only 25 minutes to heat a 50-gallon tank of water. One heat pump prototype is going through a field trial since April, 2023 in Syracuse, New York. The one-year field test results are summarized.

Shen, Bo↗
DOE OSTI2023

Measurement of the charge asymmetry in top-quark pair production in association with a photon with the ATLAS experiment

A measurement of the charge asymmetry in top-quark pair ($t\bar{t}$) production in association with a photon is presented. The measurement is performed in the single-lepton $t\bar{t}$ decay channel using proton–proton collision data collected with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN at a centre-of-mass-energy of 13 TeV during the years 2015–2018, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 139 fb –1 . The charge asymmetry is obtained from the distribution of the difference of the absolute rapidities of the top quark and antiquark using a profile likelihood unfolding approach. It is measured to be A C =–0.003 ± 0.029 in agreement with the Standard Model expectation.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Gepta-EX: a multi-channel germanium detector for X-ray absorption fine structure

Fluorescence-mode X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) at high photon energies requires detectors with high stopping power and excellent energy resolution to measure weak element-specific signals. Traditional silicon-based detectors suffer from poor efficiency above ∼20 keV, while most high-Z materials such as cadmium telluride, cadmium zinc telluride, and gallium arsenide have focused predominantly on imaging applications with limited spectroscopic resolution. In contrast, germanium combines excellent stopping power with superior intrinsic energy resolution due to its low Fano factor and favorable charge transport properties, making it ideal for high-resolution spectroscopy in the 15 keV to 100 keV range. To address these requirements, we report on the development, fabrication, and performance evaluation of Gepta-EX, a compact multi-channel high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector system for fluorescence-mode XAS. The Gepta-EX system features a monolithic seven-channel HPGe pixel array integrated with low-noise CUBE charge-sensitive preamplifiers, housed within a thermally isolated compact cryostat operating near 90 K. The detector achieves energy resolutions of 218 eV at 5.9 keV (from a 55 Fe source) and 373 eV at 59.5 keV (from a 241 Am source), with uniform performance across all channels. By avoiding the escape peak interference commonly associated with silicon detectors and providing stable, high-resolution performance, Gepta-EX represents a powerful tool for high-energy X-ray spectroscopy.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Ionic Liquid Gating of SrTiO 3 Lamellas Fabricated with a Focused Ion Beam

Here, in this work, we combine two previously incompatible techniques for defining electronic devices: shaping three-dimensional crystals by focused ion beam (FIB), and two-dimensional electrostatic accumulation of charge carriers. The principal challenge for this integration is nanometer-scale surface damage inherent to any FIB-based fabrication. We address this by using a sacrificial protective layer to preserve a selected pristine surface. The test case presented here is accumulation of 2D carriers by ionic liquid gating at the surface of a micron-scale SrTiO 3 lamella. Preservation of surface quality is reflected in superconductivity of the accumulated carriers. This technique opens new avenues for realizing electrostatic charge tuning in materials that are not available as large or exfoliatable single crystals, and for patterning the geometry of the accumulated carriers.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2026

A Quinoidal Two‐Dimensional Metal–Organic Framework for High‐Performance Micro‐Supercapacitors and Solid‐State Lithium Batteries

Two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) integrating redox-active linkers enable dense charge sites and open ion pathways for microscale energy storage. We report a quinoidal dicarboxylate ligand, AQM-H2L, derived from p-azaquinodimethane, forming crystalline frameworks with Cu2+ and Zn2+ nodes. The Cu-based MOF (AQM-AQM-H2L-Cu) exhibits layered sheets (>14 Å spacing) constructed from dinuclear Cu-carboxylate units and conjugated AQM linkers, which narrow the bandgap and introduce Cu2+/Cu+ pseudocapacitance. Exfoliated nanosheets (∼5 nm) retain crystallinity and excellent processability. Integrated into graphene films, they deliver areal and volumetric capacitances of 29.6 mF cm-2 and 18.1 F cm-3, achieving 2.6 mWh cm-3 energy density at 160 mW cm-3. As ionic fillers (1 wt%) in PEO solid polymer electrolytes, the nanosheets markedly enhance LiFePO4 cell performance, affording 169.8 mAh g-1 at 0.2 C and 93% retention after 400 cycles. This work establishes quinoidal linkers as a compact and robust design motif for ionically active 2D frameworks toward high-performance miniature and solid-state energy devices.

Chen, Ziman↗
DOE OSTI2022

Measurement of K*(892) ± production in inelastic pp collisions at the LHC

The first results on K*(892) ± resonance production in inelastic pp collisions at LHC energies of √s = 5.02, 8, and 13 TeV are presented. The K*(892) ± has been reconstructed via its hadronic decay channel K*(892)→±K$^0_S$ +π ± with the ALICE detector. Measurements of transverse momentum distributions, p T -integrated yields, and mean transverse momenta for charged K*(892) are found to be consistent with previous ALICE measurements for neutral K*(892) within uncertainties. For p T >1 GeV/c the K*(892) ± transverse momentum spectra become harder with increasing centre-of-mass energy from 5.02 to 13 TeV, similar to what previously observed for charged kaons and pions. For p T < GeV/c the K*(892) ± yield does not evolve significantly and the abundance of K*(892) ± relative to K is rather independent of the collision energy. The transverse momentum spectra, measured for K*(892) ± at midrapidity in the interval 0 < p T <15 GeV/c, are not well described by predictions of different versions of PYTHIA 6, PYTHIA 8 and EPOS-LHC event generators. These generators reproduce the measured p T -integrated K *± /K ratios and describe well the momentum dependence for p T <2 GeV/c.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2022

Lithiating magneto-ionics in a rechargeable battery

Magneto-ionics, real-time ionic control of magnetism in solid-state materials, promise ultralow-power memory, computing, and ultralow-field sensor technologies. The real-time ion intercalation is also the key state-of-charge feature in rechargeable batteries. Here, we report that the reversible lithiation/delithiation in molecular magneto-ionic material, the cathode in a rechargeable lithium-ion battery, accurately monitors its real-time state of charge through a dynamic tunability of magnetic ordering. The electrochemical and magnetic studies confirm that the structural vacancy and hydrogen-bonding networks enable reversible lithiation and delithiation in the magnetic cathode. Coupling with microwave-excited spin wave at a low frequency (0.35 GHz) and a magnetic field of 100 Oe, we reveal a fast and reliable built-in magneto-ionic sensor monitoring state of charge in rechargeable batteries. The findings shown herein promise an integration of molecular magneto-ionic cathode and rechargeable batteries for real-time monitoring of state of charge.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Fast-charging lithium-ion batteries: Synergy of carbon nanotubes and laser ablation

Advancing lithium-ion battery (LiB) technology to achieve 10–15-min extreme fast charging (XFC) while maintaining high energy density and longevity poses a significant challenge. Addressing Li-plating is crucial, as it depletes useable Li, causing deterioration and safety issues. Here, this study explores a holistic approach incorporating Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs) and Laser Ablation (LA) to mitigate Li-plating while maintaining high charge acceptance under 10–15-min XFC. SWCNTs enhance the electrical conductivity and mechanical integrity of the positive electrode (PE), reducing overall cell overpotential at high charging rates. Concurrently, LA is applied to negative electrodes (NE) to reduce tortuosity of ion-diffusion pathways and increase surface wettability, improving Li-ion transport. Combining SWCNTs in the PE and LA on the NE, our experimental findings demonstrate a significant reduction in Li-plating and maintained high charge acceptance of ~84.33 % after 800 5C (12 min) charge cycles for cells having PE with ~3.3 mAh cm –2 and NE with 3.9 mAh cm –2 loadings. This study highlights the potential of combining SWCNTs and LA to address Li-plating in LiBs and opens new avenues for designing battery systems capable of achieving 10–15-min XFC.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2022

Cold Climate Integrated Heat Pump

This paper introduces development of a residential air-source integrated heat pump for cold climates (CCIHP). The heat pump is multi-functional to meet all the home comfort demands, including space cooling, space heating, domestic water heating and energy storage. The CCIHP is an ideal solution to decarbonize northern homes via providing efficient space heating and water heating to replace natural gas. It uses a three-stage compressor and a single set of heat exchangers and valves to deliver all the functions, and thus achieve cost reduction. We developed an innovative system configuration and related controls to solve typical charge unbalance in heat pumps, accelerate charge migration and smoothen mode transition in integrated heat pumps. Laboratory investigations were conducted for individual modes and verified the control functions. Laboratory tests demonstrated that the unit delivered outstanding performance. It achieved 17.0 SEER (seasonal cooling energy efficiency rating) and 11.0 HSPF (heating seasonal performance factor). In the most efficient mode (combined space cooling and water heating mode), the unit reached a total energy efficiency of 35.0 EER and required only 25 minutes to heat a 50-gallon tank of water. The CCIHP can heat 1.7 GPM water from 58 to 125°F in a direct flow-through, when the ambient temperature is above 47°F. In a dedicated water heating mode using outdoor air source, the heat pump operated down to 17°F, achieving a COP > 2.6, and heated 50-gallon water within 1 hour.

Shen, Bo↗
DOE OSTI2025

Measurement of Charged-current Muon Neutrino–argon Interactions Without Final-state Pions Using the MicroBooNE Detector

This thesis presents a new high-statistics measurement of flux-integrated single- and double-differential cross sections for charged-current muon neutrino interactions on argon nuclei without final-state pions. The analysis utilizes the full 1.3 $\times$ $10^{21}$ protons-on-target dataset collected by the MicroBooNE liquid argon time projection chamber between 2015 and 2020 at Fermilab's Booster Neutrino Beam. The results of this study are reported with respect to final-state muon kinematic variables and compared with predictions from commonly used neutrino event generators. In one-dimensional distributions, all generators perform reasonably well. However, in two dimensions, only a few demonstrate good agreement with the data. These findings provide valuable insight into characterizing neutrino-nucleon interactions. Such advancements are vital for future long-baseline neutrino experiments, which aim to accurately measure neutrino oscillation and investigate beyond-the-Standard-Model physics with high sensitivity.

Englezos, Panagiotis [Rutgers U., Piscataway (main↗
DOE OSTI2024

Control and Optimization of Energy Storage System in Power Distribution System

The widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and transportation electrification is encumbered by two chief barriers: i) the limited driving range of EVs in the market today and ii) inadequate fast-charging infrastructure for long-distance trips. Extreme fast charging (XFC) technology can recharge EVs in less than 10 minutes for 200 miles range. Firstly, a novel robust optimization-based mixed integer linear programming model is proposed to size a battery energy storage system (BESS) and PV system in an XFCS. In this part, it is assumed that the sizing and location of the XFCS are known. Secondly, the aforesaid assumption is relaxed, and a strategic multi-period coordinated planning model is proposed to optimally site and size BESS-assisted charging stations in a highway transportation network and PV systems in a power distribution network by considering the coupling between both networks. Optimal operation and control of BESS-assisted EV charging stations are vital to alleviate the adverse impact of extreme fast charging of EVs on the host power network. A joint solution is proposed to mitigate the steady state and transient impact of extremefast charging of EVs and ensure grid-friendly integration of XFCSs with the host grid. Lastly, to make the operation of the XFCS cost-effective, a multi-layered energy management framework is proposed for the XFCS by considering forecast uncertainties, monthly demand charges reduction, and BESS degradation.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2019

A multi-modal sweat sensing patch for cross-verification of sweat rate, total ionic charge, and Na + concentration

Sweat sensors introduced in recent years have targeted a variety of sweat features and biomarkers for non-invasive health monitoring. Amongst these targets, reliable monitoring of sweat rate is crucial due to its modulation of sweat analyte concentrations and its intrinsic significance to numerous medical and physiological health conditions. In this paper, we present a sweat rate sensor structure comprising of electrodes with interdigitated fingers in a microfluidic channel. Each time the accumulating sweat impinges on an electrode finger, the sensor reports a jump in admittance that can be simply and efficiently counted to estimate sweat rate, overcoming selectivity limitations of previously reported sweat rate sensors. We further integrate an impedimetric sensor for measuring total ionic charge concentration and an electrochemical Na + sensor, together creating a multi-modal system for analyzing fluid and electrolyte secretion. We demonstrate how low analyte diffusion rates through this microfluidic device allow for multi-purpose sensor function, including utilizing the sweat rate sensor signal to corroborate total ionic sensor measurements. This cross-verification capability ensures data integrity in real time, satisfying a vital consideration for personalized healthcare technologies. We use the presented patch for continuous analysis of sweat rate, total ionic charge concentration, and Na + concentration during exercise, while demonstrating how multi-modal cross-verification brings new trust to sensor readings.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2019

eSHIVA in IOTA: Experiment on Stochasticity in High Intensity Variable Accelerators

Nonlinear integrable optics, the basis of IOTA, is a very special form of Hamiltonian system, called completely integrable. The consequences are many, most importantly the absence of fixed points that are in one-to-one correspondence with (overlapping) resonances. This, in turn, does not limit the dynamic aperture and allows large amplitude dependent tune shifts without adverse effects. In fact, it helps significantly in alleviating issues with collective instabilities. We developed and tested different numerical methods to give a more complete picture of the dynamics of integrable and near-integrable nonlinear Hamiltonian systems consisting of motion of charged particles in electromagnetic fields. Comparison of the results allowed us to discern real phenomena from numerical artifacts and come up with conclusions that will facilitate pushing the intensity frontier in beam dynamics even further for the benefit of the accelerator community as a whole and society as the consequence of the science and technological advancements it will make possible. We concluded that, while novel structure preserving integrators would be ideal, symplectic methods under mild restrictions offer adequate invariant preservation. We especially highlighted the very good performance of the Stormer-Verlet method at low accuracy and a modified Lobatto method at high accuracy for the Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA). However, we showed that symplectic integrators are limited by numerically induced resonances, which make interpretation of some simulation results challenging. These limitations and workarounds have been addressed.The nonlinear integrable optics test accelerator IOTA at Fermilab -- a very special experimental accelerator designed to investigate nonlinear optics under severe space-charge conditions – has recently completed its construction and initial commissioning of the ring has begun. We report first, under 2 (a) below: the progress on the nonlinear tune-shift measurements for various values of the nonlinear strength potential and their comparison with theoretical expectations, thus benchmarking the nonlinear characteristics of the ring; then, under 2 (b) below: the progress on simulation and design of a gas-jet monitor to measure beam profile and in particular its diffusive halo, expected to develop during stochastic diffusion of large amplitude particles under nonlinear forces of the magnetic lattice and Coulomb space-charge. Since the development of a proton beam source in IOTA is delayed and to be completed only in the future pending financial support, the gas-jet monitor is planned for testing with real proton beams elsewhere at Fermilab (e.g. in the Main Injector or PIP-II source possibly). Once proton beams are available in IOTA, the understanding of the nonlinear properties of IOTA combined with the developed gas-jet monitor, will enable a thorough experimental analysis of nonlinear stochastic diffusion in IOTA nonlinear ring, and boosted by proper theoretical understanding of the same.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Measurement of Λ(1520) production in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 7 TeV and p–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s}$$_ {NN}$ = 5.02

The production of the Λ(1520) baryonic resonance has been measured at midrapidity in inelastic pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$=7 TeV and in p–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s}$$_ {NN}$=5.02 TeV for non-single diffractive events and in multiplicity classes. The resonance is reconstructed through its hadronic decay channel Λ(1520) →pK - and the charge conjugate with the ALICE detector. The integrated yields and mean transverse momenta are calculated from the measured transverse momentum distributions in pp and p–Pb collisions. The mean transverse momenta follow mass ordering as previously observed for other hyperons in the same collision systems. A Blast-Wave function constrained by other light hadrons (π, K, K$^0_S$, p, Λ) describes the shape of the Λ(1520) transverse momentum distribution up to 3.5 GeV/c in p–Pb collisions. In the framework of this model, this observation suggests that the Λ(1520) resonance participates in the same collective radial flow as other light hadrons. The ratio of the yield of Λ(1520) to the yield of the ground state particle Λ remains constant as a function of charged-particle multiplicity, suggesting that there is no net effect of the hadronic phase in p–Pb collisions on the Λ(1520) yield.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Controller Hardware-in-the-Loop Modeling and Operation of a High-Power DC Charging Hub

High-power charging (HPC) concept will be a critical enabler for the wide-scale adoption and integration of electric vehicles (EVs). HPC hubs will have a significant impact on achieving this goal, particularly when considering the charging requirements of next-generation medium and heavy-duty vehicles (MD/HD) used in various vocational scenarios. This emphasizes the significance of evaluating and confirming the technical planning and multi-level operation of HPC hubs through modeling, protocol implementation, and simulation before hardware demonstration. The focus of this study is to develop the architecture, modeling, communication, and real-time controller hardware-in-the-loop (C-HIL) simulation of HPC hubs using the DC distribution system approach. Specifically, this work demonstrates the practical implementation of a custom Smart Energy Management System (SEMS) for a real-time C-HIL HPC hub simulation using the Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP) for communication. OCPP is implemented on the Node-Red framework and the custom controller is executed in Python. We developed a rule-based controller to demonstrate the proposed approach.

ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Methane Mitigation Thermoelectric Generator (MMTEG) (Final Scientific/ Technical Report)

Gas Technology Institute (GTI) has completed a $1.815M (plus $500K cost share), 54-month Co-operative agreement with the Department of Energy’s National Energy Technology Laboratory to develop a Methane Mitigation Thermoelectric Generator (MMTEG) system for gas field applications. This novel system uses fugitive gas to produce electrical power and consists of Thermoelectric Generators (TEG) driven by a linear burner, an air compressor, an accumulator, valves, batteries, and power electronics. The electrical power generated by the system is used to compress air and, in turn, the air is used to operate the pneumatic valves at the well site instead of using natural gas (NG) which would then be vented. The team completed the project objectives which included (1) Design, fabricate and test an integrated 6We nominal MMTEG prototype system, (2) Design a “retrofit kit” MMTEG system capable of being field tested at a gas well production site, and (3) build and test the field MMTEG system in a laboratory environment. Multiple system options were developed prior to selecting a “Passive” system which meets cost, NG savings, and greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets although not as efficient as initially planned. The MMTEG system is built primarily from commercial off-the-shelf parts (in some cases re-purposed) including the heat exchanger, heat rejection, electronic components, and also the TEGs. The team developed and implemented a novel system including the control system developed by Morrison Applied Sciences (MAS). The team completed incremental demonstrations of the hardware prior to the MMTEG system demonstration. A one-year simulation of the air delivery and battery charging subsystems was completed prior to the integration into the MMTEG system. In addition, the team simulated two-years of thermal cycles for integrated Burner/TEG/heat rejection subsystem. Finally, the entire MMTEG system was assembled, and troubleshooting was completed over a two-week period. Next, the MMTEG system was tested to simulate over 15 weeks of entire system operation over approximately four weeks in an accelerated test fashion with minimal intervention (such as changing fuel tanks). The MMTEG system met the key goals of a unit cost of under $1500 while saving 97% of NG expended today (including leakage) on average by pneumatic systems venting to the atmosphere. The MMTEG system reduced GHG emissions by 1000X (using the methane intensification factor of 28 relative to CO2). GTI is currently pursuing a field test of the MMTEG system. Interfacing with producers has provided additional insight into system improvements. Planned improvements include additional weather protection and control system improvements including the implementation of a long- range radio capability to notify operators if there is a fault.

03 NATURAL GAS↗