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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 289 records · Page 16
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Nonlinear error field response in the presence of plasma rotation and real frequencies due to favorable curvature

This works describes the interaction of an phenomenon known to arise in tokamak fusion experiments with the magnetic perturbations that can arise at the edge of such experiments. We present nonlinear NIMROD resistive MHD simulations of the response of a rotating plasma to an error field when the plasma has weakly damped linear tearing modes (TMs), stabilized by a pressure gradient and favorable curvature. The favorable curvature leads to the Glasser effect: the occurrence of real frequencies and stabilization with positive stability index Δ'.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

Cyclotron waves in a non-neutral plasma column

A kinetic theory of linear electrostatic plasma waves with frequencies near the cyclotron frequency {Omega}{sub c{sub s}} of a given plasma species s is developed for a multispecies non-neutral plasma column with general radial density and electric field profiles. Terms in the perturbed distribution function up to O(1/{Omega}{sub c{sub s}{sup 2}}) are kept, as are the effects of finite cyclotron radius r{sub c} up to O(r{sub c}{sup 2}). At this order, the equilibrium distribution is not Maxwellian if the plasma temperature or rotation frequency is not uniform. For r{sub c}{yields}0, the theory reproduces cold-fluid theory and predicts surface cyclotron waves propagating azimuthally. For finite r{sub c}, the wave equation predicts that the surface wave couples to radially and azimuthally propagating Bernstein waves, at locations where the wave frequency equals the local upper hybrid frequency. The equation also predicts a second set of Bernstein waves that do not couple to the surface wave, and therefore have no effect on the external potential. The wave equation is solved both numerically and analytically in the WKB approximation, and analytic dispersion relations for the waves are obtained. The theory predicts that both types of Bernstein wave are damped at resonances, which are locations where the Doppler-shifted wave frequency matches the local cyclotron frequency as seen in the rotating frame.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2014

Short wavelength turbulence generated by shear in the quiescent H-mode edge on DIII–D

A region of turbulence with large radial wavenumber (k{sub r}ρ{sub s}>1) is found in the high-shear portion of the plasma edge in Quiescent H-mode (QH-mode) on DIII–D using the Phase Contrast Imaging (PCI) diagnostic. At its peak outside the minimum of the E{sub r} well, the turbulence exhibits large amplitude n{sup ~}/n∼40%, with large radial wavenumber |k{sup ¯}{sub r}/k{sup ¯}{sub θ}|∼11 and short radial correlation length L{sub r}/ρ{sub i}∼0.2. The turbulence inside the E{sub r} well minimum is characterized by the opposite sign in radial wavenumber from that of turbulence outside the minimum, consistent with the expected effects of velocity shear. The PCI diagnostic provides a line-integrated measurement of density fluctuations, so data are taken during a scan of plasma position at constant parameters to allow the PCI to sample a range in k{sub r}/k{sub θ}. Analysis of the Doppler shift and plasma geometry allows the turbulence to be localized to a narrow region 3 mm inside the last closed flux surface, outside the minimum of the E{sub r} well. The turbulence amplitude and radial wavenumber and correlation length are determined by fitting the PCI results with a simple non-isotropic turbulence model with two regions of turbulence. These PCI observations, made in QH-mode, are qualitatively similar to those made in standard edge localized modes (ELM)-free H-mode and between ELMs, suggesting a similar role for large k{sub r} turbulence there.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2011

Effects of thermal motion on electromagnetically induced absorption

We describe the effect of thermal motion and buffer-gas collisions on a four-level closed N system interacting with strong pump(s) and a weak probe. This is the simplest system that experiences electromagnetically induced absorption (EIA) due to transfer of coherence via spontaneous emission from the excited state to the ground state. We investigate the influence of Doppler broadening, velocity-changing collisions (VCC), and phase-changing collisions (PCC) with a buffer gas on the EIA spectrum of optically active atoms. In addition to exact expressions, we present an approximate solution for the probe absorption spectrum, which provides physical insight into the behavior of the EIA peak due to VCC, PCC, and the wave-vector difference between the pump and probe beams. VCC are shown to produce a wide pedestal at the base of the EIA peak, which is scarcely affected by the pump-probe angular deviation, whereas the sharp central EIA peak becomes weaker and broader due to the residual Doppler-Dicke effect. Using diffusionlike equations for the atomic coherences and populations, we construct a spatial-frequency filter for a spatially structured probe beam and show that Ramsey narrowing of the EIA peak is obtained for beams of finite width.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Dynamic Simulation with on the fly Doppler Broadening treatment in RMC

In conventional transient analysis, thermal hydraulics calculations are generally coupled to deterministic neutronics solvers. Due to the limited accuracy of deterministic methods and the rapid development of computer power, Monte Carlo neutronics calculations have received increasing attention nowadays. One of challenges for Monte Carlo methods coupled to thermal hydraulics calculations is the temperature dependent cross sections. Taking the detailed temperature distribution feedback into account, each nuclide may be in a large range of temperatures, pre-generated libraries at every temperature point are no longer applicable owing to unaffordable memory footprint. Different solutions have been proposed to deal with this problem. TMS, accounting for Doppler broadening effect by the explicit treatment of thermal motion, was used to model fast transients in Serpent 2. Stochastic mixing, using two sets of libraries for each nuclide and mixing them to get the correct temperature, was used in transient analysis by Sjenitzer and Hoogenboom. Besides, there are other on the fly Doppler broadening methods being developed, including series expansion of cross sections, multipole representation, different integration algorithms based on Doppler broadening equation. In this paper, on the fly Doppler broadening treatment based on integration algorithms was applied to transient calculation in Reactor Monte Carlo code RMC . In the following section, the integration algorithms implemented and dynamic simulation method in RMC is briefly introduced. Finally, a pure physical transient fuel assembly model was chosen for numerical validation. (authors)

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
NASA NTRS1974

Correlation effects in the theory of combined Doppler and pressure broadening. I - Classical theory

An investigation is conducted of the combined effects of radiator-perturber collisions and radiator translational motion in the context of foreign gas broadening of optical transitions in neutral radiators. Questions concerning the speed-dependent collision frequency are considered and aspects of general theory are explored, taking into account the correlation function, the ensemble average, and the kinetic equation formalism. An elementary solution is discussed along with a one-perturber approximation, inverse power law model calculations, and a comparison with the Voigt profile.

Ward, J.↗
DOE OSTI2015

Forward modeling of standing slow modes in flaring coronal loops

Standing slow-mode waves in hot flaring loops are exclusively observed in spectrometers and are used to diagnose the magnetic field strength and temperature of the loop structure. Owing to the lack of spatial information, the longitudinal mode cannot be effectively identified. In this study, we simulate standing slow-mode waves in flaring loops and compare the synthesized line emission properties with Solar Ultraviolet Measurements of Emitted Radiation spectrographic and Solar Dynamics Observatory/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly imaging observations. We find that the emission intensity and line width oscillations are a quarter period out of phase with Doppler shift velocity in both time and spatial domain, which can be used to identify a standing slow-mode wave from spectroscopic observations. However, the longitudinal overtones could only be measured with the assistance of imagers. We find emission intensity asymmetry in the positive and negative modulations; this is because the contribution function pertaining to the atomic emission process responds differently to positive and negative temperature variations. One may detect half periodicity close to the loop apex, where emission intensity modulation is relatively small. The line-of-sight projection affects the observation of Doppler shift significantly. A more accurate estimate of the amplitude of velocity perturbation is obtained by de-projecting the Doppler shift by a factor of 1–2θ/π rather than the traditionally used cosθ. If a loop is heated to the hotter wing, the intensity modulation could be overwhelmed by background emission, while the Doppler shift velocity could still be detected to a certain extent.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS1992

Time domain reflectometry in time variant plasmas

The effects of time-dependent electron density fluctuations on a synthesized time domain reflectometry response of a one-dimensional cold plasma sheath are considered. Numerical solutions of the Helmholtz wave equation, which describes the electric field of a normally incident plane wave in a specified static electron density profile, are used. A study of the effects of Doppler shifts resulting from moving density fluctuations in the electron density profile of the sheath is included. Varying electron density levels corrupt time domain and distance measurements. Reducing or modulating the electron density levels of a given electron density profile affects the time domain response of a plasma and results in motion of the turning point, and the effective motion has a significant effect on measuring electron density locations.

Scherner, Michael J.↗
DOE OSTI2019

Bayesian Spectral Moment Estimation and Uncertainty Quantification

We present a Bayesian spectral fitting method developed for spectroscopic data analysis, particularly (but not solely) in the context of fusion energy research. The presented techniques are particularly valuable to estimating moments and corresponding uncertainties whenever the spectra result from line-integrated measurements in nonuniform plasmas, for which the approximation of atomic line shapes being ideal Gaussians gives poor estimates. We decompose multiple, potentially overlapping spectral lines into a sum of Gauss-Hermite polynomials, whose properties allow efficient truncation and uncertainty quantification, often with only three free parameters per atomic emission line. Tests with both synthetic and experimental data demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness where more standard nonlinear fitting routines may experience difficulties. A parallelized version of our implementation is publicly released under an open source license.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

The Observed Effects of Cold Pools on Convection Triggering and Organization during DYNAMO/AMIE

Cold pools that form from existing convection can generate new clouds nearby, a process that has been suggested to contribute to cloud organization. However, some disagreement exists on the role of cold pools in cloud organization over tropical oceans, and much remains to be understood on how this role depends on the state of large-scale disturbances such as the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO). Here, this study addresses this question by examining the intraseasonal variability in the properties of cold pools and their effects on convection triggering using observations. The unique set of surface meteorology data and ground-based radars deployed during the DYNAMO/AMIE field campaign are used to identify cold pools and the associated spatiotemporal evolution of rainfall. The results suggest that cold pools enhance rainfall at their expected speed of 3–8 m s –1 , which includes the Doppler-shifting effect by the background wind. The cold pools also enhance rainfall mainly within a 20 km radius, especially in the direction of boundary-layer vertical wind shear. However, gravity waves appear to contribute predominantly to the propagation of convection over a wider range of distances due to their faster propagation speeds. The interface of convection triggering and propagation at different speeds of cold pools and gravity waves seems to contribute to cloud organization. The effectiveness of cold pools and gravity waves on cloud organization also depends highly on the MJO due to the combined effects of changes in environmental humidity and boundary to lower-tropospheric wind.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2013

Cyclic spectroscopy of the millisecond pulsar, B1937+21

Cyclic spectroscopy is a signal processing technique that was originally developed for engineering applications and has recently been introduced into the field of pulsar astronomy. It is a powerful technique with many attractive features, not least of which is the explicit rendering of information about the relative phases in any filtering imposed on the signal, thus making holography a more straightforward proposition. Here we present methods for determining optimum estimates of both the filter itself and the statistics of the unfiltered signal, starting from a measured cyclic spectrum. In the context of radio pulsars these quantities tell us the impulse response of the interstellar medium (ISM) and the intrinsic pulse profile. We demonstrate our techniques by application to 428 MHz Arecibo data on the millisecond pulsar B1937+21, obtaining the pulse profile free from the effects of interstellar scattering. As expected, the intrinsic profile exhibits main- and inter-pulse components that are narrower than they appear in the scattered profile; it also manifests some weak, but sharp, features that are revealed for the first time at low frequency. We determine the structure of the received electric field envelope as a function of delay and Doppler shift. Our delay Doppler image has a high dynamic range and displays some pronounced, low-level power concentrations at large delays. These concentrations imply strong clumpiness in the ionized ISM, on AU-size scales, which must adversely affect the timing of B1937+21.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Cross-beam energy transfer in direct-drive ICF. I. Nonlinear and kinetic effects

Results are presented from a series of simulations examining the susceptibility of the cross-beam energy transfer (CBET) instability to nonlinear processes in the context of direct-drive inertial confinement fusion experiments on the OMEGA laser facility. These form the basis for the second paper of this series [A. G. Seaton, L. Yin, R. Follett, B. J. Albright, and A. Le, “Cross-beam energy transfer in direct-drive ICF. II. Theory and simulation of mitigation through increased laser bandwidth,” Phys. Plasmas 29, 042707 (2022)], where we examine the efficacy of increases in laser bandwidth at suppressing CBET. We choose laser and plasma conditions for the simulations that are favorable to CBET and promote nonlinearity. Through a comparison of outputs from the particle-in-cell code vector particle in cell (VPIC) and the linearized fluid code laser-plasma simulation environment (LPSE), a series of nonlinear effects have been identified in the kinetic simulations that include particle trapping, the two-ion wave decay, and ion-acoustic wave self-focusing. These effects produce time-dependent energy transfer, in contrast to the linearized fluid simulations in which a steady state is reached after an initial transient. Ion trapping is shown to allow for increased energy transfer relative to fluid simulations, with the remaining nonlinear processes acting to reduce the energy transfer. Nonlinear dynamics is contrasted for low- and high-intensity beams as well as between speckled and planar beams. For the parameters under consideration, beam profile has a significant effect on nonlinear dynamics, though the greatest sensitivity is to beam intensity.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Ponderomotive barriers in rotating mirror devices using static fields

Particularly for aneutronic fusion schemes, it is advantageous to manipulate the fuel species differently from one another and to expel ash promptly. The ponderomotive effect can be used to selectively manipulate particles. It is commonly a result of particle–wave interactions and has a complex dependence on the particle charge and mass, enabling species selectivity. If the plasma is rotating, e.g., due to E x B motion, the ponderomotive effect can be generated using static (i.e., time-independent) perturbations to the electric and magnetic fields, which can be significantly cheaper to produce than time-dependent waves. We propose that this feature can be particularly useful in rotating mirror machines where mirror confinement can be enhanced by rotation, both through centrifugal confinement and additionally through a ponderomotive interaction with a static azimuthal perturbation. We identify specific static perturbations that generate a ponderomotive barrier and other perturbations that can generate either a repulsive barrier or an attractive ponderomotive well, which can be used to attract particles of a certain species while repelling another. We identify the regimes in which the ponderomotive potential can enhance net plasma confinement and the regime in which plasma confinement is not enhanced. The viability of each of these effects is found to be dependent on the specifics of the rotation profile and the resultant dispersion relation in the rotating plasma.

Aneutronic fusion↗
DOE OSTI2016

Sensitivity of MSE measurements on the beam atomic level population

The effect of variation in atomic level population of a neutral beam on the Motional Stark Effect (MSE) measurements is investigated in the low density plasmas of HSX stellarator. A 30 KeV, 4 A, 3 ms hydrogen diagnostic neutral beam is injected into HSX plasmas of line averaged electron density ranging from 2 to 4 ⋅ 10{sup 18} m{sup −3} at a magnetic field of 1 T. For this density range, the excited level population of the hydrogen neutral beam is expected to undergo variations. Doppler shifted and Stark split H{sub α} and H{sub β} emissions from the beam are simultaneously measured using two cross-calibrated spectrometers. The emission spectrum is simulated and fit to the experimental measurements and the deviation from a statistically populated beam is investigated.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2021

Particle transport constraints via Bayesian spectral fitting of multiple atomic lines

Optimized operation of fusion devices demands detailed understanding of plasma transport, a problem that must be addressed with advances in both measurement and data analysis techniques. In this work, we adopt Bayesian inference methods to determine experimental particle transport, leveraging opportunities from high-resolution He-like ion spectra in a tokamak plasma. The Bayesian spectral fitting code is used to analyze resonance (w), forbidden (z), intercombination (x, y), and satellite (k, j) lines of He-like Ca following laser blow-off injections on Alcator C-Mod. This offers powerful transport constraints since these lines depend differently on electron temperature and density, but also differ in their relation to Li-like, He-like, and H-like ion densities, often the dominant Ca charge states over most of the C-Mod plasma radius. Using synthetic diagnostics based on the AURORA package, we demonstrate improved effectiveness of impurity transport inferences when spectroscopic data from a progressively larger number of lines are included.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2014

Extended-range grazing-incidence spectrometer for high-resolution extreme ultraviolet measurements on an electron beam ion trap

A high-resolution grazing-incidence grating spectrometer has been implemented on the Livermore electron beam ion traps for performing very high-resolution measurements in the soft x-ray and extreme ultraviolet region spanning from below 10 Å to above 300 Å. The instrument operates without an entrance slit and focuses the light emitted by highly charged ions located in the roughly 50 μm wide electron beam onto a cryogenically cooled back-illuminated charge-coupled device detector. The measured line widths are below 0.025 Å above 100 Å, and the resolving power appears to be limited by the source size and Doppler broadening of the trapped ions. Comparisons with spectra obtained with existing grating spectrometers show an order of magnitude improvement in spectral resolution.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2015

Saturated absorption in a rotational molecular transition at 2.5 THz using a quantum cascade laser

We report on the evidence of saturation effects in a rotational transition of CH{sub 3}OH around 2.5 THz, induced by a free-running continuous-wave quantum cascade laser (QCL). The QCL emission is used for direct-absorption spectroscopy experiments, allowing to study the dependence of the absorption coefficient on gas pressure and laser intensity. A saturation intensity of 25 μW/mm{sup 2}, for a gas pressure of 17 μbar, is measured. This result represents the initial step towards the implementation of a QCL-based high-resolution sub-Doppler THz spectroscopy, which is expected to improve by orders of magnitude the precision of THz spectrometers.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

Overestimation of Mach number due to probe shadow

Comparisons of the plasma ion flow speed measurements from Mach probes and laser induced fluorescence were performed in the Controlled Shear Decorrelation Experiment. We show the presence of the probe causes a low density geometric shadow downstream of the probe that affects the current density collected by the probe in collisional plasmas if the ion-neutral mean free path is shorter than the probe shadow length, L g = w 2 V drift /D ⊥ , resulting in erroneous Mach numbers. We also present a simple correction term that provides the corrected Mach number from probe data when the sound speed, ion-neutral mean free path, and perpendicular diffusion coefficient of the plasma are known. The probe shadow effect must be taken into account whenever the ion-neutral mean free path is on the order of the probe shadow length in linear devices and the open-field line region of fusion devices.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗