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At least 289 records · Page 16

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NASA NTRS2009

Atomic Oxygen Erosion Yield Prediction for Spacecraft Polymers in Low Earth Orbit

The ability to predict the atomic oxygen erosion yield of polymers based on their chemistry and physical properties has been only partially successful because of a lack of reliable low Earth orbit (LEO) erosion yield data. Unfortunately, many of the early experiments did not utilize dehydrated mass loss measurements for erosion yield determination, and the resulting mass loss due to atomic oxygen exposure may have been compromised because samples were often not in consistent states of dehydration during the pre-flight and post-flight mass measurements. This is a particular problem for short duration mission exposures or low erosion yield materials. However, as a result of the retrieval of the Polymer Erosion and Contamination Experiment (PEACE) flown as part of the Materials International Space Station Experiment 2 (MISSE 2), the erosion yields of 38 polymers and pyrolytic graphite were accurately measured. The experiment was exposed to the LEO environment for 3.95 years from August 16, 2001 to July 30, 2005 and was successfully retrieved during a space walk on July 30, 2005 during Discovery s STS-114 Return to Flight mission. The 40 different materials tested (including Kapton H fluence witness samples) were selected specifically to represent a variety of polymers used in space as well as a wide variety of polymer chemical structures. The MISSE 2 PEACE Polymers experiment used carefully dehydrated mass measurements, as well as accurate density measurements to obtain accurate erosion yield data for high-fluence (8.43 1021 atoms/sq cm). The resulting data was used to develop an erosion yield predictive tool with a correlation coefficient of 0.895 and uncertainty of +/-6.3 10(exp -25)cu cm/atom. The predictive tool utilizes the chemical structures and physical properties of polymers to predict in-space atomic oxygen erosion yields. A predictive tool concept (September 2009 version) is presented which represents an improvement over an earlier (December 2008) version.

Banks, Bruce A.↗

DOE OSTI2025

Effects of feruloyl-CoA 6'-hydroxylase 1 overexpression on lignin and cell wall characteristics in transgenic hybrid aspen

In plant cell walls, lignin, cellulose, and the hemicelluloses form intricate three-dimensional structures. Owing to its complexity, lignin often acts as a bottleneck for the efficient utilization of polysaccharide components as biochemicals and functional materials. A promising approach to mitigate and/or overcome lignin recalcitrance is the qualitative and quantitative modification of lignin by genetic engineering. Feruloyl-CoA 6'-hydroxylase (F6'H1) is a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase that catalyzes the conversion of feruloyl-CoA, one of the intermediates of the lignin biosynthetic pathway, into 6'-hydroxyferuloyl-CoA, the precursor of scopoletin (7-hydroxy-6-methoxycoumarin). In a previous study with Arabidopsis thaliana, we demonstrated that overexpression of F6'H1 under a xylem-preferential promoter led to scopoletin incorporation into the cell wall. This altered the chemical structure of lignin without affecting lignin content or saccharification efficiency. In the present study, the same F6'H1 construct was introduced into hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × tremuloides T89), a model woody plant, and its effects on plant morphology, lignin chemical structure, global gene expression, and phenolic metabolism were examined. The transgenic plants successfully overproduced scopoletin while exhibiting severe growth retardation, a phenotype not previously observed in Arabidopsis. Scopoletin accumulation was most pronounced in the secondary walls of tracheary elements and the compound middle lamella, with low levels in the fiber cell walls. Overexpression of F6'H1 also affected the metabolism of aromatics, including lignin precursors. Heteronuclear single-quantum coherence (HSQC) NMR spectroscopy revealed that scopoletin in cell walls was bound to lignin, leading to a reduction in lignin content and changes in its monomeric composition and molar mass distribution. Furthermore, the enzymatic saccharification efficiency of the transgenic cell walls was more than three times higher than that of the wild-type plants, even without pretreatment. Although addressing growth inhibition remains a priority, incorporating scopoletin into lignin demonstrates significant potential for improving woody biomass utilization.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2019

Reticular Chemistry in All Dimensions

Chemistry, first and foremost, is concerned with the geometry that atoms and molecules adopt in space. Whether we are pursuing chemical reactions or studying the properties of materials, inevitably we seek to know and understand the geometrical aspects of chemical structures. Indeed, it has been historically the case that no matter how far chemists veer away from this practice, especially when racing toward making materials that “benefit” society, they come back to questions regarding how atoms are linked into molecules and how molecules interact with each other to account for their observations. It has also been our quest, once we acquire this knowledge, to use it for controlling chemical structures and in many ways “bending them to our will”. Chemists have done so for molecules (0D) and to some extent polymers (1D), but beyond these our ability to express control in infinite 2D and 3D remained undeveloped throughout the twentieth century.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2017

Effects of lignin structure on hydrodeoxygenation reactivity of pine wood lignin to valuable chemicals

Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of two dilute acid flow through pretreated softwood lignin samples, including residual lignin in pretreated solid residues (ReL) and recovered insoluble lignin in pretreated liquid (RISL), with apparent different physical and chemical structures, was comprehensively studied. A combination of catalysts (HY zeolite and Ru/Al 2 O 3 ) was employed to investigate the effects of lignin structures, especially condensed structures, on the HDO upgrading process. Results indicated that the condensed structure and short side chains in lignin hindered its HDO conversion under different reaction conditions, including catalyst loading and composition, hydrogen pressure, and reaction time. In addition to lignin structure, HY zeolite was found crucial for lignin depolymerization, while Ru/Al 2 O 3 and relatively high hydrogen pressure (4 MPa) were necessary for upgrading unstable oxy-compounds to cyclohexanes at high selectivity (>95 wt %). Since the lignin structure essentially affects its reactivity during HDO conversion, the yield and selectivity of HDO products can be predicted by detailed characterization of the lignin structure. Furthermore, the insights gained from this study in the fundamental reaction mechanisms based on the lignin structure will facilitate upgrading of lignin to high-value products for applications in the production of both fuels and chemicals.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

DOE OSTI2020

Operando structural and chemical evolutions of TiS 2 in Na-ion batteries

Titanium disulfide (TiS 2 ) with high electric conductivity, fast rate capability, and good cycling performance is a promising candidate for electrode material in sodium (Na)-ion batteries. Despite the well-studied electrochemical behaviors of TiS 2 in Li-ion batteries, the detailed reaction mechanism of TiS 2 in Na-ion batteries is not yet fully understood due to a more complex multi-phase conversion process. In this work, reactions of TiS 2 in Na-ion batteries are investigated via a multi-modal synchrotron approach: operando X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) – including X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure (XANES) and Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) – and ex situ X-ray Powder Diffraction (XPD), coupled with computational modeling. Operando XANES spectra indicate that the redox reactions occur in both Ti and S during the electrochemically driven phase transformation. Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS) analysis of XAS suggests that different numbers of components are involved in the lithiation and sodiation of TiS 2 , with the sodiation including at least one intermediate phase in addition to the starting material and the final sodiation product. Ex situ XPD and Rietveld refinement further determined and quantified the unknown phases, showing that three phases, TiS 2 , Na 0.55 TiS 2 , and NaTiS 2 , participate in the sodiation of TiS 2 . Operando EXAFS results show the changes in the Ti–Ti coordination number and interatomic distance. This explains the coulombic efficiency decay due to the incomplete recovery of the coordination number of Ti after cycling. Overall, this work reveals the reaction mechanism occurring in Na–TiS 2 batteries with a greater quantitative understanding of the structural evolution. By combining the multi-modal synchrotron approach and computational work, this study provides a framework for studying a broader range of electrochemically driven phase-transformation systems towards advanced energy storage and conversion applications.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

DOE OSTI2021

Surface Functionalization of Black Phosphorus with Nitrenes: Identification of P=N Bonds Using Isotopic Labeling

Abstract: Surface functionalization of two-dimensional crystals is a key path to tuning their intrinsic physical and chemical properties. However, synthetic protocols and experimental strategies to directly probe chemical bonding in modified surfaces are scarce. Introduced here is a mild, surface-specific protocol for the surface functionalization of few-layer black phosphorus nanosheets using a family of photolytically generated nitrenes (RN) from the corresponding azides. By embedding spectroscopic tags in the organic backbone, a multitude of characterization techniques are employed to investigate in detail the chemical structure of the modified nanosheets, including vibrational (infrared, Raman), Xray (emission, photoelectron), CPMAS NMR, and UV-vis spectroscopy. To directly probe the functional groups introduced on the surface, R fragments were selected such that in conjunction with vibrational spectroscopy, 15N-labeling experiments, and DFT methods, diagnostic P=N vibrational modes indicative of iminophosphorane units on the nanosheet surface could be conclusively identified.

Walz, Kendall↗

DOE OSTI2019

Epitaxial growth and atomic arrangement in Fe2CrO4 on crystal symmetry matched (001) MgAl2O4

We report on the chemical, structural, and optical properties of molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) synthesized thin films of multifunctional Fe2CrO4 on (001)-oriented MgAl2O4 (MAO). Substrate temperatures near 500 °C are required to obtain smooth films with the expected out-of-plane (OOP) lattice parameter. Mg diffusion from the MAO substrate is kinetically suppressed up to 500 °C. We discuss anti-phase boundaries in symmetry matched epitaxial systems. This research provides new insight into the epitaxial growth and crystalline properties of crystal-symmetry-matched Fe2CrO4/MAO(001) heterostructures.

Scafetta, Mark↗

DOE OSTI2018

Assessing the Facile Pretreatments of Bagasse for Efficient Enzymatic Conversion and Their Impacts on Structural and Chemical Properties

Here, novel and sustainable pretreatment approaches are desired to improve the techno-commercial feasibility of biorefineries in the future. In this study, 10 renewable deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were evaluated for their pretreatment efficiency at facile conditions with sugar cane bagasse as substrate and compared with conventional pretreatment approaches (dilute alkali, dilute acid, and ionic liquid (IL)) for lignin removal, saccharification yield, cellulose accessibility, crystallinity, and physiochemical properties. Although, the highest delignification was obtained with dilute alkali (59.7%) and choline chloride:lactic acid or ChCl:LA (50.6%), the maximum enzymatic conversion of 98.0% and 90.4% was observed with IL (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate) and ChCl:LA, respectively. uclear magnetic resonance analysis of ChCl:LA-derived lignin showed selective removal of guaiacyl lignin without condensation structure formation observed. Interestingly, unlike IL, the lignin was substantially depolymerized after ChCl:LA pretreatment as determined by gel permeation chromatography. Further, high compatibility of ChCl:LA with cellulase in comparison of IL with easy recyclability and recycling showed that DESs synthesized from a renewable resource are promising “green” solvents for future biorefinery operations.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2014

Flame Experiments at the Advanced Light Source: New Insights into Soot Formation Processes

The following experimental protocols and the accompanying video are concerned with the flame experiments that are performed at the Chemical Dynamics Beamline of the Advanced Light Source (ALS) of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. This video demonstrates how the complex chemical structures of laboratory-based model flames are analyzed using flame-sampling mass spectrometry with tunable synchrotrongenerated vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) radiation. This experimental approach combines isomer-resolving capabilities with high sensitivity and a large dynamic range. The first part of the video describes experiments involving burner-stabilized, reduced-pressure (20-80 mbar) laminar premixed flames. A small hydrocarbon fuel was used for the selected flame to demonstrate the general experimental approach. It is shown how species’ profiles are acquired as a function of distance from the burner surface and how the tunability of the VUV photon energy is used advantageously to identify many combustion intermediates based on their ionization energies. For example, this technique has been used to study gas-phase aspects of the soot-formation processes, and the video shows how the resonance-stabilized radicals, such as C 3 H 3 , C 3 H 5 , and i-C 4 H 5 , are identified as important intermediates. The work has been focused on soot formation processes, and, from the chemical point of view, this process is very intriguing because chemical structures containing millions of carbon atoms are assembled from a fuel molecule possessing only a few carbon atoms in just milliseconds. The second part of the video highlights a new experiment, in which an opposed-flow diffusion flame and synchrotron-based aerosol mass spectrometry are used to study the chemical composition of the combustion-generated soot particles. The experimental results indicate that the widely accepted H-abstraction-C 2 H 2 -addition (HACA) mechanism is not the sole molecular growth process responsible for the formation of the observed large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2019

Investigation of Thermoplastic Polyurethanes Synthesized via Two Different Prepolymers

The man aim of this work was to investigate the effect of the molecular weight of polyols, mixture of prepolymers, and [NCO]/[OH] molar ratio used during the prepolymer chain extending step on the chemical structure, thermomechanical and mechanical properties, and thermal stability of thermoplastic poly(ether-urethane)s In this work thermoplastic poly(ether-urethane)s were synthesized by using polyols with a various molecular weight, 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate and bio-based glycol. Materials were obtained by a two-step method. The tests were carried out for polyurethanes obtained from a mixture of prepolymers and for reference samples. In the case of materials obtained with using mixture of prepolymers, the ratio of both prepolymers was determined on 50/50 weight percent. Soft segments of materials prepared with using mixture consist of two different polyols. The chemical structure was analyzed using FTIR spectroscopy. The Gaussian deconvolution technique was used to study the hydrogen bonding as well as to decompose carbonyl region of three peaks in various TPUs. The thermal degradation behavior was investigated by using thermogravimetric analysis at heating rates of 10 °C/min. It was confirmed that the mixture of prepolymers has an effect of the degree of phase separation, thermal stability and selected properties of synthesized thermoplastic poly(ether-urethane)s.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2018

ZnxMn1-xO Solid Solutions in the Rocksalt Structure: Optical, Charge Transport, and Photoelectrochemical Properties

Theoretical predictions of ZnO:MnO solid solutions (abbreviated here as ZMO) with the rocksalt-type structure suggest improved visible light absorption and suitable band edge positions for the overall water splitting reaction, but experimental efforts to produce such phases are limited by the low solubility of Zn within this structure type. Here, we produce solid solutions of ZnxMn1-xO, with x = 0.5 and 0.3 in the metastable rocksalt phase, using high-pressure and high-temperature (HPHT) techniques. X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy methods were employed to determine the crystal structure, chemical composition, and homogeneity on the submicron scale. The solid solutions exhibit increased optical absorbance in the visible spectral range as compared to those of the parent oxides ZnO and MnO. Our theoretical calculations for ZnxMn1-xO with x = 0.5, 0.25 predict band gaps of 2.53 and 2.98 eV, respectively, with an unusually large band gap bowing. Our calculations also show small effective electron mass for these materials indicating their potential for solar energy applications. Initial photoelectrochemical tests reveal that ZMO solid solutions are suitable for water oxidation and warrant further experimental optimization.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

NASA NTRS1982

The photochemistry of carbon-rich circumstellar shells

The effect of ambient ultraviolet photons on the chemical structure of carbon-rich, circumstellar envelopes is investigated with a simple formulation of the time-dependent, photochemical rate equations valid for optically thick shells. Molecules injected into the shielded inner envelope are broken down when they reach the outer regions where ambient ultraviolet photons can penetrate. A quantitative description of the abundance variations is obtained for the case of uniform expansion by detailed consideration of the shielding of the radiation by the dust and molecules of the envelope. Representative results are presented to illustrate the role of shielding in defining the extent of molecular envelopes, the formation of C I and C II shells by photodestruction of carbon-bearing molecules, and the development of layered chemical structures from the photobreakup of polyatomic molecules. Photochemistry makes the outer parts of thick, carbon-rich envelopes into complex regions containing radicals, ions, and atoms which are of considerable observational and theoretical interest.

Huggins, P. J.↗

DOE OSTI2017

Structural and chemical evolution of the CdS:O window layer during individual CdTe solar cell processing steps

Oxygenated cadmium sulfide (CdS:O) is often used as the n-type window layer in high-performance CdTe heterojunction solar cells. The as-deposited layer prepared by reactive sputtering is XRD amorphous, with a bulk composition of CdS0.8O1.2. Recently it was shown that this layer undergoes significant transformation during device fabrication, but the roles of the individual high temperature processing steps was unclear. In this work high resolution transmission electron microscopy coupled to elemental analysis was used to understand the evolution of the heterojunction region through the individual high temperature fabrication steps of CdTe deposition, CdCl2 activation, and back contact activation. It is found that during CdTe deposition by close spaced sublimation at 600 degrees C the CdS:O film undergoes recrystallization, accompanied by a significant (~30%) reduction in thickness. It is observed that oxygen segregates during this step, forming a bi-layer morphology consisting of nanocrystalline CdS adjacent to the tin oxide contact and an oxygen-rich layer adjacent to the CdTe absorber. This bilayer structure is then lost during the 400 degrees C CdCl2 treatment where the film transforms into a heterogeneous structure with cadmium sulfate clusters distributed randomly throughout the window layer. The thickness of window layer remains essentially unchanged after CdCl2 treatment, but a ~25 nm graded interfacial layer between CdTe and the window region is formed. Finally, the rapid thermal processing step used to activate the back contact was found to have a negligible impact on the structure or composition of the heterojunction region.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2015

The effects of oxygen pressure on disordering and magneto-transport properties of Ba{sub 2}FeMoO{sub 6} thin films grown via pulsed laser deposition

Epitaxial Ba{sub 2}FeMoO{sub 6} thin films were grown via pulsed laser deposition under low oxygen pressure and their structural, chemical, and magnetic properties were examined, focusing on the effects of oxygen pressure. The chemical disorder, off-stoichiometry in B site cations (Fe and Mo) increased with increasing oxygen pressure and thus magnetic properties were degraded. Interestingly, in contrast, negative magneto-resistance, which is the characteristics of this double perovskite material, was enhanced with increasing oxygen pressure. It is believed that phase segregation of highly disordered thin films is responsible for the increased magneto-resistance of thin films grown at high oxygen pressure. The anomalous Hall effect, which behaves hole-like, was also observed due to spin-polarized itinerant electrons under low magnetic field below 1 T and the ordinary electron-like Hall effect was dominant at higher magnetic fields.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

DOE OSTI2015

Chemical and structural effects on the high-temperature mechanical behavior of (1−x)(Na{sub 1/2}Bi{sub 1/2})TiO{sub 3}-xBaTiO{sub 3} ceramics

Bismuth sodium titanate–barium titanate [(1−x)(Na{sub 1/2}Bi{sub 1/2})TiO{sub 3}-xBaTiO{sub 3}, NBT-100xBT] is one of the most well studied lead-free piezoelectric materials due in large part to the high field-induced strain attainable in compositions near the morphotropic phase boundary (x = 0.06). The BaTiO{sub 3}-rich side of the phase diagram, however, has not yet been as comprehensively studied, although it might be important for piezoelectric and positive temperature coefficient ceramic applications. In this work, we present a thorough study of BaTiO{sub 3}-rich NBT-100xBT by ferroelastic measurements, dielectric permittivity, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. We show that the high-temperature mechanical behavior, i.e., above the Curie temperature, T{sub C}, is influenced by local disorder, which appears also in pure BT. On the other hand, in NBT-100xBT (x < 1.0), lattice distortion, i.e., tetragonality, increases, and this impacts both the mechanical and dielectric properties. This increase in lattice distortion upon chemical substitution is counterintuitive by merely reasoning on the ionic size, and is due to the change in the A-O bond character induced by the Bi{sup 3+} electron lone pair, as indicated by Raman spectroscopy.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2017

Nepheline structural and chemical dependence on melt composition

Nepheline crystallizes upon slow-cooling in some melts concentrated in Na 2 O and Al 2 O 3 , which can result in a residual glass phase of low chemical durability. Nepheline can incorporate many components often found in high-level waste radioactive borosilicate glass, including glass network ions (e.g., Si, Al, Fe), alkali metals (e.g., Cs, K, Na, and possibly Li), alkaline-earth metals (e.g., Ba, Sr, Ca, Mg), and transition metals (e.g., Mn, and possibly Cr, Zn, Ni). When crystallized from melts of different compositions, nepheline chemistry varies as a function of starting glass composition. Five simulated high level nuclear waste borosilicate glasses shown to crystallize large fractions of nepheline on slow cooling, were selected for study. These melts constituted a range of Al 2 O 3 , B 2 O 3 , CaO, Na 2 O, K 2 O, Fe 2 O 3 , and SiO 2 compositions. Compositional analyses of nepheline crystals in glass by electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA) indicate that boron is unlikely to be present in any significant concentration, if at all, in nepheline. Here, several models are also presented for calculating the fraction of vacancies in the nepheline structure.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2014

The Synthesis, Structures, and Chemical Properties of Macrocyclic Ligands Covalently Bonded into Layered Arrays

In this part of the proposal we have concentrated on the surface functionalization of α-zirconium phosphate of composition Zr(O3POH)2•H2O. It is a layered compound that can be prepared as particles as small as 30 nm to single crystals in the range of cm. This compound is an ion exchanger with a capacity of 6.64 meq per gram. It finds use as a catalyst, proton conductor, sensors, biosensors, in kidney dialysis and drug delivery. By functionalizing the surface additional uses are contemplated as will be described. The layers consist of the metal, with 4+ charge, that is positioned slightly above and below the mean layer plane and bridged by three of the four phosphate oxygens. The remaining POH groups point into the interlayer space creating double rows of POH groups but single arrays on the surface layers. The surface groups are reactive and we were able to bond silanes, isocyanates, epoxides, acrylates ` and phosphates to the surface POH groups. The layers are easily exfoliated or filled with ions by ion exchange or molecules by intercalation reactions. Highlights of our work include, in addition to direct functionalization of the surfaces, replacement of the protons on the surface with ions of different charge. This allows us to bond phosphates, biophosphates, phosphonic acids and alcohols to the surface. By variation of the ion charge of the ions that replace the surface protons, different surface structures are obtained. We have already shown that polymer fillers, catalysts and Janus particles may be prepared. The combination of surface functionalization with the ability to insert molecules and ions between the layers allow for a rich development of numerous useful other applications as well as nano-surface chemistry.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2013

Inhibition by TRPA1 agonists of compound action potentials in the frog sciatic nerve

Highlights: •TRPA1 agonists inhibited compound action potentials in frog sciatic nerves. •This inhibition was not mediated by TRPA1 channels. •This efficacy was comparable to those of lidocaine and cocaine. •We found for the first time an ability of TRPA1 agonists to inhibit nerve conduction. -- Abstract: Although TRPV1 and TRPM8 agonists (vanilloid capsaicin and menthol, respectively) at high concentrations inhibit action potential conduction, it remains to be unknown whether TRPA1 agonists have a similar action. The present study examined the actions of TRPA1 agonists, cinnamaldehyde (CA) and allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), which differ in chemical structure from each other, on compound action potentials (CAPs) recorded from the frog sciatic nerve by using the air-gap method. CA and AITC concentration-dependently reduced the peak amplitude of the CAP with the IC{sub 50} values of 1.2 and 1.5 mM, respectively; these activities were resistant to a non-selective TRP antagonist ruthenium red or a selective TRPA1 antagonist HC-030031. The CA and AITC actions were distinct in property; the latter but not former action was delayed in onset and partially reversible, and CA but not AITC increased thresholds to elicit CAPs. A CAP inhibition was seen by hydroxy-α-sanshool (by 60% at 0.05 mM), which activates both TRPA1 and TRPV1 channels, a non-vanilloid TRPV1 agonist piperine (by 20% at 0.07 mM) and tetrahydrolavandulol (where the six-membered ring of menthol is opened; IC{sub 50} = 0.38 mM). It is suggested that TRPA1 agonists as well as TRPV1 and TRPM8 agonists have an ability to inhibit nerve conduction without TRP activation, although their agonists are quite different in chemical structure from each other.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗