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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on NaMn6Al3H42(SO19)2 by Materials Project

Na(H2O)6(Mn2Al(HO)6)3(H2O)6(SO4)2 crystallizes in the trigonal R-3 space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of three sodium;hexahydrate molecules; six sulfuric acid molecules; eighteen water molecules; and three Mn2Al(HO)6 sheets oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. In each Mn2Al(HO)6 sheet, Mn is bonded to six O atoms to form distorted MnO6 octahedra that share edges with three equivalent MnO6 octahedra and edges with three AlO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Mn–O bond distances ranging from 2.19–2.26 Å. There are two inequivalent Al sites. In the first Al site, Al is bonded to six O atoms to form AlO6 octahedra that share edges with six equivalent MnO6 octahedra. There is three shorter (1.92 Å) and three longer (1.94 Å) Al–O bond length. In the second Al site, Al is bonded to six equivalent O atoms to form AlO6 octahedra that share edges with six equivalent MnO6 octahedra. All Al–O bond lengths are 1.93 Å. There are three inequivalent H sites. In the first H site, H is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the second H site, H is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the third H site, H is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. There are three inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Mn, one Al, and one H atom. In the second O site, O is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Mn, one Al, and one H atom. In the third O site, O is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Mn, one Al, and one H atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Ho2(Ni2B)5 by Materials Project

Ho2(Ni2B)5 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pbca space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Ho sites. In the first Ho site, Ho is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to fifteen Ni and three B atoms. There are a spread of Ho–Ni bond distances ranging from 2.75–3.33 Å. There are a spread of Ho–B bond distances ranging from 2.72–2.85 Å. In the second Ho site, Ho is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to fourteen Ni and five B atoms. There are a spread of Ho–Ni bond distances ranging from 2.78–3.16 Å. There are a spread of Ho–B bond distances ranging from 2.71–3.05 Å. There are ten inequivalent Ni sites. In the first Ni site, Ni is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three Ho and four B atoms. There are a spread of Ni–B bond distances ranging from 2.06–2.10 Å. In the second Ni site, Ni is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two Ho and three B atoms. There are two shorter (2.06 Å) and one longer (2.10 Å) Ni–B bond lengths. In the third Ni site, Ni is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Ho and three B atoms. There are a spread of Ni–B bond distances ranging from 1.92–2.19 Å. In the fourth Ni site, Ni is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to three Ho and three B atoms. There are two shorter (2.03 Å) and one longer (2.06 Å) Ni–B bond lengths. In the fifth Ni site, Ni is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to three Ho and three B atoms. There are a spread of Ni–B bond distances ranging from 2.03–2.13 Å. In the sixth Ni site, Ni is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Ho and two B atoms. There are one shorter (2.02 Å) and one longer (2.22 Å) Ni–B bond lengths. In the seventh Ni site, Ni is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to four Ho and three B atoms. There are a spread of Ni–B bond distances ranging from 2.05–2.13 Å. In the eighth Ni site, Ni is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Ho and three B atoms. There are a spread of Ni–B bond distances ranging from 1.97–2.06 Å. In the ninth Ni site, Ni is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Ho and three B atoms. There are a spread of Ni–B bond distances ranging from 2.02–2.09 Å. In the tenth Ni site, Ni is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two Ho and four B atoms. There are a spread of Ni–B bond distances ranging from 2.05–2.13 Å. There are five inequivalent B sites. In the first B site, B is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ho, six Ni, and one B atom. The B–B bond length is 1.91 Å. In the second B site, B is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ho, six Ni, and one B atom. The B–B bond length is 1.72 Å. In the third B site, B is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to one Ho and seven Ni atoms. In the fourth B site, B is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ho, six Ni, and one B atom. In the fifth B site, B is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to one Ho, six Ni, and one B atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Ho2Co17 by Materials Project

Ho2Co17 crystallizes in the hexagonal P6_3/mmc space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Ho sites. In the first Ho site, Ho is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to eighteen Co atoms. There are a spread of Ho–Co bond distances ranging from 2.93–3.25 Å. In the second Ho site, Ho is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to twenty Co atoms. There are a spread of Ho–Co bond distances ranging from 2.88–3.13 Å. There are four inequivalent Co sites. In the first Co site, Co is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Ho and thirteen Co atoms. There are a spread of Co–Co bond distances ranging from 2.32–2.67 Å. In the second Co site, Co is bonded to two equivalent Ho and ten Co atoms to form CoHo2Co10 cuboctahedra that share corners with fourteen CoHo2Co10 cuboctahedra, edges with six equivalent CoHo3Co9 cuboctahedra, and faces with ten CoHo2Co10 cuboctahedra. There are four shorter (2.39 Å) and four longer (2.40 Å) Co–Co bond lengths. In the third Co site, Co is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to two Ho and ten Co atoms. There are a spread of Co–Co bond distances ranging from 2.34–2.54 Å. In the fourth Co site, Co is bonded to three Ho and nine Co atoms to form a mixture of distorted face, edge, and corner-sharing CoHo3Co9 cuboctahedra. Both Co–Co bond lengths are 2.41 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Ho3Ga15Ru4 by Materials Project

Ho3Ru4Ga15 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pnma space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are three inequivalent Ho sites. In the first Ho site, Ho is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to four Ru and twelve Ga atoms. All Ho–Ru bond lengths are 3.35 Å. There are a spread of Ho–Ga bond distances ranging from 2.97–3.26 Å. In the second Ho site, Ho is bonded to twelve Ga atoms to form distorted face-sharing HoGa12 cuboctahedra. There are a spread of Ho–Ga bond distances ranging from 3.00–3.13 Å. In the third Ho site, Ho is bonded in a 11-coordinate geometry to eleven Ga atoms. There are a spread of Ho–Ga bond distances ranging from 2.99–3.09 Å. There are two inequivalent Ru sites. In the first Ru site, Ru is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to one Ho and eight Ga atoms. There are a spread of Ru–Ga bond distances ranging from 2.52–2.71 Å. In the second Ru site, Ru is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to one Ho and nine Ga atoms. There are a spread of Ru–Ga bond distances ranging from 2.55–2.78 Å. There are ten inequivalent Ga sites. In the first Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 11-coordinate geometry to three Ho, three Ru, and five Ga atoms. There are a spread of Ga–Ga bond distances ranging from 2.74–2.91 Å. In the second Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two Ho, two equivalent Ru, and five Ga atoms. There are a spread of Ga–Ga bond distances ranging from 2.57–2.96 Å. In the third Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to four Ho, two Ru, and four Ga atoms. There are a spread of Ga–Ga bond distances ranging from 2.84–2.99 Å. In the fourth Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to three Ho, two Ru, and six Ga atoms. There are a spread of Ga–Ga bond distances ranging from 2.58–2.99 Å. In the fifth Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two Ho, two equivalent Ru, and five Ga atoms. There are one shorter (2.67 Å) and two longer (2.76 Å) Ga–Ga bond lengths. In the sixth Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Ho, three Ru, and six Ga atoms. There are a spread of Ga–Ga bond distances ranging from 2.75–2.90 Å. In the seventh Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ho, two equivalent Ru, and four Ga atoms. The Ga–Ga bond length is 2.53 Å. In the eighth Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to one Ho, two equivalent Ru, and seven Ga atoms. The Ga–Ga bond length is 2.67 Å. In the ninth Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to two Ho, two equivalent Ru, and five Ga atoms. Both Ga–Ga bond lengths are 2.79 Å. In the tenth Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ho, two Ru, and six Ga atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Nuclear magnetic resonance and molecular simulation study of H 2 and CH 4 adsorption onto shale and sandstone for hydrogen geological storage

Understanding pure H 2 and H 2 /CH 4 adsorption and diffusion in earth materials is one vital step toward a successful and safe H 2 storage in depleted gas reservoirs. Despite recent research efforts such understanding is far from complete. In this work we first use Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) experiments to study the NMR response of injected H 2 into Duvernay shale and Berea sandstone samples, representing materials in confining and storage zones. Then we use molecular simulations to investigate H 2 /CH 4 competitive adsorption and diffusion in kerogen, a common component of shale. Our results indicate that in shale there are two H 2 populations, i.e., free H 2 and adsorbed H 2 , that yield very distinct NMR responses. However, only free gas presents in sandstone that yields a H 2 NMR response similar to that of bulk H 2 . About 10 % of injected H 2 can be lost due to adsorption/desorption hysteresis in shale, and no H 2 loss (no hysteresis) is observed in sandstone. Here, our molecular simulation results support our NMR results that there are two H 2 populations in nanoporous materials (kerogen). The simulation results also indicate that CH 4 outcompetes H 2 in adsorption onto kerogen, due to stronger CH 4 -kerogen interactions than H 2 -kerogen interactions. Nevertheless, in a depleted gas reservoir with low CH 4 gas pressure, about ~30 % of residual CH 4 can be desorbed upon H 2 injection. The simulation results also predict that H 2 diffusion in porous kerogen is about one order of magnitude higher than that of CH 4 and CO 2 . This work provides an understanding of H 2 /CH 4 behaviors in deleted gas reservoirs upon H 2 injection and predictions of H 2 loss and CH 4 desorption in H 2 storage.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2022

Effects of Au2+ irradiation induced damage in a high-entropy pyrochlore oxide single crystal

Here, we report an ion-irradiation study of a compositionally complex (high-entropy) pyrochlore oxide. The damage produced from 4 MeV Au 2+ ion irradiation on single crystal (Yb 0.2 Tm 0.2 Lu 0.2 Ho 0.2 Er 0.2 ) 2 Ti 2 O 7 aligned along the [100] direction is investigated at room temperature by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry in channeling mode (RBS/C). Damage profiles based on RBS/C are presented and compared to single-component pyrochlore titanate oxides to evaluate the relative resistance to irradiation-induced amorphization. The results show that this high-entropy pyrochlore goes amorphous at a dose of 0.13 dpa, which is comparable to that of single-component pyrochlores previously studied. Transmission electron microscopy images unveil the damaged surface layer, which is consistent with the RBS/C results.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Fast Advective Water Flow through Nanochannels in Clay Interlayers: Implications for Moisture Transport in Soils and Unconventional Oil/Gas Production

Water flow in nanometer or sub-nanometer hydrophilic channels bears special importance in diverse fields of science and engineering. However, the nature of such water flow remains elusive. In this work, we report our molecular-modeling results on water flow in a sub-nanometer clay interlayer between two montmorillonite layers. We show that a fast advective flow can be induced by evaporation at one end of the interlayer channel, that is, a large suction pressure created by evaporation (~818 MPa) is able to drive the fast water flow through the channel (~0.88 m/s for a 46 Å-long channel). Scaled up for the pressure gradient to a 2 μm particle, the velocity of water is estimated to be about 95 μm/s, indicating that water can quickly flow through a μm-sized clay particle within seconds. The prediction seems to be confirmed by our thermogravimetric analysis of bentonite hydration and dehydration processes, which indicates that water transport at the early stage of the dehydration is a fast advective process, followed by a slow diffusion process. The possible occurrence of a fast advective water flow in clay interlayers prompts us to reassess water transport in a broad set of natural and engineered systems such as clay swelling/shrinking, moisture transport in soils, water uptake by plants, water imbibition/release in unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs, and cap rock integrity of supercritical CO 2 storage.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2020

One-component order parameter in URu 2 Si 2 uncovered by resonant ultrasound spectroscopy and machine learning

The unusual correlated state that emerges in URu 2 Si 2 below T HO = 17.5 K is known as “hidden order” because even basic characteristics of the order parameter, such as its dimensionality (whether it has one component or two), are “hidden.” We use resonant ultrasound spectroscopy to measure the symmetry-resolved elastic anomalies across T HO . We observe no anomalies in the shear elastic moduli, providing strong thermodynamic evidence for a one-component order parameter. We develop a machine learning framework that reaches this conclusion directly from the raw data, even in a crystal that is too small for traditional resonant ultrasound. Our result rules out a broad class of theories of hidden order based on two-component order parameters, and constrains the nature of the fluctuations from which unconventional superconductivity emerges at lower temperature. Our machine learning framework is a powerful new tool for classifying the ubiquitous competing orders in correlated electron systems.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Ho4Ga21Ni10 by Materials Project

Ho4Ni10Ga21 crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are four inequivalent Ho sites. In the first Ho site, Ho is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to four Ni and nine Ga atoms. There are two shorter (3.13 Å) and two longer (3.15 Å) Ho–Ni bond lengths. There are a spread of Ho–Ga bond distances ranging from 2.88–3.21 Å. In the second Ho site, Ho is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to four Ni and eleven Ga atoms. There are a spread of Ho–Ni bond distances ranging from 2.98–3.14 Å. There are a spread of Ho–Ga bond distances ranging from 2.86–3.40 Å. In the third Ho site, Ho is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to four Ni and eleven Ga atoms. There are a spread of Ho–Ni bond distances ranging from 2.98–3.15 Å. There are a spread of Ho–Ga bond distances ranging from 2.86–3.41 Å. In the fourth Ho site, Ho is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to four Ni and nine Ga atoms. There are a spread of Ho–Ni bond distances ranging from 3.11–3.15 Å. There are a spread of Ho–Ga bond distances ranging from 2.89–3.20 Å. There are ten inequivalent Ni sites. In the first Ni site, Ni is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ho, one Ni, and seven Ga atoms. The Ni–Ni bond length is 2.72 Å. There are a spread of Ni–Ga bond distances ranging from 2.38–2.57 Å. In the second Ni site, Ni is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine Ga atoms. There are a spread of Ni–Ga bond distances ranging from 2.47–2.61 Å. In the third Ni site, Ni is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine Ga atoms. There are a spread of Ni–Ga bond distances ranging from 2.47–2.60 Å. In the fourth Ni site, Ni is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ho, one Ni, and seven Ga atoms. The Ni–Ni bond length is 2.74 Å. There are a spread of Ni–Ga bond distances ranging from 2.47–2.56 Å. In the fifth Ni site, Ni is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ho and eight Ga atoms. There are a spread of Ni–Ga bond distances ranging from 2.46–2.70 Å. In the sixth Ni site, Ni is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ho and seven Ga atoms. There are a spread of Ni–Ga bond distances ranging from 2.36–2.62 Å. In the seventh Ni site, Ni is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ho and seven Ga atoms. There are a spread of Ni–Ga bond distances ranging from 2.36–2.62 Å. In the eighth Ni site, Ni is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ho and eight Ga atoms. There are a spread of Ni–Ga bond distances ranging from 2.47–2.71 Å. In the ninth Ni site, Ni is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ho, one Ni, and seven Ga atoms. There are a spread of Ni–Ga bond distances ranging from 2.47–2.55 Å. In the tenth Ni site, Ni is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ho, one Ni, and seven Ga atoms. There are a spread of Ni–Ga bond distances ranging from 2.39–2.57 Å. There are twenty-one inequivalent Ga sites. In the first Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Ho, three Ni, and two equivalent Ga atoms. There are one shorter (2.91 Å) and one longer (2.92 Å) Ga–Ga bond lengths. In the second Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 11-coordinate geometry to one Ho, four Ni, and six Ga atoms. There are a spread of Ga–Ga bond distances ranging from 2.70–2.89 Å. In the third Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ho, three Ni, and one Ga atom. The Ga–Ga bond length is 2.66 Å. In the fourth Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to three Ho, three Ni, and one Ga atom. The Ga–Ga bond length is 2.68 Å. In the fifth Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to three Ho, four Ni, and five Ga atoms. There are a spread of Ga–Ga bond distances ranging from 2.82–2.93 Å. In the sixth Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to three Ho, four Ni, and five Ga atoms. There are a spread of Ga–Ga bond distances ranging from 2.82–2.93 Å. In the seventh Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ho, three Ni, and two Ga atoms. There are one shorter (2.66 Å) and one longer (2.87 Å) Ga–Ga bond lengths. In the eighth Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to one Ho, four Ni, and five Ga atoms. There are one shorter (2.73 Å) and one longer (2.74 Å) Ga–Ga bond lengths. In the ninth Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to three Ho, four Ni, and five Ga atoms. There are a spread of Ga–Ga bond distances ranging from 2.81–2.94 Å. In the tenth Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to three Ho, three Ni, and four Ga atoms. In the eleventh Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 11-coordinate geometry to one Ho, four Ni, and six Ga atoms. The Ga–Ga bond length is 2.89 Å. In the twelfth Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to one Ho, five Ni, and two Ga atoms. In the thirteenth Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to three Ho, four Ni, and five Ga atoms. There are one shorter (2.81 Å) and two longer (2.87 Å) Ga–Ga bond lengths. In the fourteenth Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to one Ho, five Ni, and two Ga atoms. In the fifteenth Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to four Ni and eight Ga atoms. There are a spread of Ga–Ga bond distances ranging from 2.57–2.93 Å. In the sixteenth Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ho, three Ni, and one Ga atom. In the seventeenth Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Ho, three Ni, and two equivalent Ga atoms. In the eighteenth Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to three Ho and three Ni atoms. In the nineteenth Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ho, three Ni, and one Ga atom. In the twentieth Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to one Ho, four Ni, and five Ga atoms. In the twenty-first Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to three Ho, three Ni, and two equivalent Ga atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Thermal Stability and Decomposition Products of P-Doped Ferrihydrite

This work aimed to determine the effect of various amounts of P admixtures in synthetic ferrihydrite on its thermal stability, transformation processes, and the properties of the products, at a broad range of temperatures up to 1000 °C. A detailed study was conducted using a series of synthetic ferrihydrites Fe 5 HO 8 ·4H 2 O doped with phosphates at P/Fe molar ratios of 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0. Ferrihydrite was synthesized by a reaction of Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 with 1 M KOH at room temperature in the presence of K 2 HPO 4 at pH 8.2. The products of the synthesis and the products of heating were characterized at various stages of transformation by using differential thermal analysis accompanied with X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Coprecipitation of P with ferrihydrite results in the formation of P-doped 2-line ferrihydrite. A high P content reduces crystallinity. Phosphate significantly inhibits the thermal transformation processes. The temperature of thermal transformation increases from below 550 to 710–750 °C. Formation of intermediate maghemite and Fe-phosphates, is observed. The product of heating up to 1000 °C contains hematite associated with rodolicoite FePO 4 and grattarolaite Fe 3 PO 7 . Higher P content greatly increases the thermal stability and transformation temperature of rodolicoite as well.

thermal transformations↗
NASA NTRS1992

12 and 20 micron imaging of the starburst galaxy NGC 253

The study presents 12- and 20-micron imaging of the starburst galaxy NGC 253 with a spatial resolution of 0.8 arcsec. A positional uncertainty of 1.6 arcsec in these images is estimated on the basis of previous ground-based mid-IR studies to determine the absolute position of the images. It is concluded that the proposed 'nucleus' of NGC 253, i.e., the dominant, bright, flat-spectrum radio source identified by Turner & Ho (1985) (TH 2), is not associated with the mid-IR peak, but rather is located 2.2 arcsec to the northeast. The mid-IR peak, IRS 1, is placed midway between TH 6 and TH 7. Several coincidences with the present 12-micron image are found: IRS 1 falls within 1 arcsec of the 2-micron peak; a second significantly weaker IR source, IRS 2, coincides with TH 2; and the brightest steep-spectrum 6-cm radio source, TH 9, coincides with a 'tongue' of emission extending to the southwest of IRS 1.

Pina, R. K.↗
NASA NTRS2002

High Energy Double-Pulsed Ho:Tm:YLF Laser Amplifier

A high energy double-pulsed Ho:Tm:YLF 2-micrometer laser amplifier has been demonstrated. 600 mJ per pulse pair under Q-switch operation is achieved with the gain of 4.4. This solid-state laser source can be used as lidar transmitter for multiple lidar applications such as coherent wind and carbon dioxide measurements.

Yu, Jirong↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Ho10In20Ni9 by Materials Project

Ho10Ni9In20 is beta Plutonium-derived structured and crystallizes in the tetragonal P4/nmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are four inequivalent Ho sites. In the first Ho site, Ho is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Ni and eight In atoms. All Ho–Ni bond lengths are 3.01 Å. There are four shorter (3.25 Å) and four longer (3.34 Å) Ho–In bond lengths. In the second Ho site, Ho is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Ni and eight In atoms. All Ho–Ni bond lengths are 2.99 Å. There are four shorter (3.25 Å) and four longer (3.36 Å) Ho–In bond lengths. In the third Ho site, Ho is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to three Ni and nine In atoms. There are two shorter (2.89 Å) and one longer (3.38 Å) Ho–Ni bond lengths. There are a spread of Ho–In bond distances ranging from 3.09–3.37 Å. In the fourth Ho site, Ho is bonded in a 11-coordinate geometry to three Ni and eight In atoms. There are two shorter (3.02 Å) and one longer (3.07 Å) Ho–Ni bond lengths. There are a spread of Ho–In bond distances ranging from 3.17–3.38 Å. There are three inequivalent Ni sites. In the first Ni site, Ni is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to four Ho and five In atoms. There are a spread of Ni–In bond distances ranging from 2.71–2.84 Å. In the second Ni site, Ni is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight In atoms. There are four shorter (2.65 Å) and four longer (2.94 Å) Ni–In bond lengths. In the third Ni site, Ni is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to four Ho and six In atoms. There are a spread of Ni–In bond distances ranging from 2.69–2.99 Å. There are five inequivalent In sites. In the first In site, In is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to five Ho, three Ni, and five In atoms. There are a spread of In–In bond distances ranging from 3.15–3.28 Å. In the second In site, In is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ho, two Ni, and one In atom. In the third In site, In is bonded in a 11-coordinate geometry to four Ho, three Ni, and two equivalent In atoms. In the fourth In site, In is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to six Ho and three Ni atoms. In the fifth In site, In is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to four Ho and two equivalent Ni atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Ho4FeSn8 by Materials Project

Ho4FeSn8 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pmm2 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are four inequivalent Ho sites. In the first Ho site, Ho is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to ten Sn atoms. There are a spread of Ho–Sn bond distances ranging from 3.19–3.48 Å. In the second Ho site, Ho is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to ten Sn atoms. There are a spread of Ho–Sn bond distances ranging from 3.19–3.33 Å. In the third Ho site, Ho is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Fe and ten Sn atoms. All Ho–Fe bond lengths are 3.48 Å. There are a spread of Ho–Sn bond distances ranging from 3.30–3.70 Å. In the fourth Ho site, Ho is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to ten Sn atoms. There are a spread of Ho–Sn bond distances ranging from 3.20–3.52 Å. Fe is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Ho and five Sn atoms. There are a spread of Fe–Sn bond distances ranging from 2.47–2.51 Å. There are eight inequivalent Sn sites. In the first Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to six Ho, one Fe, and two equivalent Sn atoms. Both Sn–Sn bond lengths are 2.97 Å. In the second Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to six Ho and two equivalent Sn atoms. Both Sn–Sn bond lengths are 3.08 Å. In the third Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to six Ho and two equivalent Sn atoms. In the fourth Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to six Ho and two equivalent Sn atoms. In the fifth Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to four Ho, two equivalent Fe, and four equivalent Sn atoms. All Sn–Sn bond lengths are 3.15 Å. In the sixth Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to four Ho and four equivalent Sn atoms. All Sn–Sn bond lengths are 3.15 Å. In the seventh Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to four Ho, two equivalent Fe, and four equivalent Sn atoms. In the eighth Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to four Ho and four equivalent Sn atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Covalency of M–N Bonds in Isomorphous Lanthanide and Actinide 5-(2-Pyridyl)-1H-tetrazolate Complexes

Experimental and computational analyses of [M(pdtz) 3 (H 2 O) 3 ]·3.5H 2 O (M 3+ = Pu 3+ −Cm 3+ , La 3+ −Nd 3+ , and Sm 3+ −Ho 3+ , pdtz− = 5-(2-pyridyl)-1H-tetrazolate) were conducted to understand potential differences in bonding between lanthanide and actinide complexes with a N-donor ligand. Structural analyses show that the An−N bond distances in the Pu 3+ , Am 3+ , and Cm 3+ complexes are within error of one another. Whereas in the lanthanide series, there is a nearly linear decrease in the Ln−N bond lengths from La 3+ to Ho 3+ (excluding Pm 3+ ). The An−N bond lengths are ∼0.015 Å shorter than their similarly-sized lanthanide analogs, in agreement with computational results that suggest greater covalent character in these bonds versus those with lanthanides. QTAIM analysis indicates that the An−N orbital mixing remains essentially unchanged from Pu 3+ to Cm 3+ , consistent with the nearly identical An−N bond lengths. However, upon deconvolution of the NLMOs into orbital compositions, the metal orbital contributions to An−N bonding decreases slightly overall wherein the 6d involvement remains constant, 7s involvement slightly increases, and 5f participation decreases. The molecular orbital energy diagram indicates that energy degeneracy between the 5f metal and 2p ligand orbitals increases from Pu 3+ to Cm 3+ and counteracts the contraction of the 5f orbtials. Together with prior reports of decreasing energy degeneracy between 5f and 3p orbitals from Np 3+ to Cf 3+ , these observations provide guidance on understanding how chemical bonding evolves in the actinide series.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Trivalent f-Element Squarates, Squarate-Oxalates, and Cationic Materials, and the Determination of the Nine-Coordinate Ionic Radius of Cf(III)

The synthesis, structure, and solid-state UV–vis–NIR spectroscopy of four new f-element squarates, M 2 (C 4 O 4 ) 3 (H 2 O) 4 (M = Eu, Am, Cf) and Sm(C 4 O 4 )(C 4 O 3 OH)(H 2 O) 2 ·0.5H 2 O, four new cationic lanthanide squarate chlorides, [M 4 (C 4 O 4 ) 5 (H 2 O) 12 ]Cl 2 ·5H 2 O (M = Eu, Dy, Ho Er), and two new actinide squarate oxalates, M 2 (C 4 O 4 ) 2 (C 2 O 4 )(H 2 O) 4 (M = Am, Cf), are presented. All of the metal centers are trivalent. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that M 2 (C 4 O 4 ) 3 (H 2 O) 4 and Sm(C 4 O 4 )(C 4 O 3 OH)(H 2 O) 2 ·0.5H 2 O have a two-dimensional sheet structure constructed from MO 7 (H 2 O) 2 monocapped square-antiprismatic (coordination number (CN) = 9) metal centers and SmO 6 (H 2 O) 2 square-antiprismatic (CN = 8) metal centers, respectively, whereas M 2 (C 4 O 4 ) 2 (C 2 O 4 )(H 2 O) 4 have a three-dimensional (3D) structure constructed from MO 7 (H 2 O) 2 monocapped square-antiprismatic (CN = 9) metal centers. Additionally, the cationic framework materials [M 4 (C 4 O 4 ) 5 (H 2 O) 12 ]Cl 2 ·5H 2 O have a 3D structure constructed from two crystallographically unique MO 5 (H 2 O) 3 square-antiprismatic (CN = 8) metal centers. In these structures, the squarate ligands bind to the metal centers with varying coordination modes and denticities. The results of this study provide another example of the nonparallel chemistry between the lanthanides and transplutonium elements. From the crystallographic data for the isotypic series M 2 (C 4 O 4 ) 3 (H 2 O) 4 (M = La–Nd, Sm, Eu) and the linear regression fit to a plot of the unit cell volume as a function of the cube of the ionic radius, the nine-coordinate ionic radius of Cf 3+ was determined to be 1.127 ± 0.003 Å. Lastly, computational analysis of the americium and californium complexes M 2 (C 4 O 4 ) 3 (H 2 O) 4 and M 2 (C 4 O 4 ) 2 (C 2 O 4 )(H 2 O) 4 reveals three important attributes: (i) the 5f orbitals are nonbonding in all cases, with the bonding differences occurring with the empty 6d orbitals; (ii) the Cf complexes exhibit more covalent character than their Am counterparts; and (iii) there is more covalent character in the squarate-oxalate complexes than in the squarate complexes.

Crystallography↗
DOE OSTI2021

DyFe 2 O 4 : A new trigonal rare-earth ferrite grown by molecular-beam epitaxy

Using epitaxial stabilization, we synthesized single-phase (001)-oriented thin films of DyFe 2 O 4+x on (111) MgAl 2 O 4 substrates by molecular-beam epitaxy. The metastable DyFe 2 O 4 polymorph formed is isostructural to known trigonal ferrimagnetic RFe 2 O 4 phases with space group $R\bar{3}m$, where R = Ho to Lu. The epitaxial DyFe 2 O 4 thin films have two in-plane orientation relationships: [100] DyFe 2 O 4 || [$2\bar{1}1$] MgAl 2 O 4 plus a twin variant related by a 60° in-plane rotation. DyFe 2 O 4 is not bulk stable and has never been synthesized before. Indeed, it has been predicted to be on the edge energetically of what may be possible to stabilize. The fact that the RFe 2 O 4 phase is stable for all elements leading up to dysprosium (Ho–Lu) leads us to believe that DyFe 2 O 4 could be a “remnant metastable phase,” one which, given the right thermodynamic conditions, could become the lowest free energy phase. We find that although we are able to get structurally very close to $R\bar{3}m$ DyFe 2 O 4 , the films are not stoichiometric as they have an increased c lattice parameter, indicative of extra oxygen as is sometimes seen in other RFe2O4 phases. The unintended surplus oxygen opens questions regarding what may be achievable using such tricks as epitaxial stabilization to access metastable phases and whether this indeed constitutes “remnant metastability.”

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Ho4Ge9Ir13 by Materials Project

Ho4Ir13Ge9 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pmmn space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are three inequivalent Ho sites. In the first Ho site, Ho is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to ten Ir and six Ge atoms. There are a spread of Ho–Ir bond distances ranging from 3.06–3.51 Å. All Ho–Ge bond lengths are 3.12 Å. In the second Ho site, Ho is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to ten Ir and six Ge atoms. There are a spread of Ho–Ir bond distances ranging from 3.16–3.53 Å. There are a spread of Ho–Ge bond distances ranging from 3.08–3.17 Å. In the third Ho site, Ho is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to twelve Ir and six Ge atoms. There are a spread of Ho–Ir bond distances ranging from 3.16–3.53 Å. There are two shorter (3.08 Å) and four longer (3.13 Å) Ho–Ge bond lengths. There are eight inequivalent Ir sites. In the first Ir site, Ir is bonded to four Ho and four Ge atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing IrHo4Ge4 tetrahedra. There are two shorter (2.48 Å) and two longer (2.50 Å) Ir–Ge bond lengths. In the second Ir site, Ir is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to six Ho and three Ge atoms. There are two shorter (2.41 Å) and one longer (2.43 Å) Ir–Ge bond lengths. In the third Ir site, Ir is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ho and five Ge atoms. There are one shorter (2.48 Å) and four longer (2.62 Å) Ir–Ge bond lengths. In the fourth Ir site, Ir is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three Ho and four Ge atoms. There are two shorter (2.48 Å) and two longer (2.54 Å) Ir–Ge bond lengths. In the fifth Ir site, Ir is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to three Ho and four Ge atoms. There are a spread of Ir–Ge bond distances ranging from 2.45–2.58 Å. In the sixth Ir site, Ir is bonded to four Ho and four Ge atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner, edge, and face-sharing IrHo4Ge4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Ir–Ge bond distances ranging from 2.47–2.50 Å. In the seventh Ir site, Ir is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Ho and four Ge atoms. There are a spread of Ir–Ge bond distances ranging from 2.43–2.63 Å. In the eighth Ir site, Ir is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to two Ho and five Ge atoms. There are one shorter (2.49 Å) and four longer (2.61 Å) Ir–Ge bond lengths. There are six inequivalent Ge sites. In the first Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to four Ho and five Ir atoms. In the second Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ho and six Ir atoms. In the third Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ho and seven Ir atoms. In the fourth Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ho and seven Ir atoms. In the fifth Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Ho and five Ir atoms. In the sixth Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ho and six Ir atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗