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At least 271 records · Page 15

​Understanding a Stratigraphic Hydrothermal Resource – Geophysical Imaging at Steptoe Valley, Nevada

Sandia National Laboratories partnered with a multi-disciplinary group of subject matter experts to evaluate a stratigraphic geothermal resource in Steptoe Valley, Nevada using both established and novel geophysical imaging techniques. The stratigraphic reservoir in northern Steptoe Valley was previously discovered during oil and gas exploration. Subsequent studies, such as the Nevada Play Fairway Analysis, included data which further highlighted potential resource targets in the basin. Geophysical surveys, complemented with refined geologic mapping and geochemical sampling, were deployed to further characterize the resource. The resulting 3D geologic interpretation, conceptual model refinements, and reservoir simulations suggest that a >100MWe power-capable reservoir is likely economically accessible using conventional well placement and stimulation techniques in the Paleozoic carbonates of the deep/central basin of northern Steptoe Valley. Additional geophysical characterization and exploration drilling efforts are recommended to calibrate interpretation and determine where/how to potentially develop the northern Steptoe resource. The geophysical tools, interpretations, lessons learned, and public data generated by this study establish an exploration methodology to inform decisions for characterization and development of northern Steptoe Valley and other stratigraphic geothermal reservoirs in the western U.S.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗

A Cultural Resource Survey of 661.5 Acres on the Tonopah Test Range (TTR), Nellis Air Force Base, Nye County, Nevada

This report presents the results of a Section 110 cultural resource survey of Pedro Lake and the surrounding area. Sandia National Laboratories’ (Sandia) cultural resources program, in collaboration with personnel from the cultural resource department from the Northern Ranges of the Nevada Test and Training Range (NTTR), Nellis Air Force Base (NAFB) surveyed 267.71 hectares (ha) (661.50 acres [ac]) for the project, located on the Tonopah Test Range (TTR) at Nellis Air Force Base, Nye County, Nevada. The survey resulted in the update of two previously recorded archaeological sites, the documentation of 15 newly discovered archaeological sites, and 18 isolated occurrences. The results of the survey are presented herein.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Seismic velocity modeling and earthquake relocations for the southern Nevada National Security Site (NNSS), with a focus on Rock Valley

The Rock Valley Direct Comparison (RV/DC) is the third phase of the Source Physics Experiment (SPE; Snelson et al., 2014), a project aimed at improving seismic discrimination between explosive sources and natural earthquakes. Phases I and II of SPE focused on studying the generation of shear waves in endmember geologies (granite and alluvium, respectively), while Phase III aims to detonate a chemical explosion co-located with the source region of the 1993 Rock Valley earthquake sequence, located in the Rock Valley Fault Zone (RVFZ), in the southern portion of the Nevada Test Site (now the Nevada National Security Site, or NNSS).

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

A reconnaissance space sensing investigation of crustal structure for a strip from the eastern Sierra Nevada to the Colorado Plateau

The author has identified the following significant results. Analysis of ERTS-1 MSS imagery over the sourthern Basin-Range Province of California, Nevada, and Arizona has led to recognition of regional tectonic control of volcanism, plutonism, mineralization, and fault patterns. This conclusion is the result of geologic reconnaissance of anomalies observed in ERTS-1 and Apollo-9 data, guided by intermediate scale U-2 photography, SLAR, and relevant geologic literature. In addition to regional tectonic studies, the ERTS-1 imagery provides a basis for detailed research of relatively small geologic features. Interpretation of ERTS-1 and Apollo-9 space imagery and intermediate scale X-15 and U-2 photography indicates the presence of a major fault zone along the California-Nevada state line, here named the Pahrump fault zone. Field mapping confirms previously unreported evidence of fault breaks in bedrock, along range fronts and in Quaternary alluvium and lake sediments. Regional gravity lows and fault traces within the Pahrump fault zone from a general left stepping en echelon pattern. The trend and postulated diplacement for this fault are similar to other major strike slip fault zones in the southern Basin-Range Province.

Bechtold, I. C.↗

Structural geologic analysis of Nevada using ERTS-1 images: A preliminary report

Structural analysis of Nevada using ERTS-1 images showns several previously unrecognized lineaments which may be the surface manifestations of major fault or fracture zones. Principle trends are NE, NW, NNE-NNW, and ENE. Two lineament zones, the Walker Lane and Midas Trench lineament system, transect the predominantly NNE-NNW trending mountain ranges for more than 500 km. 50 circular features have been delineated. Comparison with known Tertiary volcanic centers and reference to geologic maps suggest 8 new centers. Preferred distribution of mines and Tertiary volcanic centers along some of the major lineament suggests a genetic relationship. The intersection of three previously unmapped lineaments in northwestern Nevada is the location of a highly productive metallogenic district. In the Walker Lane, ENE-trending lineament appear to be related to the occurrence of productive ore deposits.

Rowan, L. C.↗

Principal sources and dispersal patterns of suspended particulate matter in nearshore surface waters of the northeast Pacific Ocean and seasonal variation in snow cover in the Sierra Nevada

The author has identified the following significant results. ERTS-1 imagery used in conjunction with the surface-drift cards indicated a southerly flow direction of the central California near surface coastal currents during mid-June 1973. The near-surface currents off northern California and southern Oregon were more complex. Some drift cards were recovered north and some south of their release points; however, the prevalent direction of flow was northerly. General agreement in flow direction of coastal currents obtained from ERTS-1 imagery and drift card data reinforces the image interpretation. Complete seasonal coverage of nearshore circulation interpreted from ERTS-1 imagery will provide information necessary for proper coastal zone management. Extent of snow cover can be readily delimited on ERTS-1 band 5. In the central Sierra Nevada Mountains this past winter season, the snow line, as recorded by ERTS-1, reached an elevation of less than 1500 meters in January but had melted back to between 2500 and 3000 meters by the end of May. ERTS-1 imagery seems to provide sufficient resolution to make it a useful tool for monitoring changes in snow cover in the Sierra Nevada Mountains.

Carlson, P. R.↗

Nevada Test Site craters used for astronaut training

Craters produced by chemical and nuclear explosives at the Nevada Test Site were used to train astronauts before their lunar missions. The craters have characteristics suitable for reconnaissance-type field investigations. The Schooner test produced a crater about 300 m across and excavated more than 72 m of stratigraphic section deposited in a fairly regular fashion so that systematic observations yield systematic results. Other features common on the moon, such as secondary craters and glass-coated rocks, are present at Schooner crater. Smaller explosive tests on Buckboard Mesa excavated rocks from three horizontal alteration zones within basalt flows so that the original sequence of the zones could be determined. One crater illustrated the characteristics of craters formed across vertical boundaries between rock units. Although the exercises at the Nevada Test Site were only a small part of the training of the astronauts, voice transcripts of Apollo missions 14, 16, and 17 show that the exercises contributed to astronaut performance on the moon.

Moore, H. J.↗

Wildland inventory and resource modeling for Douglas and Carson City Counties, Nevada, using LANDSAT and digital terrain data

The potential of using LANDSAT satellite imagery to map and inventory pinyon-juniper desert forest types in Douglas and Carson City Counties, Nevada was demonstrated. Specific map and statistical products produced include land cover, mechanical operations capability, big game winter range habitat, fire hazard, and forest harvestability. The Nevada Division of Forestry determined that LANDSAT can produce a reliable and low-cost resource data. Added benefits become apparent when the data are linked to a geographical information system (GIS) containing existing ownership, planning, elevation, slope, and aspect information.

Brass, J. A.↗

Analysis of SIR-B radar illumination of geometry for depth of penetration and surface feature and vegetation detection, Nevada and California

The measurement capability provided by the Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-B) was used to determine: (1) the relationships between radar illumination geometry and depth of penetration in different climatic and physiographic environments in Nevada; and, (2) the relationships between radar illumination geometry and detection and analysis of structural features in different climatic and physiographic environments in Nevada.

Taranik, J. V.↗

Simulation modeling and preliminary analysis of TIMS data from the Carlin area and the northern Grapevine Mountains, Nevada

A theoretical radiance model was employed together with laboratory data on a suite of igneous rock to evaluate various algorithms for processing Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) data. Two aspects of the general problem were examined: extraction of emissivity information from the observed TIMS radiance data, and how to use emissivity data in a way that is geologically meaningful. The four algorithms were evaluated for appropriate band combinations of TIMS data acquired on both day and night overflights of the Tuscarora Mountains, including the Carlin gold deposit, in north-central Nevada. Analysis of a color composited PC decorrelated image (Bands 3, 4, 5--blue/green/red) of the Northern Grapevine Mountains, Nevada, area showed some useful correlation with the regional geology. The thermal infrared region provides fundamental spectral information that can be used to discriminate the major rock types occurring on the Earth's surface.

Watson, Ken↗

The Relationships Between Insoluble Precipitation Residues, Clouds, and Precipitation Over California's Southern Sierra Nevada During Winter Storms

Ice formation in orographic mixed-phase clouds can enhance precipitation and depends on the type of aerosols that serve as ice nucleating particles (INP). The resulting precipitation from these clouds is a viable source of water, especially for regions such as the California Sierra Nevada. Thus, a better understanding of the sources of INP that impact orographic clouds is important for assessing water availability in California. This study presents a multi-site, multi-year analysis of single particle insoluble residues in precipitation samples that likely influenced cloud ice and precipitation formation above Yosemite National Park. Dust and biological particles represented the dominant fraction of the residues (64% on average). Cloud glaciation, determined using GOES satellite observations, not only depended on high cloud tops (greater than 6.2 km) and low temperatures (less than -26 C), but also on the composition of the dust and biological residues. The greatest prevalence of ice-phase clouds occurred in conjunction with biologically-rich residues and mineral dust rich in calcium, followed by iron and aluminosilicates. Dust and biological particles are known to be efficient INP, thus these residues are what likely influenced ice formation in clouds above the sites and subsequent precipitation quantities reaching the surface during events with similar meteorology. The goal of this study is to use precipitation chemistry information to gain a better understanding of the potential sources of INP in the south-central Sierra Nevada, where cloud-aerosol-precipitation interactions are under-studied and where mixed-phase orographic clouds represent a key element in the generation of precipitation and thus the water supply in California.

Creamean, Jessie M.↗

Western US Tropospheric Ozone: An Assessment of Vertical and Seasonal Variations over California and Nevada

In the rural western US free-tropospheric O3 has risen in recent years as a result of rising Asian emissions, deep stratospheric intrusions and more frequent wildfires. This increasing O3 trend combined with the high surface elevation of much of the western US, which aids mixing between boundary layer and free-troposphere, pose challenges in attaining the more stringent O3 National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) at many western US rural surface sites. As such, the ability to identify various sources and transport mechanisms that contribute towards surface O3 is increasingly important. This paper analyzes vertical profiles of O3 from the Alpha Jet Atmospheric eXperiment (AJAX) over California and Nevada, ozonesondes from Trinidad Head, CA and tropospheric ozone profiles from the differential absorption lidar (DIAL) at the JPL Table Mountain Facility, CA. Surface O3 from the US EPA Clean air Status and Trends Network (CASNET) are used to discuss surface trends. GEOS-Chem determines the trends in regional O3 and assess the contributions of various sources on surface O3. And Realtime Air Quality Modeling System (RAQMS) is used to forecast and interpret free-tropospheric observations. Specifically we will address the following questions: What are the effects of the lowered NAAQS? Do we observe elevated O3 during 2012 at surface sites reported in previous studies? And if so, what are the causes? How variable is free-tropospheric O3 over California and Nevada? How frequently do we observe high O3 lamina in the free troposphere and what are the surface impacts?

tropospheric↗

Vegetation Cover Change in the Upper Kings River Basin of the Sierra Nevada Detected Using Landsat Satellite Image Analysis

The Sierra Nevada of California is a region where large wildfires have been suppressed for over a century. A detailed geographic record of recent changes in vegetation cover across the Sierra Nevada remains a gap that can be filled with satellite remote sensing data. Results from Landsat image analysis over the past 25 years in the Upper Kings River basin showed that consistent, significant increases in the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) have not extended above 2000 m elevation, where cold temperatures presumably limit the growing season. Moreover, mean increases in NDVI since 1986 at elevations below 2000 m (which cover about half of the total basin area) have not exceeded 9%, even in the most extreme precipitation yearly comparisons. NDVI has decreased significantly at elevations above 2000 m throughout the basin in relatively wet year comparisons since the mid-1980s. These findings conflict with any assumptions that ET fluxes and river flows downstream could have been markedly altered by vegetation change over most of the Upper Kings River basin in recent decades.

normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)↗

Satellite Image Mapping of Tree Mortality in the Sierra Nevada Region of California from 2013 to 2016

Extreme drought from 2013 to 2015 has been linked to extensive tree dieback in the Sierra-Nevada region of California. Landsat satellite imagery was analysed for the region from Lake Tahoe to the southern Sequoia National Forest with the objective of understanding the patterns of tree mortality in the years of 2013 to 2015 and into the near-normal precipitation year of 2016. The main mapping results for Landsat moisture index differences from year-to-year showed that the highest coverage of tree dieback was located in the Sierra and Sequoia National Forests, at four to five times greater area each year than within any other National Park or National Forest unit. Since 2013, over 50% of the Sierra Nevada forest dieback area was detected in the mid elevation zone of 1000-2000 m. The total area of tree mortality in the lower elevation zone of 500-1000 m did not grow notably from 2015 to 2016. Within the largest California river drainages in the Sierra region, new tree mortality in 2015 was detected mainly below 1200 m elevation, whereas new tree mortality in 2016 was detected mainly at higher elevations, up to about 2200 m. In three out of the four years studied, results showed that about 60% of all new tree mortality areas were located on north-facing hill slopes.

Satellite↗

A Method for Snow Reanalysis: The Sierra Nevada (USA) Example

This work presents a state-of-the art methodology for constructing snow water equivalent (SWE) reanalysis. The method is comprised of two main components: (1) a coupled land surface model and snow depletion curve model, which is used to generate an ensemble of predictions of SWE and snow cover area for a given set of (uncertain) inputs, and (2) a reanalysis step, which updates estimation variables to be consistent with the satellite observed depletion of the fractional snow cover time series. This method was applied over the Sierra Nevada (USA) based on the assimilation of remotely sensed fractional snow covered area data from the Landsat 5-8 record (1985-2016). The verified dataset (based on a comparison with over 9000 station years of in situ data) exhibited mean and root-mean-square errors less than 3 and 13 cm, respectively, and correlation greater than 0.95 compared with in situ SWE observations. The method (fully Bayesian), resolution (daily, 90-meter), temporal extent (31 years), and accuracy provide a unique dataset for investigating snow processes. This presentation illustrates how the reanalysis dataset was used to provide a basic accounting of the stored snowpack water in the Sierra Nevada over the last 31 years and ultimately improve real-time streamflow predictions.

Bayesian↗

NEVADA NATIONAL SECURITY SITE 2020 DATA REPORT- GROUNDWATER MONITORING PROGRAM AREA 5 RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT SITE

This report presents groundwater and leachate sample results from the Area 5 Radioactive Waste Management Site (RWMS) at the Nevada National Security Site in Nye County, Nevada. Since 1993, groundwater samples have been collected and static groundwater depths have been measured from the aquifer immediately below the Area 5 RWMS. The data are evaluated for evidence of effects on the aquifer related to the Area 5 RWMS. Leachate from the Cell 18 lined mixed waste cell has been sampled since 2011, and leachate from the Cell 25 lined mixed waste cell was first sampled in 2019 after it began receiving waste in August 2018. Leachate data are analyzed for hazardous contaminants to determine appropriate leachate handling and disposal. This report includes five years of data from 2016 through 2020.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

Nevada National Security Site V3XA Spherical Explosive Confinement Vessel Awareness Package

This report summarizes the plans and activities that will facilitate shipment of the V3XA experimental spheres (a.k.a., Nevada Spheres) from the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS) to the Idaho National Laboratory’s (INL) Advanced Mixed Waste Treatment Project (AMWTP). The spheres require shipment to INL to be segmented, characterized, and repackaged for ultimate disposal at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP). The NNSS does not currently have the facilities or safety basis to perform these activities. The INL has the facilities, the INL M&O contractor owns an 8-120B cask, and AMWTP has a WIPP Waste Acceptance Criteria approved characterization program. The NNSS has shipped other legacy transuranic waste to INL for WIPP certified characterization in the past.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

Nevada National Security Site Environmental Report 2022 - Summary

This Nevada National Security Site Environmental Report (NNSSER) - Summary summary report provides an abbreviated version of the full report, which discusses actions taken in 2022 to protect the environment and the public while achieving the NNSA/NFO mission goals. It is prepared for the public and our stakeholders in hopes that it is readily understandable and usable. It is a key component in our efforts to keep the public informed of environmental conditions at the NNSS and its support facilities in Las Vegas, Nevada.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗