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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 271 records · Page 15
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1978

Summary of NASA landing-gear research

This paper presents a brief summary of the airplane landing gear research underway at NASA. The technology areas include: ground handling simulator, antiskid braking systems, space shuttle nose-gear shimmy, active control landing gear, wire brush skid landing gear, air cushion landing systems, tire/surface friction characteristics, tire mechanical properties, tire-tread materials, powered wheels for taxiing, and crosswind landing gear. This paper deals mainly with the programs on tire-tread materials, powered wheel taxiing, air cushion landing systems, and crosswind landing gear research with particular emphasis on previously unreported results of recently completed flight tests. Work in the remaining areas is only mentioned.

Fisher, B. D.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Behavior of aircraft antiskid braking systems on dry and wet runway surfaces. A slip-velocity-controlled, pressure-bias-modulated system

The braking and cornering response of a slip velocity controlled, pressure bias modulated aircraft antiskid braking system is investigated. The investigation, conducted on dry and wet runway surfaces, utilized one main gear wheel, brake, and tire assembly of a McDonnell Douglas DC 9 series 10 airplane. The landing gear strut was replaced by a dynamometer. The parameters, which were varied, included the carriage speed, tire loading, yaw angle, tire tread condition, brake system operating pressure, and runway wetness conditions. The effects of each of these parameters on the behavior of the skid control system is presented. Comparisons between data obtained with the skid control system and data obtained from single cycle braking tests without antiskid protection are examined.

Stubbs, S. M.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Recent Progress Towards Predicting Aircraft Ground Handling Performance

The significant progress which has been achieved in development of aircraft ground handling simulation capability is reviewed and additional improvements in software modeling identified. The problem associated with providing necessary simulator input data for adequate modeling of aircraft tire/runway friction behavior is discussed and efforts to improve this complex model, and hence simulator fidelity, are described. Aircraft braking performance data obtained on several wet runway surfaces is compared to ground vehicle friction measurements and, by use of empirically derived methods, good agreement between actual and estimated aircraft braking friction from ground vehilce data is shown. The performance of a relatively new friction measuring device, the friction tester, showed great promise in providing data applicable to aircraft friction performance. Additional research efforts to improve methods of predicting tire friction performance are discussed including use of an instrumented tire test vehicle to expand the tire friction data bank and a study of surface texture measurement techniques.

Yager, T. J.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Tire/wheel concept

A tire and wheel assembly is disclosed in which a low profile pneumatic tire (having sidewalls which deflect inwardly under load) and a wheel (having a rim featuring a narrow central channel and extended rim flanges) form the combination. The extended rim flanges support the tire sidewalls under static and dynamic loading conditions to produce a combination particularly suited to aircraft applications.

Harper, P. M., Sr.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Influence of friction forces on the motion of VTOL aircraft during landing operations on ships at sea

Equations describing the friction forces generated during landing operations on ships at sea were formulated. These forces depend on the platform reaction and the coefficient of friction. The platform reaction depends on the relative sink rate and the shock absorbing capability of the landing gear. The friction coefficient varies with the surface condition of the landing platform and the angle of yaw of the aircraft relative to the landing platform. Landings by VTOL aircraft, equipped with conventional oleopneumatic landing gears are discussed. Simplifications are introduced to reduce the complexity of the mathematical description of the tire and shock strut characteristics. Approximating the actual complicated force deflection characteristic of the tire by linear relationship is adequate. The internal friction forces in the shock strut are included in the landing gear model. A set of relatively simple equations was obtained by including only those tire and shock strut characteristics that contribute significantly to the generation of landing gear forces.

Howard, J. C.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Analysis of Convair 990 rejected-takeoff accident with emphasis on decision making, training and procedures

This paper analyzes a NASA Convair 990 (CV-990) accident with emphasis on rejected-takeoff (RTO) decision making, training, procedures, and accident statistics. The NASA Aircraft Accident Investigation Board was somewhat perplexed that an aircraft could be destroyed as a result of blown tires during the takeoff roll. To provide a better understanding of tire failure RTO's, The Board obtained accident reports, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) studies, and other pertinent information related to the elements of this accident. This material enhanced the analysis process and convinced the Accident Board that high-speed RTO's in transport aircraft should be given more emphasis during pilot training. Pilots should be made aware of various RTO situations and statistics with emphasis on failed-tire RTO's. This background information could enhance the split-second decision-making process that is required prior to initiating an RTO.

Batthauer, Byron E.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Aircraft landing gear systems

Topics presented include the laboratory simulation of landing gear pitch-plane dynamics, a summary of recent aircraft/ground vehicle friction measurement tests, some recent aircraft tire thermal studies, and an evaluation of critical speeds in high-speed aircraft. Also presented are a review of NASA antiskid braking research, titanium matrix composite landing gear development, the current methods and perspective of aircraft flotation analysis, the flow rate and trajectory of water spray produced by an aircraft tire, and spin-up studies of the Space Shuttle Orbiter main gear tire.

Tanner, John A.↗
NASA NTRS1940

A Full-scale Investigation of the Effect of Several Factors on the Shimmy of Cantering Wheels

A full-scale investigation has been conducted to determine the effect of various factors on the shimmy of castering wheels. The factors considered were the geometric arrangement, the tire types, the variations of load, the spindle moment of inertia, and the tire inflation. A comparison of the results of the present investigation with those calculated from existing theory was made. The constants needed in the calculations to determine the damping required for a castering wheel were measured. The results indicate that solid friction appears to be impracticable as the sole damping agent for castering nose wheels on large airplanes. Also it was concluded that the existing theory is adequate for calculating the damping required to prevent shimmy. The caster angle and the spindle moment of inertia were found to influence the solid friction required to prevent shimmy. The effect of variations in the type and the pressure of the tire was insignificant.

Howard, Walter B , Jr↗
NASA NTRS1954

Experiments on a Tail-wheel Shimmy

Model tests on the "running belt" and tests with a full-scale tail wheel were made on a rotating drum as well as on a runway in order to investigate the causes of the undesirable shimmy phenomena frequently occurring on airplane tail wheels, and the means of avoiding them. The small model (scale 1:10) permitted simulation of the mass, moments of inertia, and fuselage stiffness of the airplane and determination of their influence on the shimmy, whereas by means of the larger model with pneumatic tires (scale 1:2) more accurate investigations were made on the tail wheel itself. The results of drum and road tests show good agreement with one another and with model values. Detailed investigations were made regarding the dependence of the shimmy tendency on trail, rolling speed, load, size of tires, ground friction,and inclination of the swivel axis; furthermore, regarding the influence of devices with restoring effect on the tail wheel, and the friction damping required for prevention of shimmy. Finally observations from slow-motion pictures are reported and conclusions drawn concerning the influence of tire deformation.

WHEEL, TAIL - SHIMMYING↗
NASA NTRS2004

SUV Rollover Test

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) approached NASA to evaluate vehicle rollover resistance using the High Capacity Centrifuge Facility. Testing was planned for six different sport utility vehicles. Previous methods for simulating the rollover conditions were considered to be not indicative of the true driving conditions. A more realistic gradual application of side loading could be achieved by using a centrifuge facility. A unique load measuring lower support system was designed to measure tire loading on the inboard tires and to indicate tire liftoff. This lower support system was designed to more closely emulate the actual rollover conditions. Additional design features were provided to mitigate potential safety hazards.

Chambers, William V.↗
NASA NTRS2003

Energy-Absorbing, Lightweight Wheels

Improved energy-absorbing wheels are under development for use on special-purpose vehicles that must traverse rough terrain under conditions (e.g., extreme cold) in which rubber pneumatic tires would fail. The designs of these wheels differ from those of prior non-pneumatic energy-absorbing wheels in ways that result in lighter weights and more effective reduction of stresses generated by ground/wheel contact forces. These wheels could be made of metals and/or composite materials to withstand the expected extreme operating conditions. As shown in the figure, a wheel according to this concept would include an isogrid tire connected to a hub via spring rods. The isogrid tire would be a stiff, lightweight structure typically made of aluminum. The isogrid aspect of the structure would both impart stiffness and act as a traction surface. The hub would be a thin-walled body of revolution having a simple or compound conical or other shape chosen for structural efficiency. The spring rods would absorb energy and partially isolate the hub and the supported vehicle from impact loads. The general spring-rod configuration shown in the figure was chosen because it would distribute contact and impact loads nearly evenly around the periphery of the hub, thereby helping to protect the hub against damage that would otherwise be caused by large loads concentrated onto small portions of the hub.

Waydo, Peter↗
DOE OSTI2024

Sensitization and Mechanical Response of Cu‐Containing Steel Rods

The iron and steel manufacturing sector significantly adds to global greenhouse gas emissions, caused primarily by the carbothermic reduction of iron ore. Recycling scrap steel offers an effective decarbonization strategy but introduces impurities like copper (Cu) that can negatively impact mechanical properties. This study investigates the effects of Cu content and heat treatment on the mechanical performance and sensitization of steel wire rods for tire manufacturing. Steel rods with 0.04 and 0.21 wt% Cu are heated to 1050 or 1200 °C, then air quenched, or furnace cooled. Tensile testing coupled with microscopic analysis is used to evaluate mechanical properties and assess the sensitization effects. Higher Cu content leads to larger sensitized zones with increased Cu precipitation along grain boundaries. Ductility and toughness, crucial for wire drawability, are found to be reduced, despite higher ultimate strength. Slower furnace cooling is seen to result in smaller sensitized zones compared to air quenching, suggesting a pivotal role of cooling rate in sensitization control. The findings provide insights into optimize heat treatment parameters and Cu content limits, balancing mechanical performance and maintaining drawability for enhanced scrap steel recycling in tire production.

copper↗
DOE OSTI2024

Quantifying the Influence of Size, Shape, and Density of Microplastics on Their Transport Modes: A Modeling Approach

Microplastics (MPs) pose significant risks to marine ecosystems and human health, necessitating accurate predictions of their distributions in aquatic environments for effective risk mitigation. However, understanding MP transport dynamics is challenging because of the inadequate representation of MP characteristics such as size, shape, and density in numerical models. Further, the accuracy of the MP vertical profiles in existing models has not been thoroughly validated. Thus, we developed an MP transport model within the Finite Volume Community Ocean Model framework (FVCOM-MP) by integrating MP characteristics. We validated FVCOM-MP against experimental and analytical data, focusing on various MP transport modes and transitions. FVCOM-MP successfully replicates MP profiles in different transport modes, including the bedload, surface-load, suspended-load, and mixed-load modes. Additionally, we introduce phase diagrams for classifying MP transport modes based on particle characteristics, enhancing our understanding of MP dynamics in aquatic systems. The transport modes for a number of real-world MP particles, including fishing line, plastic bag/bottle fragments, synthetic fibers, tire wear particles, polyvinyl chloride and expanded polystyrene pellets, were analyzed with these phase diagrams.

Microplastic transport, Settling velocity, Rising ↗
DOE OSTI2026

Speed estimation from a single image of a disc: theory

We develop an approach to estimate the tangential speed of the edge of a rotating disc using a single image captured from a moving camera. The only dimensional information required for the estimate is the velocity of the camera relative to the ground. Notably, the size of the disc is not used, and the scene requires no calibration. The side of a tire and wheel assembly (TWA) on a motor vehicle can be a good approximation to a rotating disc, and, under reasonable assumptions, the tangential speed of the tire tread equals the speed of the vehicle. This indirect measurement of vehicle speed is passive, works independently of camera orientation, and is unaffected by obstructions between the vehicle and camera as long as one TWA is visible. The technique is readily adapted for application to a disc attached to a stationary mount.

airborne camera↗
DOE OSTI2025

Develop a Simulation Framework for Understanding Physico-Chemical Processes and Optimization of CHZ' Plastic Thermolyze Technology (CRADA Final Report)

Thermolyzer(TM) technology is a third-generation, multi-reactor, oxygen-free, low pressure, slow pyrolysis process. It has proven to be remarkably versatile in successfully processing all types of hydrocarbon waste. These include all seven types of plastics, tires, auto shredder residue, carpet, electronic waste, and composites. Working with the IACMI, Thermolyzer(TM) technology has recovered the glass and carbon fibers from wind turbine blades for reuse into new applications. Its primary output is a synthesis gas that is rich in H 2 , CH 4 , and small amounts of C 2-4 aliphatic hydrocarbons. Other components are CO and CO 2 . Three unique features set Thermolyzer(TM) apart from other pyrolysis systems: the syngas is clean enough to run in Siemens or Solar gas turbines or IC engines without fouling, clean, salable, byproducts are produced, and CO 2 emissions are lower than natural gas power plants. Research results have been obtained from an operating 7 ton/day facility. A 44 ton/day plant has successfully operated as noted above. The process works because it makes use of the recoverable embodied energy in the feedstock. Surprisingly, a pound of some plastics has the same recoverable energy content as a pound of gasoline. Thus, it is imperative to develop a process that economically converts scrap plastics (including ocean plastics) into energy and thereby conserve the non-renewable fossil fuels for future generations. The Thermolyzer(TM) technology can also be used to create liquid fuels like gasoline and diesel from hydrocarbon wastes. Because of the high hydrogen content of the synthesis gas, hydrogen can be recovered more inexpensively than the current solar or wind energy being used to electrolyze water. That hydrogen can be used for fuel cell powered vehicles or converted into ammonia for agriculture or as a hydrogen storage medium. Extension of this technology to other wastes such as tires, auto shredder residue or wood wastes would expand the circular economy.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Mitigation of Cu-Induced Grain Boundary Sensitization in Steel Wire Rods Through a Desensitization Heat Treatment

Steel wire rods are essential for manufacturing high-strength steel tire cords. Yet, the presence of residual copper (Cu) in recycled steel can cause grain-boundary sensitization, embrittlement, and deterioration of the mechanical performance of the final product. This study introduces a desensitization heat treatment step designed to redistribute Cu away from austenite grain boundaries after sensitization occurs. The treatment consists of a 10 min dwell at 1000 °C in a 5%H 2 -Ar reducing atmosphere followed by quench. The temperature and hold time were selected based on diffusion calculations to promote solid-state back diffusion of Cu without altering grain morphology. Experimental validation showed that the dwell step reduced the length of Cu-rich sensitized zones of steel wire rod samples containing 0.21 wt.% Cu by approximately 89% and restored the mechanical properties to nearly 95–98% relative to low-Cu baseline steel (0.01 wt.% Cu). Compared with sensitized and as-obtained samples, these results highlight the effectiveness of the proposed method in improving both the microstructure and tensile performance of recycled steel wire rods, enabling their potential application in tire manufacturing.

copper↗
NASA NTRS1972

Optimal braking studies

To brake in minimum distance, the tire slip must be controlled to ride the peak of the mu-slip curve so that maximum ground force is developed between tire and pavement. The resulting control system differs from antiskid systems which react to impending wheel lockup. A simplified model is presented to permit development of a sound control strategy. Liapunov techniques are used to derive a peak riding adaptive controller applicable to each wheel of a breaking vehicle. The controller is applied to a more sophisticated model of a braking airplane with strut bending dynamics included. Simulation results verify the peak riding property of the controller and the rapid adaption of the controller to extreme runway conditions. The effect of actuator dynamics, perturbation frequency, type and location of sensors, absence of a free wheel, and a method in which the pilot's braking commands can be interfaced with the peak riding system are also considered.

Pazdera, J. S.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Accelerometer-controlled automatic braking system

Braking system, which employs angular accelerometer to control wheel braking and results in low level of tire slip, has been developed and tested. Tests indicate that system is feasible for operations on surfaces of different slipperinesses. System restricts tire slip and is capable of adapting to rapidly-changing surface conditions.

Dreher, R. C.↗