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At least 271 records · Page 15

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NASA NTRS2017

Assessment of Terra MODIS On-Orbit Polarization Sensitivity Using Pseudoinvariant Desert Sites

The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is currently flying on NASA's Earth Observing System Terra and Aqua satellites, launched in 1999 and 2002, respectively. MODIS reflective solar bands in the visible wavelength range are known to be sensitive to polarized light based on prelaunch polarization sensitivity tests. After about five years of on-orbit operations, it was discovered that the polarization sensitivity at short wavelengths had shown a noticeable increase. In this paper, we examine the impact of polarization on measured top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectance based on MODIS Collection-6 L1B over pseudo invariant desert sites. The standard polarization correction equation is used in combination with simulated at-sensor radiances using the second simulation of a satellite signal in the Solar Spectrum, Vector Radiative Transfer Code (6SV). We ignore the polarization contribution from the surface and a ratio approach is used for both 6SV-derived in put parameters and observed TOA reflectance. Results indicate that significant gain corrections up to 25% are required near the end of scan for the 412 and 443 nm bands. The polarization correction reduces the seasonal fluctuations in reflectance trends and mirror side ratios from 30% and 12% to 10% and 5%, respectively, for the two bands. Comparison of the effectiveness of the polarization correction with the results from the NASA Ocean Biology Processing Group shows a good agreement in the corrected reflectance trending results and their seasonal fluctuations.

Wu, Aisheng↗

NASA NTRS1993

On the receptivity problem for 0(1) wavelength Goertler vortices

In this paper, we make an investigation of the receptivity of boundary layer flows to Gortler vortex modes. A study by Denier, Hall, and Seddougui (1991) of the generation of vortices by wall roughness elements concluded that such elements are extremely poor as mechanisms to stimulate short wavelength modes, but that analysis was in error. We re-examine this problem and demonstrate how the form of the wall roughness is crucial in determining the vortex stability characteristics downstream of the roughness. In particular, we investigate the cases of both isolated and distributed forcing functions and show that, in general, a distributed function is much more important in generating vortices than are either isolated roughness or freestream disturbances.

Bassom, Andrew P.↗

NASA NTRS1988

Modification of a successive corrections objective analysis for improved higher order calculations

The use of objectively analyzed fields of meteorological data for the initialization of numerical prediction models and for complex diagnostic studies places the requirements upon the objective method that derivatives of the gridded fields be accurate and free from interpolation error. A modification was proposed for an objective analysis developed by Barnes that provides improvements in analysis of both the field and its derivatives. Theoretical comparisons, comparisons between analyses of analytical monochromatic waves, and comparisons between analyses of actual weather data are used to show the potential of the new method. The new method restores more of the amplitudes of desired wavelengths while simultaneously filtering more of the amplitudes of undesired wavelengths. These results also hold for the first and second derivatives calculated from the gridded fields. Greatest improvements were for the Laplacian of the height field; the new method reduced the variance of undesirable very short wavelengths by 72 percent. Other improvements were found in the divergence of the gridded wind field and near the boundaries of the field of data.

Achtemeier, Gary L.↗

NASA NTRS1989

Modification of a successive corrections objective analysis for improved higher order calculations

Achtemeier, Gary L.↗

NASA NTRS1991

A cool supergiant with anomalous behavior of the 2800 Mg II doublet

The IUE ultraviolet spectrum for a supergiant of type G Ia, HD 135345, is obtained for the wavelength region 2000-3000 A. In the spectrum, the continuum as well as the feature of the Mg II doublet at 2800 A is found to be anomalous. The observed level of continuum increases toward short wavelengths to 2000 A, verifying that this supergiant is actually a binary system with a hot companion. The anomalies in the magnesium doublet are the complete absence of the chromospheric emission and the very small equivalent width of the doublet absorption: the equivalent width is 4 A, which is 7.5 times smaller than that for a typical G5 star. The main parameters of the binary system are obtained, namely, spectral classes, effective temperatures, ratio of radii, and visible magnitudes.

Gurzadian, G. A.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Modification of a Successive Corrections Objective Analysis for Improved Derivative Calculations

The use of objectively analyzed fields of meteorological data for complex diagnostic studies and for the initialization of numerical prediction models places the requirements upon the objective method that derivatives of the gridded fields be accurate and free from interpolation error. A modification of an objective analysis developed by Barnes provides improvements in analyses of both the field and its derivatives. Theoretical comparisons, comparisons between analyses of analytical monochromatic waves, and comparisons between analyses of actual weather data are used to show the potential of the new method. The new method restores more of the amplitudes of desired wavelengths while simultaneously filtering more of the amplitudes of undesired wavelengths. These results also hold for the first and second derivatives calculated from the gridded fields. Greatest improvements were for the Laplacian of the height field; the new method reduced the variance of undesirable very short wavelengths by 72 pct. Other improvements were found in the divergence of the gridded wind field and near the boundaries of the field data.

Achtemeier, Gary L.↗

NASA NTRS2021

Lower-Hybrid Drift Waves and Their Interaction With Plasmas in A 3D Symmetric Reconnection Simulation With Zero Guide Field

We investigate lower-hybrid drift waves (LHDW) in symmetric magnetic reconnection with zero guide field using three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. The long-wavelength mode with develops in the bifurcated electron current layer around the X-line within the width of the electron meandering motion from the mid-plane, where is the ion (electron) gyroradius. The short-wavelength mode with develops in the separatrix region downstream of the electron outflow jet, producing electron vortices in the background flow frame. Electrons follow the E × B drift with corrections from the diamagnetic drift and are heated inside the vortices with diverging electric fields. In the vortices, ions have comparable E × B and inertia drifts, which together mostly cancel the diamagnetic drift. Toward the center of diverging field vortices, ions are decelerated, leading to a decrease in the perpendicular temperature, while the loss of low-energy ions results in an increase in the parallel temperature. Parallel electric fields exist as a combination of the LHDW wave field projected to the magnetic field direction and the penetration of whistler waves that are mainly outside of the LHDW layer. The magnetic flux tube is twisted in the vortices. The twist may potentially lead to slippage reconnection, as indicated by the non-uniform parallel potential variation across field lines, while the periodic variations of the twisting directions are a limiting factor.

Shan Wang↗

NASA NTRS1993

Development Of Multilayer Metallic Mesh Low-Pass Infrared Filters

Prototype filters exhibit desired transmissivity vs. wavelength. Etched-metallic-film low-frequency-pass (long-wavelength-pass) filters with relatively sharp cut-on at wavelengths of 30 to 40 micrometers developed for use in infrared instruments. Filters particularly useful in observing astronomical bodies exhibiting wide temperature dynamic range. Reduction in signal dynamic range (due to temperature extremes) accomplished by blocking short-wavelength radiance by using low-pass metallic mesh filters.

Mobasser, Sohrab↗

DOE OSTI2023

49 W carrier-envelope-phase-stable few-cycle 2.1 µm OPCPA at 10 kHz

We demonstrate a mid-infrared optical parametric chirped pulse amplifier (OPCPA), delivering 2.1 µm center wavelength pulses with 20 fs duration and 4.9 mJ energy at 10 kHz repetition rate. This self-seeded system is based on a kW-class Yb:YAG thin-disk amplifier driving a CEP stable short-wavelength-infrared (SWIR) generation and three consecutive OPCPA stages. Our SWIR source achieves an average power of 49 W, while still maintaining excellent phase and average power stability with sub-100 mrad carrier-envelope-phase-noise and 0.8% average power fluctuations. These parameters enable the OPCPA setup to drive attosecond pump probe spectroscopy experiments with photon energies in the water window.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

NASA NTRS1995

Thermal emission measurements 2000-400/cm (5-25 micrometers) of Hawaiian palagonitic soils and their implications for Mars

The thermal emision of two palagonitic soils, common visible and near infrared spectral analogs for bright soils on Mars, was measured over the wavelength range of 5 to 25 micrometers (2000 to 400/cm) for several partical size separates. All spectra exhibit emissivity features due to vibrations associated with H2O and SiO. The maximum variability of emissivity is approximately 20% in the short wavelength region (5 to 6.5 mirometers, 2000 to 1500/cm), and is more subdued, less than 4%, at longer wavelengths. The strengths of features present in the infrared spectra of Mars cannot be solely provided by emissivity variations of palagonite; some other material or mechanism must provide additional absorptions(s).

Roush, Ted L.↗

DOE OSTI2025

Water Dielectric Function at Finite Wavelength and the Convergence of Its Large Wavelength Limit (Static Dielectric) by Fluctuation Formulas

Here we provide a general analysis of the longitudinal dielectric function ε l (k) via fluctuation formulas at finite wavelength k, including the static dielectric constant ε w = ε l (k → 0), and analyze the different sources of errors, deriving explicit formulas. Simulations with the SPC/E water model show that the convergence of fluctuation formulas to compute the static dielectric constant is slow and requires long simulations. The analysis of ε l (k) allows us to identify the long- and short-wavelength limits and provide a precise determination of the location of the poles as well as the zeros in the complex plane, which determine the short-distance form of the electrostatic (Coulomb) interaction among charged particles.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2023

The importance of laser wavelength for driving inertial confinement fusion targets. II. Target design

We describe details of radiation-hydrodynamics simulations of directly driven targets for inertial confinement fusion using laser drivers with different laser wavelengths. Of particular interest here are comparisons of frequency-tripled glass (laser wavelength 351 nm) lasers with the argon fluoride (193 nm) and krypton fluoride (248 nm) excimer lasers and the effects that these laser wavelengths have on the target designs. We explore the effect these drivers have on the compromise involved between lowering laser plasma instabilities (LPIs) or hydrodynamic instabilities while providing high gains and seek to quantify this trade-off. Short-wavelength drivers have significant advantages, primarily in using less power and energy to drive targets. Additionally, they expand the allowed operating regime that is constrained by LPI avoidance and the production of higher pressures needed for more hydrodynamically stable targets. Potential disadvantages to shorter drive wavelengths, such as increased imprint, are examined and found to be unimportant.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

NASA NTRS1992

Fractal analysis of Venus topography in Tinatin Planitia and Ovda Regio

A one-dimensional fractal analysis is applied to Magellan altimetry data for two 20 x 20 deg equatorial regions on Venus. For the Ovda Regio, highlands the power spectra of the altimetry data correlate well with power law (fractal) statistics over the full range of wavelengths considered 36-703 km; the mean fractal dimension is D(Ovda) = 1.64. For the Tinatin Planitia lowlands, the power spectra consistently show a rollover at long wavelengths, (greater than 200 km), the long-wavelength topography in this region either never developed or has subsequently relaxed. The mean of the best fit fractal dimension for Tinatin is D(Tinatin) = 1.41. The measure of roughness (RA) correlates well with variations in relief, especially at short wavelengths (about 50 km). The quantitative analysis of Venus topography can be applied on a global scale. The one-dimensional method can be extended to two-dimensional space, yielding two-dimensional maps of regional D and RA, allowing a more complete use of regional two-dimensional altimetry data.

Kucinskas, Algis B.↗

DOE OSTI2025

An integrated photonic engine for programmable atomic control

Abstract Solutions for scalable, high-performance optical control are important for the development of scaled atom-based quantum technologies. Modulation of many individual optical beams is central to applying arbitrary gate and control sequences on arrays of atoms or atom-like systems. At telecom wavelengths, miniaturization of optical components via photonic integration has pushed the scale and performance of classical and quantum optics far beyond the limitations of bulk devices. However, material platforms for high-speed telecom integrated photonics lack transparency at the short wavelengths required by leading atomic systems. Here, we propose and implement a scalable and reconfigurable photonic control architecture using integrated, visible-light modulators based on thin-film lithium niobate. We combine this system with techniques in free-space optics and holography to demonstrate multi-channel, gigahertz-rate visible beamshaping. When applied to silicon-vacancy artificial atoms, our system enables the spatial and spectral addressing of a dynamically-selectable set of these stochastically-positioned point emitters.

Science & Technology - Other Topics↗

DOE OSTI2021

Lower-hybrid drift waves and their interaction with plasmas in a 3D symmetric reconnection simulation with zero guide field

We investigate lower-hybrid drift waves (LHDW) in symmetric magnetic reconnection with zero guide field using three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. The long-wavelength mode with kρiρe∼1 develops in the bifurcated electron current layer around the X-line within the width of the electron meandering motion from the mid-plane, where ρi(e) is the ion (electron) gyroradius. The short-wavelength mode with kρe∼1 develops in the separatrix region downstream of the electron outflow jet, producing electron vortices in the background flow frame. Electrons follow the E × B drift with corrections from the diamagnetic drift and are heated inside the vortices with diverging electric fields. In the vortices, ions have comparable E × B and inertia drifts, which together mostly cancel the diamagnetic drift. Toward the center of diverging field vortices, ions are decelerated, leading to a decrease in the perpendicular temperature, while the loss of low-energy ions results in an increase in the parallel temperature. Parallel electric fields exist as a combination of the LHDW wave field projected to the magnetic field direction and the penetration of whistler waves that are mainly outside of the LHDW layer. The magnetic flux tube is twisted in the vortices. The twist may potentially lead to slippage reconnection, as indicated by the non-uniform parallel potential variation across field lines, while the periodic variations of the twisting directions are a limiting factor.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

NASA NTRS1995

Thermal emission measurements 2000-400 cm(exp -1) (5-25 microns) of Hawaiian palagonitic soils and their implications for Mars

The thermal emission of two palagonitic soils, common visible and near infrared spectral analogs for bright soils on Mars, was measured over the wavelength range of 5 to 25 microns (2000 to 400 cm(exp -1) for several particle size separates. All spectra exhibit emissivity features due to vibrations associated with H2O and SiO. The maximum variability of emissivity is approx. = 20% in the short wavelength region (5 to 6.5 microns, 2000 to 1500 cm(exp -1)), and is more subdued, < 4%, at longer wavelengths. The strengths of features present in infrared spectra of Mars cannot be solely provided by emissivity variations of palagonite; some other material or mechanism must provide additional absorption(s).

Roush, Ted L.↗

NASA NTRS1992

SAR backscatter from coniferous forest gaps

A study is in progress comparing Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (AIRSAR) backscatter from coniferous forest plots containing gaps to backscatter from adjacent gap-free plots. Issues discussed are how do gaps in the range of 400 to 1600 sq m (approximately 4-14 pixels at intermediate incidence angles) affect forest backscatter statistics and what incidence angles, wavelengths, and polarizations are most sensitive to forest gaps. In order to visualize the slant-range imaging of forest and gaps, a simple conceptual model is used. This strictly qualitative model has led us to hypothesize that forest radar returns at short wavelengths (eg., C-band) and large incidence angles (e.g., 50 deg) should be most affected by the presence of gaps, whereas returns at long wavelengths and small angles should be least affected. Preliminary analysis of 1989 AIRSAR data from forest near Mt. Shasta supports the hypothesis. Current forest backscatter models such as MIMICS and Santa Barbara Discontinuous Canopy Backscatter Model have in several cases correctly predicted backscatter from forest stands based on inputs of measured or estimated forest parameters. These models do not, however, predict within-stand SAR scene texture, or 'intrinsic scene variability' as Ulaby et al. has referred to it. For instance, the Santa Barbara model, which may be the most spatially coupled of the existing models, is not truly spatial. Tree locations within a simulated pixel are distributed according to a Poisson process, as they are in many natural forests, but tree size is unrelated to location, which is not the case in nature. Furthermore, since pixels of a simulated stand are generated independently in the Santa Barbara model, spatial processes larger than one pixel are not modeled. Using a different approach, Oliver modeled scene texture based on an hypothetical forest geometry. His simulated scenes do not agree well with SAR data, perhaps due to the simple geometric model used. Insofar as texture is the expression of biological forest processes, such as succession and disease, and physical ones, such as fire and wind-throw, it contains useful information about the forest, and has value in image interpretation and classification. Forest gaps are undoubtedly important contributors to scene variance. By studying the localized effects of gaps on forest backscatter, guided by our qualitative model, we hope to understand more clearly the manner in which spatial heterogeneities in forests produce variations in backscatter, which collectively give rise to scene texture.

Day, John L.↗

NASA NTRS1999

Long-Wavelength Rupturing Instability in Surface-Tension-Driven Benard Convection

A liquid layer with a free upper surface and heated from below is subject to thermocapillary-induced convective instabilities. We use very thin liquid layers (0.01 cm) to significantly reduce buoyancy effects and simulate Marangoni convection in microgravity. We observe thermocapillary-driven convection in two qualitatively different modes, short-wavelength Benard hexagonal convection cells and a long-wavelength interfacial rupturing mode. We focus on the long-wavelength mode and present experimental observations and theoretical analyses of the long-wavelength instability. Depending on the depths and thermal conductivities of the liquid and the gas above it, the interface can rupture downwards and form a dry spot or rupture upwards and form a high spot. Linear stability theory gives good agreement to the experimental measurements of onset as long as sidewall effects are taken into account. Nonlinear theory correctly predicts the subcritical nature of the bifurcation and the selection between the dry spot and high spots.

Swift, J. B.↗