Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “STELLAR ATMOSPHERES”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 271 records · Page 15
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1981

Dynamic phenomena in coronal flux tubes

The study of stellar atmospheres and the determination of specific physical mechanisms, geometries, and magnetic structures by which coronae are maintained is examined. Ultraviolet and soft X-ray components observed in the radiative output of cool stars and the Sun require counterentropic temperature gradients for their explanation. The existence of a hot corona is recognized as a result of mechanical or fluid dynamic effects and the importance of the magnetic field in the heating is accepted. Magnetohydrodynamic energy release associated with the emergence of magnetic flux through the chromosphere and its dynamic readjustment in the corona are major counterentropic phenomena which are considered as primary candidates for corona heating. Systematic plows in coronal flux tubes result from asymmetric heating and systematic flows can exist without substantial chromospheric pressure differences.

Mariska, J. T.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Infrared astronomy research and high altitude observations

Highlights are presented of studies of the emission mechanisms in the 4 to 8 micron region of the spectrum using a circular variable filter wheel spectrometer with a PbSnTe photovoltaic detector. Investigations covered include the spectroscopy of planets, stellar atmospheres, highly obscured objects in molecular clouds, planetary nebulae, H2 regions, and extragalactic objects.

Jones, B.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Corona models tested with IUE and Einstein observations

Compilations of IUE and Einstein observations which show that the emissions from the outer layers of cool stars are nonlinearly correlated are discussed. This result can be used to test theoretical corona models as well as hypotheses on the mechanism that determines the location of the transition region. In stars in which most of the X-ray emission originates in small coronal loops it may be necessary that part of the emitting plasma is hotter than 20 million K or that the transition region is not only heated by thermal conduction, but also by downflows. Observational evidence for both these effects, and methods for analyzing the geometrical structure of outer stellar atmospheres are considered.

Hammer, R.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Chemical evolution in space

Most of the complex molecules in interstellar space ar probably contained in small, frozen interstellar dust grains which are about as old as the earth and have been photochemically converted into large organic molecules. These molecules' maximum molecular weight is limited only by the approximately 0.1-micron grain size. Their evolution leads from cool, evolved stellar atmospheres' formation of seedlings to destruction through incorporation into the material of new stars. Organic dust constitutes about 0.1 percent of the total mass of the Milky Way, far outweighing any estimates of total planetary mass in the Galaxy. Because comets may be virtually pure, aggregated interstellar dust, they offer a source of interstellar organic material for detailed study.

Greenberg, J. M.↗
NASA NTRS1983

The role of magnetic fields in stellar chromospheres and transition regions

Consideration is given to the different roles that magnetic fields play in the control of the structure and energy balance in the chromospheres and transition regions of late-type stars, in view of IUE and Einstein satellite observations. The rotational modulation of structures ('plages') that are bright in UV emission lines and overlie dark star spots suggests that magnetic flux tubes are the dominant structural elements in late-type stellar atmospheres, as well. It is proposed that the existence of a boundary between solar-type stars and those with little or no plasma, as well as the different types of G-K giants and supergiants, may be understood in terms of the fractional surface coverage by closed magnetic structures. Models computed for active and quiet regions of the sun are compared with those for active and quiet stars.

Linsky, J. L.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Identification of the SiCC radical toward IC +10216 - The first molecular ring in an astronomical source

In the radio spectrum of the envelope of the evolved carbon star IRC +10216, the fraction of lines from exotic molecules seldom or never observed in the terrestrial laboratory is exceptionally high. At least 20 lines have not been identified, and it is not known whether one, two, or a number of new molecules are involved. It is shown in the present investigation that nine of the previously unidentified lines in IRC +10216 are produced by SiCC, a radical long known to exist in stellar atmospheres. The true ground-state geometry of this radical has only been obtained recently on the basis of an elegant two-photon ionization experiment in a supersonic molecular beam. Information regarding the molecular geometry and lower rotational levels of SiCC is presented in a graph. The intensities of the SiCC lines confirm the assignments, yield new data on the temperature and density in the envelope of IRC +10216, and indicate that the amount of SiCC there is substantial.

Thaddeus, P.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Homogeneous condensation of gaseous mixtures of Si, Fe, O, N, and C in relative cosmic abundance and implications for astronomical condensation

The pressure versus temperature curves for homogeneous nucleation and condensation of two gaseous mixtures with nearly relative solar abundance of Si, Fe, O, N, and C in an excess of H were determined experimentally. Mixtures of CO, Fe(CO)5, H2, SiH4, and N2O in Ar were heated behind reflected shocks in a shock tube. The nucleation and condensation, which took place in the subsequent gas-dynamic expansion (cooling phase), was monitored by light scattering and turbidity. Grain morphologies and crystalline phases present in the condensates were determined by electron microscopy. These data cast doubt on the validity of both equilibrium and classical nucleation theoretical approaches to predict homogeneous condensation in a solar nebula or stellar atmosphere.

Stephens, J. R.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Radiative Amplification of Acoustic Waves in Hot Stars

The discovery of broad P Cygni profiles in early type stars and the detection of X-rays emitted from the envelopes of these stars made it clear, that a considerable amount of mechanical energy has to be present in massive stars. An attack on the problem, which has proven successful when applied to late type stars is proposed. It is possible that acoustic waves form out of random fluctuations, amplify by absorbing momentum from stellar radiation field, steepen into shock waves and dissipate. A stellar atmosphere was constructed, and sinusoidal small amplitude perturbations of specified Mach number and period at the inner boundary was introduced. The partial differential equations of hydrodynamics and the equations of radiation transfer for grey matter were solved numerically. The equation of motion was augmented by a term which describes the absorption of momentum from the radiation field in the continuum and in lines, including the Doppler effect and allows for the treatment of a large number of lines in the radiative acceleration term.

Wolf, B. E.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Contribution functions for Zeeman-split lines, and line formation in photospheric faculae

The transfer of polarized light in an inhomogeneous stellar atmosphere, and the formation of magnetically sensitive spectral lines, are discussed. A new method for the solution of the transfer equations is proposed. The method gives a natural definition of the contribution functions for Stokes' parameters, i.e., functions describing the contributions from different parts along the line-of-sight (LOS). The formalism includes all magneto-optical effects, and allows for an arbitrary variation of magnetic field, velocity field, temperature, density, etc., along the LOS. The formation of FeI lambda 5250.2 in photospheric faculae is described. A potential-field model of a facular element is presented, and spectra profiles and contribution functions are computed for the Stokes parameters I, Q, and V.

Vanballegooijen, A. A.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Extremely metal-deficient red giants. IV - Equivalent widths for 36 halo giants

Further work on a study of 36 metal-poor field red giants is reported. Chemical abundances previously determined were based on model stellar atmosphere analyses of equivalent widths from photographic image-tube echelle spectrograms obtained with with 4-m reflectors at Kitt Peak and Cerro Tololo. A tabulation of the equivalent-width data (a total of 18, 275 equivalent widths) is presented.

Luck, R. E.↗
NASA NTRS1986

A long-term study of SiO (v = 1, J = 2-1) maser emission from evolved stars and Orion A

General characteristics of eight late-type stars and Orion A in the SiO (v = 1, J = 2-1) maser line are reported based on observations made with the 20-m Onsala telescope between 1977 and 1984. Five stars show periodic maser flux variations that are well correlated with the infrared light curve, and the maximum SiO intensity and the dynamic range vary significantly between different periods and sources. Some long-term variations in the center velocity of the maser emission have been noted, with Omicron Cet possibly being a member of a binary system. Grand averages have been used to study the general velocity structure, and a global SiO (v = 1, J = 2-1) profile for Mira variables shows that the strongest emission is blueshifted with respect to the stellar velocity, while as a whole the emission is redshifted. The analysis places the SiO masers in a region between the pulsating stellar atmosphere and the expanding circumstellar envelope, where the velocity structure bears no relation to the expansion velocity of the shell.

Nyman, L.-A.↗
NASA NTRS1986

The detection of photospheric X-ray pulsations from PG 1159-035 with EXOSAT

The detection of soft X-ray pulsations from the hot, helium-rich, degenerate object, PG 1159-035 is reported. These observations, obtained with the Low Energy experiment on EXOSAT, show the presence of large-amplitude soft X-ray (44-150 A) pulsations analogous to several of the low-amplitude, nonradial, g-mode pulsations which are observed in the optical. These soft X-ray pulsations, with periods of 516 s, 524 s, and 539 s, arise from the photosphere of PG 1159-035 and constitute the first observations of stellar atmospheric pulsational phenomena in the X-ray band.

Barstow, M. A.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Stellar observations with the Voyager EUV objective grating spectrograph

During the periods of interplanetary cruise the Voyager ultraviolet spectrometers are used to provide unique and otherwise unobtainable observations in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV, 500 to 1200) and the far ultraviolet (FUV, 912 to 1220 A). These observations include the spectra of hot stellar sources as well as emission from the interplanetary medium. Recent results of note include: (1)Extensive spectrophotometric coverage of a superoutburst of the dwarf nova VW Hydri, which showed a clear 1/2 day delay in the outburst at 1000 A relative to that observed in the optical and a curious dip in the FUV light curve near maximum light. The Voyager observations were part of a comprehensive and highly successful campaign involving EXOSAT, IUE and ground based observations of this dwarf nova; (2)A comprehensive study of Be star spectra and variability. These results show the critical importance of FUV observations in the study of the effects of stellar rotation in hot stars; (3)The detection of a strong O VI absorption feature in the spectrum of the PG 1159-like object H1504+65. This detection along with the optical identification of weak O IV lines was a key to the interpretation of this object; which is of extremely high (>150,000K) temperature and appears to be a unique example of a stellar atmosphere devoid of H and He; (4)An analysis of an extremely long duration spectrum of the EUV and FUV sky background, which establishes important new upper limits on both continuum and line emission. This result also provide the first detection of interplanetary Lyman gamma.

Holberg, J. B.↗
NASA NTRS1986

IUE survey of planetary nebulae in the large and small magellanic clouds

Twelve planetary nebulae of the 15 surveyed by IUE in the Megellanic Clouds were analyzed. Chemical abundances and other nebular parameters were determined, along with masses for the central stars. The latter are clustered in the range 0.58 to 0.71 solar masses, contrary to preliminary finding for 3 of the stars. This difference is attributed to the adoption of stellar atmosphere models that better represent the emergent flux distributions below the Lyman limit.

Gull, T. R.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Dipole moments and transition probabilities of the a 3Sigma(+)g - b 3Sigma(+)u system of molecular hydrogen

Multiconfiguration variational calculations of the electronic wave functions of the a 3Sigma(+)g and b 3Sigma(+)u states of molecular hydrogen are presented, and the electric dipole transition moment between them (of interest in connection with stellar atmospheres and the UV spectrum of the Jovian planets) is obtained. The dipole moment is used to calculate the probabilities of radiative transitions from the discrete vibrational levels of the a 3Sigma(+)g state to the vibrational continuum of the repulsive b 3Sigma(+)u state as functions of the wavelength of the emitted photons. The total transition probabilities and radiative lifetimes of the levels v prime = 0-20 are presented.

Guberman, S.↗
NASA NTRS1986

The temperature structure in accretion flows onto massive protostars

Radiation transfer problems involved in the infall of dust and gas during star formation are studied. Dust properties are discussed, and modifications of spherical radiative transfer equations are presented that permit forward scattering by dust to be treated for the small size of the star relative to the inner radius of the shell. A procedure for deriving the stellar radiation field incident on the inner edge of the shell is developed. The temperature correction procedure of Cassinelli and Hartmann (1975) for extended stellar atmospheres is modified so that the multitemperature nature of the grains in the cloud may be derived. Temperature distributions for three schematic models in which the density is prespecified are discussed. Radiative acceleration of grains is addressed, showing that the proper mean opacity differs by a large factor from the Rosseland mean opacity that is commonly used. Emergent fluxes for the models are given.

Wolfire, Mark G.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Opacity project - Astrophysical and fusion applications

An overview is presented of a project to calculate large quantities of accurate atomic data for radiative processes of importance in the precise determination of opacities in stellar atmospheres, and for astrophysical and laboratory applications in general. Work is in progress on the oscillator strengths, photoionization cross sections, damping constants, etc., for all atoms and ions in hydrogen through neon isoelectronic sequences going up to iron.

Pradhan, A. K.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Thermal diffusion in partially ionized gases - The case of unequal temperatures

Previous calculations of thermal diffusion coefficients in partially ionized gases are extended to the case of unequal neutral and ion temperatures and/or temperature gradients. Formulas are derived for the general case of a major gas as well as for minor atoms and ions. Strong enhancements of minor-ion thermal diffusion coefficients over their values in the fully ionized gas are found when the degree of ionization in the main gas is relatively low. However, compared to the case of equal temperatures, the enhancements are less strong when the neutrals are cooler than the ions. The specific case of the H-H(+) mixture, which is important in the study of solar and stellar atmospheres, is discussed as an application.

Geiss, J.↗