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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 271 records · Page 15
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Optimal Sizing of an Electric Vehicle Charging Station with Integration of PV and Energy Storage

This paper proposes an optimization model for the optimal configuration of an grid-connected electric vehicle (EV) extreme fast charging station considering integration of photovoltaic (PV) and energy storage. The proposed model minimizes the annualized net cost (i.e., maximizes the annualized net profit) of the extreme fast charging station, including investment and maintenance cost of charging ports, PV and energy storage, net cost of purchasing energy from utility and selling energy to EV customers, degradation cost of energy storage and demand charge. The decision variables are number of charging ports, capacity of invested PV and the power and energy ratings of invested energy storage. The Erlang-loss system is adopted to model the EV mobility. Results of numerical simulations indicate that investment of PV and energy storage could increase the annualized profit of the extreme fast charging station. In addition, the impacts of various parameters on the optimal solution are investigated by sensitivity analysis.

Liu, Guodong↗
DOE OSTI2022

Modeling Freight Traffic Demand and Highway Networks for Hydrogen Fueling Station Planning: A Case Study of U.S. Interstate 75 Corridor

The use of hydrogen as an alternative transportation fuel has gained much interest in recent years. Hydrogen can be utilized in electric vehicles equipped with hydrogen powertrains (including hydrogen internal combustion engines or fuel cells). Given that most of the freight in the U.S. is transported via diesel trucks, transition to hydrogen fuel would help achieve significant environmental benefits as well as accelerate the decarbonization of the freight transportation sector. This paper presents the methodology and results of a case study on modeling freight traffic demand and highway networks based on publicly available data for the Interstate 75 freight corridor. The purpose of this study is to prepare input traffic and network data that can support the planning of a hydrogen fueling station infrastructure. In particular, the data can be used for siting and characterizing an optimized framework of hydrogen fueling stations from candidate diesel stations along the Interstate 75 corridor. The methodologies developed and presented in this paper may be readily expanded and applied to any transport corridor given the data availability. This paper is the first in a series that will build out a comprehensive model to optimize a consolidated national hydrogen refueling infrastructure eco-system targeted at commercial vehicles.

Uddin, Majbah↗
DOE OSTI2012

Investigations on optimization of accident management measures following a station blackout accident in a VVER-1000 pressurized water reactor

The reactor safety issues are of primary importance for preserving the health of the population and ensuring no release of radioactivity and fission products into the environment. A part of the nuclear research focuses on improvement of the safety of existing nuclear power plants. Studies, research and efforts are a continuing process at improving the safety and reliability of existing and newly developed nuclear power plants at prevention of a core melt accident. Station blackout (loss of AC power supply) is one of the dominant accidents taken into consideration at performing accident analysis. In case of multiple failures of safety systems it leads to a severe accident. To prevent an accident to turn into a severe one or to mitigate the consequences, accident management measures must be performed. The present paper outlines possibilities for application and optimization of accident management measures following a station blackout accident. Assessed is the behaviour of the nuclear power plant during a station blackout accident without accident management measures and with application of primary/secondary side oriented accident management measures. Discussed are the possibilities for operators ' intervention and the influence of the performed accident management measures on the course of the accident. Special attention has been paid to the effectiveness of the passive feeding and physical phenomena having an influence on the system behaviour. The performed simulations show that the effectiveness of the secondary side feeding procedure can be limited due to an early evaporation or flashing effects in the feed water system. The analyzed cases show that the effectiveness of the accident management measures strongly depends on the initiation criteria applied for depressurization of the reactor coolant system. (authors)

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2012

ESBWR response to an extended station blackout/loss of all AC power

U.S. federal regulations require light water cooled nuclear power plants to cope with Station Blackouts for a predetermined amount of time based on design factors for the plant. U.S. regulations define Station Blackout (SBO) as a loss of the offsite electric power system concurrent with turbine trip and unavailability of the onsite emergency AC power system. According to U.S. regulations, typically the coping period for an SBO is 4 hours and can be as long as 16 hours for currently operating BWR plants. Being able to cope with an SBO and loss of all AC power is required by international regulators as well. The U.S. licensing basis for the ESBWR is a coping period of 72 hours for an SBO based on U.S. NRC requirements for passive safety plants. In the event of an extended SBO (viz., greater than 72 hours), the ESBWR response shows that the design is able to cope with the event for at least 7 days without AC electrical power or operator action. ESBWR is a Generation III+ reactor design with an array of passive safety systems. The ESBWR primary success path for mitigation of an SBO event is the Isolation Condenser System (ICS). The ICS is a passive, closed loop, safety system that initiates automatically on a loss of power. Upon Station Blackout or loss of all AC power, the ICS begins removing decay heat from the Reactor Pressure Vessel (RPV) by (i) condensing the steam into water in heat exchangers located in pools of water above the containment, and (ii) transferring the decay heat to the atmosphere. The condensed water is then returned by gravity to cool the reactor again. The ICS alone is capable of maintaining the ESBWR in a safe shutdown condition after an SBO for an extended period. The fuel remains covered throughout the SBO event. The ICS is able to remove decay heat from the RPV for at least 7 days and maintains the reactor in a safe shutdown condition. The water level in the RPV remains well above the top of active fuel for the duration of the SBO event. Beyond 7 days, only a few simple actions are needed to cope with the SBO for an indefinite amount of time. The operation of the ICS as the primary success path for mitigation of an SBO, allows for near immediate plant restart once power is restored. (authors)

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Holistic Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle/Hydrogen Station Optimization Model (CRADA CRD-18-00745 Final Report)

The National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL), Argonne National Lab (ANL), Sandia National Lab (SNL), and Frontier Energy, Inc comprise a team that will perform a review of currently available models that can simulate both a hydrogen station and a fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV), and whose owners are willing to make them available freely. We will then down select to a single model or model pair, secure agreements for their free use, and validate the resulting model or coupled models. For example, we may evaluate an existing 1-D hydrogen fueling model developed by Kyushu University for the Japanese New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO). The validation will take place using data from various sources, potentially including the European Joint Research Center (JRC) HyTransfer project, SAE testing performed by Powertech to validate SAE J2601, and whole-station validation using the NREL’s Hydrogen Infrastructure Testing and Research Facility (HITRF). The team will make the model and all the validation data open to the public at the end of the project.

1-D hydrogen fueling model↗
DOE OSTI2019

Holistic Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle/Hydrogen Station Optimization Model

This presentation describes fiscal year 2019 status and accomplishments for the Holistic Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle/Hydrogen Station Optimization Model project led by NREL and Frontier Energy. The team is developing a complete, validated, and free-to-use hydrogen systems fueling model to help industry understand and improve hydrogen fueling stations.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2016

Systems Engineering (SE) Approach of Developing A Passive Safety Injection System (PSIS) to Cope with APR1400 Extended Station Black-Out (SBO) Accident Using RELAP5

On 11 March 2011 the power supply and cooling of the three Fukushima Daiichi reactors were disabled by a major earthquake followed by a relatively high tsunami waves. The earthquake damaged the electrical grid which is the normal power supply for the reactors, then the tsunami waves disabled the emergency diesel generators of the Fukushima Daiichi reactors, which left the plant with no alternating current (AC) source. This condition is called 'Station Black-Out'. The reactors were tripped immediately, but due to the nuclear physics phenomena, the reactor cores were still producing thermal power, which is generated by the decay of radioactive fission products in the reactor core, known as decay heat. The decay heat had not been circulated to an external heat sink and eventually the accumulative heat produced in the core led to damage to the reactor cores. After the Fukushima Daiichi accident, Design Extension Condition (DEC) such as total loss of feed water (TLOFW), and prolonged Station Black-Out (SBO) attracted the attention of nuclear experts. The attention focuses on the defense in depth concept, redundancy and sustainability of the systems, and development of the passive safety systems, which rely on natural physics laws. The topic of this paper is to discuss the possibility of attaching a Passive Safety Injection System (PSIS) to the APR1400. The PSIS is a safety system which provides adequate cooling water to the steam generators after the loss of the Auxiliary Feed Water System (AFWS) during an extended SBO accident. The PSIS will be available while the power supply of the plant is being recovered and the active safety systems take over the functionality. The anticipated PSIS will be automatically actuated to enhance the engineered safety feature and to reduce the human errors. (authors)

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Refueling-station costs for metal hydride storage tanks on board hydrogen fuel cell vehicles

Refueling costs account for much of the fuel cost for light-duty hydrogen fuel-cell electric vehicles. We estimate cost savings for hydrogen dispensing if metal hydride (MH) storage tanks are used on board instead of 700-bar tanks. Here, we consider a low-temperature, low-enthalpy scenario and a high-temperature, high-enthalpy scenario to bracket the design space. The refueling costs are insensitive to most uncertainties. Uncertainties associated with the cooling duty, coolant pump pressure, heat exchanger (HX) fan, and HX operating time have little effect on cost. The largest sensitivities are to tank pressure and station labor. The cost of a full-service attendant, if the refueling interconnect were to prevent self-service, is the single largest cost uncertainty. MH scenarios achieve 0.71–0.75/kg-H 2 savings by reducing compressor costs without incurring the cryogenics costs associated with cold-storage alternatives. Practical refueling station considerations are likely to affect the choice of the MH and tank design.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2020

System code evaluation of near-term accident tolerant claddings during pressurized water reactor station blackout accidents

Following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident in 2011, researches on Accident-tolerant fuels (ATFs) are currently of high interest in not only the nuclear industry but also governmental and international organizations. In this work, a quantitative evaluation of the performance of monolithic FeCrAl cladding and Cr-coated Zircaloy cladding has been performed for Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) Station Blackout (SBO) accidents. A generic PWR model has been built in system thermal-hydraulics code TRACE based on the Surry Nuclear Power Station with counter-current natural circulation modelling capability for hotleg and steam generator U-tube components during the accidents. The base model results are then compared to MELCOR and RELAP simulations to verify the system component implementation in TRACE. Two PWR SBO scenarios were investigated, including: short-term SBO and long-term SBO with early reactor coolant pump (RCP) seal failure. These scenarios are defined to be very similar to the accidents studied in the State-of-the-Art Reactor Consequence Analysis (SOARCA) project. TRACE code is modified to reflect the oxidation kinetics of FeCrAl and Cr-coating. Larson-Miller creep rupture model is also implemented in TARCE using its built-in control systems to simulate the creep rupture of hotlegs. Additionally, the comparison between the TRACE models with and without the counter-current flow modeling resulted in significant difference when comparing ATF cladding to Zircaloy for short term SBO, while it marginal impacted the performance during long term SBO with RCP seal failure. For short term SBO, both ATF cladding underwent hot leg creep rupture ~20 min after Zircaloy cladding. While Zircaloy and Cr-coated cladding had generated significant amount of hydrogen gas (>10 kg) before the creep rupture event, FeCrAl cladding had only generated <0.5 kg of hydrogen gas. For long term SBO with RCP seal failure, significant hydrogen generation and fuel melting was predicted before hot leg creep rupture for the ATF cladding while providing only 10–20 min additional coping time compared to Zircaloy.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Blowing Snow at McMurdo Station, Antarctica During the AWARE Field Campaign: Surface and Ceilometer Observations

Blowing snow (BLSN) is an impactful process in cold climates, affecting regional thermodynamics, radiation properties, and the surface mass balance of snow. Though it has significant climatic impacts, the process is still poorly understood and not widely included in weather and climate models. In 2016, the AWARE Field Campaign saw the deployment of a large suite of in situ and remote sensing instruments to McMurdo Station, Antarctica allowing for investigation of BLSN. A ceilometer–based BLSN detection algorithm used elsewhere in Antarctica is applied to data from AWARE, yielding a BLSN frequency of 14.1% compared to 8.2% as detected by human observers. To increase confidence in detections, the algorithm is updated to have shorter temporal averaging and to include a variety of meteorological thresholds to limit false detections due to fog. Efforts to incorporate a laser disdrometer into the algorithm were unsuccessful. An unphysical dependence of particle size distributions on wind speed is found suggesting observations are problematic at wind speeds greater than 10 m s –1 . The revised algorithm detected a BLSN frequency of 7.4%, increasing agreement with human observations and confidence that the process is actively occurring at the observation site. Furthermore, these observations are put into context of a climatology of human observations of BLSN at McMurdo station from 2002–2018. An annual average of 8.0%–14.0% is estimated, with a total annual range of 3.4%–21.3%. Regardless of whether BLSN is observed by humans or instrument, the majority of cases at this location are associated with ongoing precipitation.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Location Selection of Fast-Charging Station for Heavy-Duty EVs Using GIS and Grid Analysis

This work presents a systematic methodology for the location selection of fast-charging stations for heavy-duty electric vehicles (EVs) based on both geospatial and electric grid analysis. The geospatial analysis is based on real-world geographic information system (GIS) data of road networks and existing supportive infrastructures. The grid analysis is implemented based on node-level analysis of potential impacts on voltages and power losses in the distribution system. A case study using a realistic, three-phase, unbalanced distribution feeder from California and extracted real-world GIS data is used to demonstrate the intuitiveness and effectiveness of the proposed methodology for the location selection of fast-charging stations for heavy-duty EVs considering both electric and existing transportation infrastructures.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2023

Multi-layered Energy Management Framework for Extreme Fast Charging Stations Considering Demand Charges, Battery Degradation, and Forecast Uncertainties

To achieve a cost-effective and expeditious charging experience for extreme fast charging station (XFCS) owners and electric vehicle (EV) users, the optimal operation of XFCS is crucial. It is however challenging to simultaneously manage the profit from energy arbitrage, the cost of demand charges, and the degradation of a battery energy storage system (BESS) under uncertainties. This paper, therefore, proposes a multi-layered multi-time scale energy flow management framework for an XFCS by considering long- and short-term forecast uncertainties, monthly demand charges reduction, and BESS life degradation. In the proposed approach, an upper scheduling layer (USL) ensures the overall operation economy and yields optimal scheduling of the energy resources on a rolling horizon basis, thereby considering the long-term forecast errors. A lower dispatch layer (LDL) takes the short-term forecast errors into account during the real-time operation of the XFCS. Per the latest research, monthly demand charges can be as high as 90% of the total monthly bills for EV fast charging stations; to this end, this paper takes the first attempt at the reduction of demand charges cost by considering the trade-off between the energy cost and monthly demand charges. Contrasting literature, this work allocates an energy reserve in the BESS stored energy to deal with the impact of short-term forecast errors on the optimized real-time operation of the XFCS. Moreover, degradation modeling considers the trade-off between short-term benefits and long-term BESS life degradation. As a result, case studies and a comparative analysis prove the efficacy of the proposed framework.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2022

LCLS RF Station Anomaly Candidates, SLAC, Nov 2020 to Dec 2020, Version 1

The data consists of radio-frequency (RF) station process variables (amplitude and amplitude-mean-out-of-tolerance bit) and beam position monitor (BPM) values for about a month of Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) time. The data is all from normal conducting hard X-ray operation. The dataset contains roughly 5000 anomaly “candidates.” For each candidate, we include 3.5 minutes of data from the 82 RF stations and ~20 seconds of data from 4 BPMs. We also include several CSV files with additional information and labels for each candidate.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2016

ALFA Station Keeping Results for Seabotix vLBV300 Underwater Vehicle near Newport, OR

This data set presents results testing the station keeping abilities of a tethered Seabotix vLBV300 underwater vehicle equipped with an inertial navigation system. These results are from an offshore deployment on April 20, 2016 off the coast of Newport, OR (44.678 degrees N, 124.109 degrees W). During the mission period, the sea state varied between 3 and 4, with an average significant wave height of 1.6 m. The vehicle utilizes an inertial navigation system based on a Gladiator Landmark 40 IMU coupled with a Teledyne Explorer Doppler Velocity Log to perform station keeping at a desired location and orientation.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
DOE OSTI2012

Navajo Generating Station and Air Visibility Regulations: Alternatives and Impacts

Pursuant to the Clean Air Act, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced in 2009 its intent to issue rules for controlling emissions from Navajo Generating Station that could affect visibility at the Grand Canyon and at several other national parks and wilderness areas. The final rule will conform to what EPA determines is the best available retrofit technology (BART) for the control of haze-causing air pollutants, especially nitrogen oxides. While EPA is ultimately responsible for setting Navajo Generating Station's BART standards in its final rule, it will be the U.S. Department of the Interior's responsibility to manage compliance and the related impacts. This study aims to assist both Interior and EPA by providing an objective assessment of issues relating to the power sector.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2012

Timber Mountain Precipitation Monitoring Station

A precipitation monitoring station was placed on the west flank of Timber Mountain during the year 2010. It is located in an isolated highland area near the western border of the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS), south of Pahute Mesa. The cost of the equipment, permitting, and installation was provided by the Environmental Monitoring Systems Initiative (EMSI) project. Data collection, analysis, and maintenance of the station during fiscal year 2011 was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration, Nevada Site Office Environmental Restoration, Soils Activity.

(NNSS)↗
DOE OSTI2014

Stratigraphic Profiles for Selected Hanford Site Seismometer Stations and Other Locations

Stratigraphic profiles were constructed for eight selected Hanford Site seismometer stations, five Hanford Site facility reference locations, and seven regional three-component broadband seismometer stations. These profiles provide interpretations of the subsurface layers to support estimation of ground motions from past earthquakes, and the prediction of ground motions from future earthquakes. In most cases these profiles terminated at the top of the Wanapum Basalt, but at selected sites profiles were extended down to the top of the crystalline basement. The composite one-dimensional stratigraphic profiles were based primarily on previous interpretations from nearby boreholes, and in many cases the nearest deep borehole is located kilometers away.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗