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At least 271 records · Page 15

Existence of tidal tails for the globular cluster NGC 5824

Context: Several dynamically cold streams have been associated with certain globular clusters (GCs) based on orbital energies and angular momenta. Some of these streams are surprisingly far apart from their progenitors and one such pair is Triangulum and NGC 5824. Triangulum can be considered as a piece of the leading tail of NGC 5824 since the cluster’s future orbit matches well with the stream’s track. The existence of the leading tail of NGC 5824 is the motivation behind the search for its trailing tail. Aims: Our goal is to confirm the connection between Triangulum and NGC 5824. We also search for the trailing tail of the cluster. Methods: The selection of member stars of Triangulum is made through various cuts in metallicity, proper motions (PMs), radial velocity and a color–magnitude diagram (CMD). The selected members are compared in phase space to a mock stream that models the disruption of NGC 5824. We then try to detect the trailing tail of the cluster based on a modified matched-filter technique. Stars are assigned weights using their color differences from the cluster’s locus in the CMD. These weights are further scaled, based on the stars’ departures from expected PMs of the model stream. Results: A total of 26 member stars for Triangulum are obtained, 16 of which are newly identified. These members are consistent with the mock stream in the phase space, and their metalicity and position on the CMD are in good agreement with NGC 5824. By applying the matched filter, a tenuous trailing tail of the cluster is detected, spanning ~50° long on sky. The signature matches well with the mock stream’s trajectory. Conclusions: Our results support that the Triangulum stream acts as a part of the leading tail for NGC 5824. On the trailing side, we detected a 50° tail extending from the cluster. The existence of both leading and trailing tails for the GC NGC 5824 is verified.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Delving into the depths of NGC 3783 with XRISM

The 2024 X-ray/UV observation campaign of NGC 3783, led by XRISM, revealed the launch of an ultrafast outflow (UFO) with a radial velocity of 0.19c (57 000 km s −1 ). This event is synchronized with the sharp decay, within less than half a day, of a prominent soft X-ray/UV flare. Accounting for the look-elsewhere effect, the XRISM Resolve data alone indicate a low probability of 2 × 10 −5 that this UFO detection is due to random chance. The UFO features narrow H-like and He-like Fe lines with a velocity dispersion of ∼1000 km s −1 , suggesting that it originates from a dense clump. Beyond this primary detection, there are hints of weaker outflow signatures throughout the rise and fall phases of the soft flare. Their velocities increase from 0.05c to 0.3c over approximately three days, and they may be associated with a larger stream in which the clump is embedded. The radiation pressure is insufficient to drive the acceleration of this rapidly evolving outflow. The observed evolution of the outflow kinematics instead closely resembles that of solar coronal mass ejections, implying magnetic driving and, conceivably, reconnection near the accretion disk as the likely mechanisms behind both the UFO launch and the associated soft flare.

Astronomy and AstroPhysics↗

Reduction of blob-filament radial propagation by parallel variation of flows: Analysis of a gyrokinetic simulation

Data from the XGC1 gyrokinetic simulation is analyzed to understand the three-dimensional spatial structure and the radial propagation of blob-filaments generated by quasisteady turbulence in the tokamak edge pedestal and scrape-off layer plasma. Spontaneous toroidal flows vary in the poloidal direction and shear the filaments within a flux surface resulting in a structure that varies in the parallel direction. Here, this parallel structure allows the curvature and grad-B induced polarization charge density to be shorted out via parallel electron motion. As a result, it is found that the blob-filament radial velocity is significantly reduced from estimates which neglect parallel electron kinetics, broadly consistent with experimental observations. Conditions for when this charge shorting effect tends to dominate blob dynamics are derived and compared with the simulation.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Experimental evidence of enhanced radial transport in small ELM regimes at DIII-D

Small/type-II edge-localized-modes (ELMs), carrying 1% of the plasma stored energy, are found to deposit only 45 ± 5% of the ELM power near the strike point, and the remaining 55 ± 5% to the far scrape-off-layer (SOL). Small ELMs spread their power over a larger area compared to type-I ELMs, where such a ratio is about 60% and 40% for near- and far-SOL regions, respectively. The larger spread is reflected in the heat flux width (λq) in the SOL for the intra-small ELMs profile of 6.0 mm, almost a factor 2 larger than that of type-I ELMs of 3.15 mm, for similar plasma conditions and magnetic configuration. At the ELM peak, the small ELMs λq is found to be up to 4 times larger than for the type-I ELMs, going from 2 to 7.9 mm, indicating enhanced radial transport in the neon-seeded small ELM scenario. Inter-ELM λqs have been also calculated at the secondary outer divertor in quasi-double-null (QDN) discharges. It is found that, on average, λq is 2.2 times larger in the high-separatrix-density small ELM regime, compared to a reference type-I ELM one. These findings are supported by small ELMs radial velocity profiles, measured at the outer midplane with a fast reciprocating probe, showing a decay length (λvr) in the SOL of 12.8 cm, which is 3.3 times larger than that for the type-I ELMs of 3.9 cm. This analysis shows that small ELMs, although attractive for future machines due to low peak heat flux and large λq, might be of concern for the larger flux to the outer wall.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

LAMOST Time-Domain survey: first results of four K2 plates

From Oct. 2019 to Apr. 2020, LAMOST performed a time-domain (TD) spectroscopic survey of four K2 plates with both low- and medium-resolution observations. The low-resolution spectroscopic survey acquired 282 exposures ( ≈ 46.6 h) over 25 nights, yielding a total of about 767 000 spectra, and the medium-resolution survey took 177 exposures ( ≈ 49.1 h) over 27 nights, collecting about 478 000 spectra. More than 70%/50% of low-resolution/medium-resolution spectra have signal-to-noise ratio higher than 10. We determine stellar parameters (e.g., T eff , log g, [Fe/H]) and radial velocity (RV) with different methods, including LASP, DD-Payne and SLAM. In general, these parameter estimations from different methods show good agreement, and the stellar parameter values are consistent with those of APOGEE. We use the Gaia DR2 RV values to calculate a median RV zero point (RVZP) for each spectrograph exposure by exposure, and the RVZP-corrected RVs agree well with the APOGEE data. The stellar evolutionary and spectroscopic masses are estimated based on the stellar parameters, multi-band magnitudes, distances and extinction values. Finally, we construct a binary catalog including about 2700 candidates by analyzing their light curves, fitting the RV data, calculating the binarity parameters from medium-resolution spectra and cross-matching the spatially resolved binary catalog from Gaia EDR3. In conclusion, the LAMOST TD survey is expected to represent a breakthrough in various scientific topics, such as binary systems, stellar activity, stellar pulsation, etc.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Experimental validation of universal plasma blob formation mechanism

Anomalous plasma transport in the boundary region of a tokamak plasma is commonly associated with the formation and evolution of coherent density structures known as blobs. Recently, a theory for a universal mechanism of plasma blob formation has been put forward. It is based on a breaking process of a radially elongated streamer due to poloidal and radial velocity shears. The theory is well supported by two-dimensional and three-dimensional numerical simulation results but lacks experimental validation. Here, we report the first ever experimental validation of this universal criterion by testing it against NSTX data on blobs obtained using the gas-puff imaging diagnostic. It is found that the criterion is widely satisfied in most L-mode discharges and may explain the significantly larger number of blob events. We also validate the theoretical criterion against ADITYA Langmuir probe data taken in the scrape-off layer region.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Cross-field and parallel dynamics of SOL filaments in TCV

Using recently installed scrape-off layer diagnostics on the tokamak à configuration variable, we characterise the poloidal and parallel properties of turbulent filaments. We access both attached and detached divertor conditions across a wide range of core densities (f G ϵ [0.09, 0.66]) in diverted L-mode plasma configurations. With a gas puff imaging (GPI) diagnostic at the outer midplane we observed filaments with a monotonic increase in radial velocity (from 390 m s –1 to 800 m s –1 ) and cross-field radii (from 8.5 mm to 13.4 mm) with increasing core density. Interpreting the filament behaviour in the context of the two-region model, we find that they populate the ideal-interchange regime (C i ) in discharges at very low densities, and the resistive X (RX)-point regime for all other discharges. The scaling of filament velocity versus size shows good agreement with this interpretation. These results are discussed and compared with previous probe-based measurements for similar conditions, which mostly placed filaments in TCV in the resistive ballooning (RB) regime. In addition, for the first time in TCV, the parallel filament extension is studied by magnetically aligning the GPI measurements at the outboard midplane with a reciprocating probe in the divertor. In agreement with the filaments being in the ideal-interchange and the RX-point regimes, they are found to extend beyond the X-point into the outer divertor leg.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Characterization of SOL profiles and turbulence in ICRF-heated plasmas in EAST

Scrape-off layer (SOL) profiles and turbulence in ion cyclotron range of frequency (ICRF)-heated plasmas are investigated by the reciprocating probe diagnostic system (FRPs) and gas puff imaging (GPI) diagnostic in EAST. A radio-frequency (RF) sheath potential reaching up to 100 V is identified proximate to the ICRF antennas. Notably, the amplitude of this RF sheath potential escalates in response to rising ICRF power and inversely with plasma density. When a RF sheath is present in the far SOL, a pronounced density ‘shoulder’ forms in front of the ICRF antennas, while the ‘shoulder’ fade away as the antenna and associated RF sheath shift outwards. A strong E r shear is revealed by measurements from both FRPs and GPI. Analysis of the poloidal wave number-frequency spectrum reveals suppression of high-frequency turbulence in the far SOL due to the RF sheath. This effect is manifested in the reduced autocorrelation time τ c and reduced average blob size δ blob of the SOL plasma. Intriguingly, the poloidal propagation direction of the low-frequency turbulence reverses from the electron to the ion diamagnetic drift direction at the RF sheath location. A surge of tungsten impurity is potentially attributed to the heightened interaction between the SOL plasmas and the wall material. Shifting the ICRF antennas outward, to alleviate heat spots, results in the relocation of the RF sheath to the shaded region of the main limiter. This shift amplifies the radial velocity of blobs in the far SOL and concurrently diminishes the SOL density when compared to conditions without ICRF injection. The properties of ion saturation current fluctuations are consistent with the stochastic model predictions.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Characterization of turbulence under different stability conditions using lidar scanning data

The spatiotemporal scales of turbulence in the boundary layer flow vary with the static stability of the atmosphere. For example, turbulence structures in unstable conditions are often found to be large and coherent, whereas the turbulent structures in stable conditions are relatively small and sporadic. To better understand the behavior of such turbulent structures under different atmospheric stability conditions in the lower atmosphere, herein, we use scanning lidar data collected over several months during the US Department of Energy's second Wind Forecast Improvement Project (WFIP 2) in 2016. The radial velocity data from scanning lidar were gathered along the horizontal plane (PPI mode) and were analyzed using proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and spectral energy methods. The results from these analyses show that the turbulent structures in daytime unstable conditions are different from those present during nighttime stable conditions in terms of amount of energy and coherent structures. The POD energy is distributed more evenly in all the higher spatial modes in the daytime unstable case compared to the nighttime stable case. Besides characterizing the turbulence in the flow, the lidar data were also used to compare the simulated flow field generated from the WRF-LES framework (Weather Research and Forecasting - large-eddy simulation) with the scanning lidar data. The results from both simulated and lidar scanned data show similar structures orienting the streak-like structure along the mean wind. This indicates that the streak-like structures can exist in the real atmosphere during unstable atmospheric condition cases.

Rai, Raj K.↗

Can we detect the stellar differential rotation of WASP-7 through the Rossiter–McLaughlin observations?

ABSTRACT The Rossiter–McLaughlin (RM) effect is the radial velocity signal generated when an object transits a rotating star. Stars rotate differentially and this affects the shape and amplitude of this signal, on a level that can no longer be ignored with precise spectrographs. Highly misaligned planets provide a unique opportunity to probe stellar differential rotation via the RM effect, as they cross several stellar latitudes. In this sense, WASP-7, and its hot Jupiter with a projected misalignment of ∼90°, is one of the most promising targets. The aim of this work is to understand if the stellar differential rotation is measurable through the RM signal for systems with a geometry similar to WASP-7. In this sense, we use a modified version of soap3.0 to explore the main hurdles that prevented the precise determination of the differential rotation of WASP-7. We also investigate whether the adoption of the next generation spectrographs, like ESPRESSO, would solve these issues. Additionally, we assess how instrumental and stellar noise influence this effect and the derived geometry of the system. We found that, for WASP-7, the white noise represents an important hurdle in the detection of the stellar differential rotation, and that a precision of at least 2 m s−1 or better is essential.

Serrano, L. M.↗

TYC 2990-127-1: An Algol-type SB2 binary system of subgiant and red giant with a probable ongoing mass-transfer

ABSTRACT We present a study of the spectroscopic binary TYC 2990-127-1 from the LAMOST survey. We use full-spectrum fitting to derive radial velocities and spectral parameters. The high mass ratio indicates that the system underwent mass transfer in the past. We compute the orbital solution and find that it is a very close sub-giant/red giant pair on circular orbit, slightly inclined to the sky-plane. Fitting of the TESS photometrical data confirms this and suggests an inclination of i ∼ 39.8°. The light curve and spectrum around Hα show signs of irregular variability, which supports ongoing mass transfer. The binary evolution simulations suggest that the binary may experience non-conservative mass transfer with accretion efficiency 0.3, and the binary will enter into common envelope (CE) phase in the subsequent evolution. The remnant product after the ejection of CE may be a detached double helium white dwarf (He WD) or a merger.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Stellar kinematics of dwarf galaxies from multi-epoch spectroscopy: application to Triangulum II

ABSTRACT We present new MMT/Hectochelle spectroscopic measurements for 257 stars observed along the line of sight to the ultrafaint dwarf galaxy Triangulum II (Tri II). Combining results from previous Keck/DEIMOS spectroscopy, we obtain a sample that includes 16 likely members of Tri II, with up to 10 independent redshift measurements per star. To this multi-epoch kinematic data set, we apply methodology that we develop in order to infer binary orbital parameters from sparsely sampled radial velocity curves with as few as two epochs. For a previously identified (spatially unresolved) binary system in Tri II, we infer an orbital solution with period $296.0_{-3.3}^{+3.8} \rm ~ d$, semimajor axis $1.12^{+0.41}_{-0.24}\rm ~au$, and systemic velocity $-380.0 \pm 1.7 \rm ~km ~s^{-1}$ that we then use in the analysis of Tri II’s internal kinematics. Despite this improvement in the modelling of binary star systems, the current data remain insufficient to resolve the velocity dispersion of Tri II. We instead find a 95 per cent confidence upper limit of $\sigma _{v} \lesssim 3.4 \rm ~km~s^{-1}$.

Buttry, Rachel (ORCID:0000000155017609)↗

New globular cluster candidates in the M81 group

ABSTRACT The study of outer halo globular cluster (GC) populations can give insight into galaxy merging, GC accretion, and the origin of GCs. We use archival Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) data in concert with space-based GALEX, IRAC, and Gaia EDR3 data to select candidate GCs in the outer halo of the M81 group for confirmation and future study. We use a small sample of previously discovered GCs to tune our selection criteria, finding that bright already-known GCs in the M81 group have sizes that are typically slightly larger than the Subaru PSF in our fields. In the optical bands, GCs appear to have colours that are only slightly different from stars. The inclusion of archival IRAC data yields dramatic improvements in colour separation, as the long wavelength baseline aids somewhat in the separation from stars and clearly separates GCs from many compact background galaxies. We show that some previously spectroscopically identified GCs in the M81 group are instead foreground stars or background galaxies. GCs close to M82 have radial velocities, suggesting that they fell into the M81 group along with M82. The overall M81 GC luminosity function is similar to the Milky Way and M31. M81’s outer halo GCs are similar to the Milky Way in their metallicities and numbers, and much less numerous than M31’s more metal-rich outer halo GC population. These properties reflect differences in the three galaxies’ merger histories, highlighting the possibility of using outer halo GCs to trace merger history in larger samples of galaxies.

Pan, Jiaming (ORCID:0000000196855756)↗

The Pristine dwarf galaxy survey – IV. Probing the outskirts of the dwarf galaxy Boötes I

ABSTRACT We present a new spectroscopic study of the dwarf galaxy Boötes I (Boo I) with data from the Anglo-Australian Telescope and its AAOmega spectrograph together with the Two Degree Field multi-object system. We observed 36 high-probability Boo I stars selected using Gaia Early Data Release 3 proper motions and photometric metallicities from the Pristine survey. Out of those, 27 are found to be Boo I stars, resulting in an excellent success rate of 75 per cent at finding new members. Our analysis uses a new pipeline developed to estimate radial velocities and equivalent widths of the calcium triplet lines from Gaussian and Voigt line profile fits. The metallicities of 16 members are derived, including 3 extremely metal-poor stars ([Fe/H] < −3.0), which translates into a success rate of 25 per cent at finding them with the combination of Pristine and Gaia. Using the large spatial extent of our new members that spans up to 4.1 half-light radii and spectroscopy from the literature, we find a systemic velocity gradient of 0.40 ± 0.10 km s−1 arcmin−1 and a small but resolved metallicity gradient of −0.008 ± 0.003 dex arcmin−1. Finally, we show that Boo I is more elongated than previously thought with an ellipticity of ϵ = 0.68 ± 0.15. Its velocity and metallicity gradients as well as its elongation suggest that Boo I may have been affected by tides, a result supported by direct dynamical modelling.

Longeard, Nicolas↗

Evidence for C and Mg variations in the GD-1 stellar stream

ABSTRACT Dynamically cold stellar streams are the relics left over from globular cluster dissolution. These relics offer a unique insight into a now fully disrupted population of ancient clusters in our Galaxy. Using a combination of Gaia eDR3 proper motions, optical and near-UV colours, we select a sample of likely Red Giant Branch stars from the GD-1 stream for medium-low resolution spectroscopic follow-up. Based on radial velocity and metallicity, we are able to find 14 new members of GD-1, 5 of which are associated with the spur and blob/cocoon off-stream features. We measured C-abundances to probe for abundance variations known to exist in globular clusters. These variations are expected to manifest in a subtle way in globular clusters with such low masses ($\sim 10^4\,{\rm ~\textrm {M}_\odot }$) and metallicities ([Fe/H] ∼ −2.1 dex). We find that the C-abundances of the stars in our sample display a small but significant (3σ level) spread. Furthermore, we find ∼3σ variation in Mg-abundances among the stars in our sample that have been observed by APOGEE. These abundance patterns match the ones found in Galactic globular clusters of similar metallicity. Our results suggest that GD-1 represents another fully disrupted low-mass globular cluster where light-element abundance spreads have been found.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Investigating the architecture and internal structure of the TOI-561 system planets with CHEOPS, HARPS-N, and TESS

ABSTRACT We present a precise characterization of the TOI-561 planetary system obtained by combining previously published data with TESS and CHEOPS photometry, and a new set of 62 HARPS-N radial velocities (RVs). Our joint analysis confirms the presence of four transiting planets, namely TOI-561 b (P = 0.45 d, R = 1.42 R⊕, M = 2.0 M⊕), c (P = 10.78 d, R = 2.91 R⊕, M = 5.4 M⊕), d (P = 25.7 d, R = 2.82 R⊕, M = 13.2 M⊕), and e (P = 77 d, R = 2.55 R⊕, M = 12.6 R⊕). Moreover, we identify an additional, long-period signal (>450 d) in the RVs, which could be due to either an external planetary companion or to stellar magnetic activity. The precise masses and radii obtained for the four planets allowed us to conduct interior structure and atmospheric escape modelling. TOI-561 b is confirmed to be the lowest density (ρb = 3.8 ± 0.5 g cm−3) ultra-short period (USP) planet known to date, and the low metallicity of the host star makes it consistent with the general bulk density-stellar metallicity trend. According to our interior structure modelling, planet b has basically no gas envelope, and it could host a certain amount of water. In contrast, TOI-561 c, d, and e likely retained an H/He envelope, in addition to a possibly large water layer. The inferred planetary compositions suggest different atmospheric evolutionary paths, with planets b and c having experienced significant gas loss, and planets d and e showing an atmospheric content consistent with the original one. The uniqueness of the USP planet, the presence of the long-period planet TOI-561 e, and the complex architecture make this system an appealing target for follow-up studies.

Lacedelli, G. (ORCID:0000000241977374)↗

Milky Way mass with K giants and BHB stars using LAMOST, SDSS/SEGUE, and Gaia : 3D spherical Jeans equation and tracer mass estimator

ABSTRACT We measure the enclosed Milky Way mass profile to Galactocentric distances of ∼70 and ∼50 kpc using the smooth, diffuse stellar halo samples of Bird et al. The samples are Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST) and Sloan Digital Sky Survey/Sloan Extension for Galactic Understanding and Exploration (SDSS/SEGUE) K giants (KG) and SDSS/SEGUE blue horizontal branch (BHB) stars with accurate metallicities. The 3D kinematics are available through LAMOST and SDSS/SEGUE distances and radial velocities and Gaia DR2 proper motions. Two methods are used to estimate the enclosed mass: 3D spherical Jeans equation and Evans et al. tracer mass estimator (TME). We remove substructure via the Xue et al. method based on integrals of motion. We evaluate the uncertainties on our estimates due to random sampling noise, systematic distance errors, the adopted density profile, and non-virialization and non-spherical effects of the halo. The tracer density profile remains a limiting systematic in our mass estimates, although within these limits we find reasonable agreement across the different samples and the methods applied. Out to ∼70 and ∼50 kpc, the Jeans method yields total enclosed masses of 4.3 ± 0.95 (random) ±0.6 (systematic) × 1011 M⊙ and 4.1 ± 1.2 (random) ±0.6 (systematic) × 1011 M⊙ for the KG and BHB stars, respectively. For the KG and BHB samples, we find a dark matter virial mass of $M_{200}=0.55^{+0.15}_{-0.11}$ (random) ±0.083 (systematic) × 1012 M⊙ and $M_{200}=1.00^{+0.67}_{-0.33}$ (random) ±0.15 (systematic) × 1012 M⊙, respectively.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

The ‘Giraffe’: discovery of a stripped red giant in an interacting binary with an ∼2 M ⊙ lower giant

We report the discovery of a stripped giant + lower giant Algol-type binary, 2M04123153+6738486 (2M0412), identified during a search for non-interacting compact object – star binaries. 2M0412 is an evolved ( T eff, giant ≃ 4000 K), luminous ( L giant ≃ 150 L ⊙ ) red giant in a circular P = 81.2 d binary. 2M0412 is a known variable star previously classified as a semiregular variable. The cross-correlation functions of follow-up Keck/HIRES and LBT/Potsdam Echelle Polarimetric and Spectroscopic Instrument (PEPSI) spectra show an radial velocity variable second component with implied mass ratio q = M giant / M comp ≃ 0.20 ± 0.01. The All-Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae (ASAS-SN), Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS), Transiting Exoplanet Survey Telescope ( TESS ), and Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) light curves show that the giant is a Roche lobe filling ellipsoidal variable with an inclination of 49.4 ± 0.3°, and a giant mass of M giant = 0.38 ± 0.01 M ⊙ for a distance of ≃ 3.7 kpc. The mass of the giant indicates that its envelope has been partially stripped. The giant companion on the lower red giant branch has a mass of M comp = 1.91 ± 0.03 M ⊙ with T eff, comp ≃ 5000 K, L comp ≃ 60 L ⊙ , and R comp ≃ 11 R ⊙ . The lower giant contributes ${\sim }35{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the flux in the V band. We also identify an orbital phase dependent, broad $\rm H\,\alpha$ emission line which could indicate ongoing accretion from the stripped red giant on to the companion.

(stars:) binaries: spectroscopic↗