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At least 271 records · Page 15

Elucidating Gas Reduction Effects of Organosilicon Additives in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with nonaqueous liquid electrolytes are prone to gas generation at elevated voltages and temperatures, degrading battery performance and posing serious safety risks. Organosilicon (OS) additives are an emerging candidate solution for gassing problems in LIBs, but a detailed understanding of their functional mechanisms remains elusive. In this work, we present a combined computational and experimental study to elucidate the gasreducing effects of OS additives. Cell volume measurements and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry reveal that OS additives can substantially reduce gas evolution in LIBs, particularly CO 2 regardless of source. Through density functional theory calculations, we identify multiple plausible pathways for CO 2 evolution, including (1) nucleophile-induced ring-opening of ethylene carbonate (EC) and the subsequent electro-oxidation and (2) direct electro-oxidation of lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3 ). Correspondingly, we find that OS additives function via two primary mechanisms: (1) scavenging of nucleophiles such as superoxide (O 2 •– ), peroxide (O 2 2– ), and carbonate ion (CO 3 2– ); (2) oligomerization with ethylene carbonate oxide ion and ethylene dicarbonate ion. Moreover, we discover that OS additives possess strong lithium coordination affinity, which helps further reduce the nucleophilic reaction energies and hence increases their nucleophile-scavenging efficiency. Finally, we provide a mechanistic interpretation for the enhanced gasreduction effects observed with fluorinated OS compounds, corroborated by surface analysis results from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Our study offers the first molecular-level insights into how OS additives contribute to reduced gas formation in LIBs, paving the way for improved safety and performance of LIBs.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

Operations and support cost modeling using Markov chains

Systems for future missions will be selected with life cycle costs (LCC) as a primary evaluation criterion. This reflects the current realization that only systems which are considered affordable will be built in the future due to the national budget constaints. Such an environment calls for innovative cost modeling techniques which address all of the phases a space system goes through during its life cycle, namely: design and development, fabrication, operations and support; and retirement. A significant portion of the LCC for reusable systems are generated during the operations and support phase (OS). Typically, OS costs can account for 60 to 80 percent of the total LCC. Clearly, OS costs are wholly determined or at least strongly influenced by decisions made during the design and development phases of the project. As a result OS costs need to be considered and estimated early in the conceptual phase. To be effective, an OS cost estimating model needs to account for actual instead of ideal processes by associating cost elements with probabilities. One approach that may be suitable for OS cost modeling is the use of the Markov Chain Process. Markov chains are an important method of probabilistic analysis for operations research analysts but they are rarely used for life cycle cost analysis. This research effort evaluates the use of Markov Chains in LCC analysis by developing OS cost model for a hypothetical reusable space transportation vehicle (HSTV) and suggests further uses of the Markov Chain process as a design-aid tool.

Unal, Resit↗

Oscillatory shear stress stimulates endothelial production of O2- from p47phox-dependent NAD(P)H oxidases, leading to monocyte adhesion

Arterial regions exposed to oscillatory shear (OS) in branched arteries are lesion-prone sites of atherosclerosis, whereas those of laminar shear (LS) are relatively well protected. Here, we examined the hypothesis that OS and LS differentially regulate production of O2- from the endothelial NAD(P)H oxidase, which, in turn, is responsible for their opposite effects on a critical atherogenic event, monocyte adhesion. We used aortic endothelial cells obtained from C57BL/6 (MAE-C57) and p47phox-/- (MAE-p47-/-) mice, which lack a component of NAD(P)H oxidase. O2- production was determined by dihydroethidium staining and an electron spin resonance using an electron spin trap methoxycarbonyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-pyrrolidine. Chronic exposure (18 h) to an arterial level of OS (+/- 5 dynes/cm2) increased O2- (2-fold) and monocyte adhesion (3-fold) in MAE-C57 cells, whereas chronic LS (15 dynes/cm2, 18 h) significantly decreased both monocyte adhesion and O2- compared with static conditions. In contrast, neither LS nor OS were able to induce O2- production and monocyte adhesion to MAE-p47-/-. Treating MAE-C57 with a cell-permeable superoxide dismutase compound, polyethylene glycol-superoxide dismutase, also inhibited OS-induced monocyte adhesion. In addition, over-expressing p47phox in MAE-p47-/- restored OS-induced O2- production and monocyte adhesion. These results suggest that chronic exposure of endothelial cells to OS stimulates O2- and/or its derivatives produced from p47phox-dependent NAD(P)H oxidase, which, in turn, leads to monocyte adhesion, an early and critical atherogenic event.

NASA Program Fundamental Space Biology↗

Concepts for Mars On-Orbit Robotic Sample Capture and Transfer

A potential Mars Sample Return (MSR) mission would require robotic autonomous capture and manipulation of an Orbital Sample (OS) toward returning the samples to Earth. An orbiter would capture the OS, manipulate to a preferential orientation for the samples, transition it through the steps required to break-the-chain with Mars, stowing it in a containment vessel or an Earth Entry Vehicle (EEV) and providing redundant containment to the OS (for example by closing and sealing the lid of the EEV). In this paper, we discuss the trade-space of concepts generated for both the individual aspects of capture and manipulation of the OS as well as concepts for the end-to-end system. Notably, we discuss concepts for OS capture, manipulation of the OS to orient it to a preferred configuration, and steps for transitioning the OS between different stages of manipulation, ultimately securing it in a containment vessel or Earth Entry Vehicle.

Chamberlian-Simon, Brendan↗

Concepts for Mars On-Orbit Robotic Sample Capture and Transfer

A potential Mars Sample Return (MSR) mission could require robotic autonomous capture and manipulation of an Orbital Sample (OS) before returning the samples to Earth. In one scenario, an orbiter would capture the OS, manipulate to a preferential orientation, transition it through the steps required to break-the-chain with Mars, stowing it in a containment vessel or an Earth Entry Vehicle (EEV) and providing redundant containment to the OS (for example by closing and sealing the lid of the EEV). In this paper, we discuss the trade-space of concepts generated for both the individual aspects of capture and manipulation of the OS, as well as concepts for the end-to-end system. Notably, we discuss concepts for OS capture, manipulation of the OS to orient it to a preferred configuration, and steps for transitioning the OS between different stages of manipulation, ultimately securing it in a containment vessel or Earth Entry Vehicle.

Chamberlian-Simon, Brendan↗

Concepts for Mars On-Orbit Robotic Sample Capture and Transfer

A potential Mars Sample Return (MSR) mission could require robotic autonomous capture and manipulation of an Orbital Sample (OS) before returning the samples to Earth. In one scenario, an orbiter would capture the OS, manipulate to a preferential orientation, transition it through the steps required to break-the-chain with Mars, stowing it in a containment vessel or an Earth Entry Vehicle (EEV) and providing redundant containment to the OS (for example by closing and sealing the lid of the EEV). In this paper, we discuss the trade-space of concepts generated for both the individual aspects of capture and manipulation of the OS, as well as concepts for the end-to-end system. Notably, we discuss concepts for OS capture, manipulation of the OS to orient it to a preferred configuration, and steps for transitioning the OS between different stages of manipulation, ultimately securing it in a containment vessel or Earth Entry Vehicle.

Ohta, Preston↗

Concept for an On-orbit Capture and Orientation Module for Potential Mars Sample Return

An orbiting sample Capture and Orient Module (COM) architecture for a Capture, Contain, and Return System (CCRS) payload concept for an Earth Return Orbiter (ERO) was developed to enable on-orbit capture, orientation, and transfer of a Mars sample container into a containment vessel for potential Mars Sample Return (MSR). The module is composed of a capture mechanism for containing the Orbiting Sample (OS), a capture cone to capture and contain the OS, an orientation mechanism to orient the OS, an External Transfer Mechanism (ETM) to cage the OS during capture and assemble it into the containment vessel, a capture trigger to trigger capture mechanism and ETM closure during OS capture, and a sensing system to inspect the OS and confirm capture and orientation. Statistical modeling and simulations of the OS during capture were performed to analyze the time to contact and perturbations to the spacecraft at first contact. A half-scale functional prototype of the module was developed to demonstrate end-to-end operation.

Younse, Paulo↗

Materials Data on LaOs2 by Materials Project

LaOs2 is Cubic Laves structured and crystallizes in the cubic Fd-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. La3+ is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to twelve equivalent Os+1.50- atoms. All La–Os bond lengths are 3.22 Å. Os+1.50- is bonded to six equivalent La3+ and six equivalent Os+1.50- atoms to form a mixture of edge, face, and corner-sharing OsLa6Os6 cuboctahedra. All Os–Os bond lengths are 2.74 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on CeOs2 by Materials Project

CeOs2 is Cubic Laves structured and crystallizes in the cubic Fd-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ce3+ is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to twelve equivalent Os+1.50- atoms. All Ce–Os bond lengths are 3.16 Å. Os+1.50- is bonded to six equivalent Ce3+ and six equivalent Os+1.50- atoms to form a mixture of corner, edge, and face-sharing OsCe6Os6 cuboctahedra. All Os–Os bond lengths are 2.70 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on PrOs2 by Materials Project

PrOs2 is Cubic Laves structured and crystallizes in the cubic Fd-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Pr3+ is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to twelve equivalent Os+1.50- atoms. All Pr–Os bond lengths are 3.21 Å. Os+1.50- is bonded to six equivalent Pr3+ and six equivalent Os+1.50- atoms to form a mixture of edge, face, and corner-sharing OsPr6Os6 cuboctahedra. All Os–Os bond lengths are 2.74 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Os3C9S2O9 by Materials Project

Os3C9S2O9 crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of two Os3C9S2O9 clusters. there are three inequivalent Os2- sites. In the first Os2- site, Os2- is bonded to three C+3.11+ and two S2- atoms to form distorted edge-sharing OsC3S2 square pyramids. There are a spread of Os–C bond distances ranging from 1.89–1.93 Å. There are one shorter (2.41 Å) and one longer (2.43 Å) Os–S bond lengths. In the second Os2- site, Os2- is bonded to three C+3.11+ and two S2- atoms to form distorted edge-sharing OsC3S2 square pyramids. There are a spread of Os–C bond distances ranging from 1.89–1.93 Å. There are one shorter (2.41 Å) and one longer (2.43 Å) Os–S bond lengths. In the third Os2- site, Os2- is bonded to three C+3.11+ and two S2- atoms to form distorted edge-sharing OsC3S2 trigonal bipyramids. There is one shorter (1.90 Å) and two longer (1.91 Å) Os–C bond length. There are one shorter (2.44 Å) and one longer (2.47 Å) Os–S bond lengths. There are nine inequivalent C+3.11+ sites. In the first C+3.11+ site, C+3.11+ is bonded in a linear geometry to one Os2- and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the second C+3.11+ site, C+3.11+ is bonded in a linear geometry to one Os2- and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the third C+3.11+ site, C+3.11+ is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to one Os2- and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the fourth C+3.11+ site, C+3.11+ is bonded in a linear geometry to one Os2- and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the fifth C+3.11+ site, C+3.11+ is bonded in a linear geometry to one Os2- and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the sixth C+3.11+ site, C+3.11+ is bonded in a linear geometry to one Os2- and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the seventh C+3.11+ site, C+3.11+ is bonded in a linear geometry to one Os2- and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the eighth C+3.11+ site, C+3.11+ is bonded in a linear geometry to one Os2- and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the ninth C+3.11+ site, C+3.11+ is bonded in a linear geometry to one Os2- and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. There are two inequivalent S2- sites. In the first S2- site, S2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three Os2- atoms. In the second S2- site, S2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three Os2- atoms. There are nine inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+3.11+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+3.11+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+3.11+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+3.11+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+3.11+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+3.11+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+3.11+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+3.11+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+3.11+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Os2Pt(CO)10 by Materials Project

(Os(CO)4)2Pt(CO)2 crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of four Os(CO)4 clusters and two Pt(CO)2 clusters. In two of the Os(CO)4 clusters, Os1- is bonded in a distorted see-saw-like geometry to four C+2.40+ atoms. There are a spread of Os–C bond distances ranging from 1.91–1.96 Å. There are four inequivalent C+2.40+ sites. In the first C+2.40+ site, C+2.40+ is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to one Os1- and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the second C+2.40+ site, C+2.40+ is bonded in a linear geometry to one Os1- and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the third C+2.40+ site, C+2.40+ is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to one Os1- and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the fourth C+2.40+ site, C+2.40+ is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to one Os1- and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. There are four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+2.40+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+2.40+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+2.40+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+2.40+ atom. In two of the Os(CO)4 clusters, Os1- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four C+2.40+ atoms. There are a spread of Os–C bond distances ranging from 1.91–1.96 Å. There are four inequivalent C+2.40+ sites. In the first C+2.40+ site, C+2.40+ is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to one Os1- and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the second C+2.40+ site, C+2.40+ is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to one Os1- and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the third C+2.40+ site, C+2.40+ is bonded in a linear geometry to one Os1- and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the fourth C+2.40+ site, C+2.40+ is bonded in a linear geometry to one Os1- and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. There are four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+2.40+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+2.40+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+2.40+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+2.40+ atom. In each Pt(CO)2 cluster, Pt2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to two C+2.40+ atoms. Both Pt–C bond lengths are 1.91 Å. There are two inequivalent C+2.40+ sites. In the first C+2.40+ site, C+2.40+ is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to one Pt2- and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the second C+2.40+ site, C+2.40+ is bonded in a linear geometry to one Pt2- and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+2.40+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+2.40+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Os3C12(IO6)2 by Materials Project

Os(CO)4(OsC4O4I)2 is Cyanogen Chloride-derived structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of two Os(CO)4 clusters and four OsC4O4I clusters. In each Os(CO)4 cluster, Os2- is bonded in a square co-planar geometry to four C+2.67+ atoms. There is two shorter (1.95 Å) and two longer (1.96 Å) Os–C bond length. There are two inequivalent C+2.67+ sites. In the first C+2.67+ site, C+2.67+ is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to one Os2- and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the second C+2.67+ site, C+2.67+ is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to one Os2- and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+2.67+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+2.67+ atom. In each OsC4O4I cluster, Os2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four C+2.67+ and one I1- atom. There are a spread of Os–C bond distances ranging from 1.91–1.97 Å. The Os–I bond length is 2.82 Å. There are four inequivalent C+2.67+ sites. In the first C+2.67+ site, C+2.67+ is bonded in a linear geometry to one Os2- and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the second C+2.67+ site, C+2.67+ is bonded in a linear geometry to one Os2- and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.15 Å. In the third C+2.67+ site, C+2.67+ is bonded in a linear geometry to one Os2- and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the fourth C+2.67+ site, C+2.67+ is bonded in a linear geometry to one Os2- and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. There are four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+2.67+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+2.67+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+2.67+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+2.67+ atom. I1- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Os2- atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Os3C9Se2O9 by Materials Project

Os3C9Se2O9 crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of one Os3C9Se2O9 sheet oriented in the (0, 1, 0) direction. there are three inequivalent Os2- sites. In the first Os2- site, Os2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three C+3.11+ and two Se2- atoms. All Os–C bond lengths are 1.91 Å. There are one shorter (2.58 Å) and one longer (2.60 Å) Os–Se bond lengths. In the second Os2- site, Os2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three C+3.11+ and two Se2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.89 Å) and two longer (1.92 Å) Os–C bond length. There are one shorter (2.55 Å) and one longer (2.56 Å) Os–Se bond lengths. In the third Os2- site, Os2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three C+3.11+ and two Se2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.88 Å) and two longer (1.92 Å) Os–C bond length. There are one shorter (2.55 Å) and one longer (2.57 Å) Os–Se bond lengths. There are nine inequivalent C+3.11+ sites. In the first C+3.11+ site, C+3.11+ is bonded in a linear geometry to one Os2- and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the second C+3.11+ site, C+3.11+ is bonded in a linear geometry to one Os2- and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the third C+3.11+ site, C+3.11+ is bonded in a linear geometry to one Os2- and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the fourth C+3.11+ site, C+3.11+ is bonded in a linear geometry to one Os2- and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the fifth C+3.11+ site, C+3.11+ is bonded in a linear geometry to one Os2- and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.17 Å. In the sixth C+3.11+ site, C+3.11+ is bonded in a linear geometry to one Os2- and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the seventh C+3.11+ site, C+3.11+ is bonded in a linear geometry to one Os2- and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the eighth C+3.11+ site, C+3.11+ is bonded in a linear geometry to one Os2- and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the ninth C+3.11+ site, C+3.11+ is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to one Os2- and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. There are two inequivalent Se2- sites. In the first Se2- site, Se2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three Os2- and four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Se–O bond distances ranging from 3.40–3.70 Å. In the second Se2- site, Se2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three Os2- atoms. There are nine inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+3.11+ and one Se2- atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+3.11+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+3.11+ and one Se2- atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+3.11+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+3.11+ and one Se2- atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+3.11+ and one Se2- atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+3.11+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+3.11+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+3.11+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on K2OsO5 by Materials Project

K2OsO5 crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are twelve inequivalent K1+ sites. In the first K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.64–2.89 Å. In the second K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine O2- atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.58–3.33 Å. In the third K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five O2- atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.76–2.93 Å. In the fourth K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five O2- atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.72–2.93 Å. In the fifth K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine O2- atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.76–3.40 Å. In the sixth K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.61–3.23 Å. In the seventh K1+ site, K1+ is bonded to seven O2- atoms to form distorted KO7 pentagonal bipyramids that share corners with three OsO5 trigonal bipyramids and edges with two OsO5 trigonal bipyramids. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.65–3.11 Å. In the eighth K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.65–3.20 Å. In the ninth K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine O2- atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.75–3.31 Å. In the tenth K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.60–3.31 Å. In the eleventh K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven O2- atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.59–3.00 Å. In the twelfth K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.77–3.15 Å. There are six inequivalent Os8+ sites. In the first Os8+ site, Os8+ is bonded in a trigonal bipyramidal geometry to five O2- atoms. There are a spread of Os–O bond distances ranging from 1.78–1.84 Å. In the second Os8+ site, Os8+ is bonded in a trigonal bipyramidal geometry to five O2- atoms. There are a spread of Os–O bond distances ranging from 1.78–1.83 Å. In the third Os8+ site, Os8+ is bonded to five O2- atoms to form distorted OsO5 trigonal bipyramids that share a cornercorner with one KO7 pentagonal bipyramid. There are a spread of Os–O bond distances ranging from 1.76–1.83 Å. In the fourth Os8+ site, Os8+ is bonded to five O2- atoms to form OsO5 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with two equivalent KO7 pentagonal bipyramids. There are a spread of Os–O bond distances ranging from 1.78–1.83 Å. In the fifth Os8+ site, Os8+ is bonded to five O2- atoms to form OsO5 trigonal bipyramids that share an edgeedge with one KO7 pentagonal bipyramid. There are a spread of Os–O bond distances ranging from 1.79–1.84 Å. In the sixth Os8+ site, Os8+ is bonded to five O2- atoms to form OsO5 trigonal bipyramids that share an edgeedge with one KO7 pentagonal bipyramid. There are a spread of Os–O bond distances ranging from 1.78–1.83 Å. There are thirty inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to four K1+ and one Os8+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three K1+ and one Os8+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three K1+ and one Os8+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to four K1+ and one Os8+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three K1+ and one Os8+ atom to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OK3Os tetrahedra. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three K1+ and one Os8+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two K1+ and one Os8+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three K1+ and one Os8+ atom to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OK3Os tetrahedra. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three K1+ and one Os8+ atom. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two K1+ and one Os8+ atom. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two K1+ and one Os8+ atom. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three K1+ and one Os8+ atom. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three K1+ and one Os8+ atom to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OK3Os tetrahedra. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two K1+ and one Os8+ atom. In the fifteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two K1+ and one Os8+ atom. In the sixteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two K1+ and one Os8+ atom. In the seventeenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to four K1+ and one Os8+ atom. In the eighteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three K1+ and one Os8+ atom. In the nineteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three K1+ and one Os8+ atom. In the twentieth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to four K1+ and one Os8+ atom. In the twenty-first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to four K1+ and one Os8+ atom. In the twenty-second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three K1+ and one Os8+ atom. In the twenty-third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three K1+ and one Os8+ atom. In the twenty-fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three K1+ and one Os8+ atom. In the twenty-fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three K1+ and one Os8+ atom. In the twenty-sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two K1+ and one Os8+ atom. In the twenty-seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three K1+ and one Os8+ atom. In the twenty-eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three K1+ and one Os8+ atom. In the twenty-ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to four K1+ and one Os8+ atom. In the thirtieth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three K1+ and one Os8+ atom to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OK3Os tetrahedra.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on HfSiOs by Materials Project

HfOsSi crystallizes in the hexagonal P-62m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Hf is bonded in a 11-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Os and five Si atoms. There are two shorter (2.92 Å) and four longer (3.04 Å) Hf–Os bond lengths. There are four shorter (2.73 Å) and one longer (2.75 Å) Hf–Si bond lengths. Os is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Hf and four Si atoms. There are two shorter (2.48 Å) and two longer (2.55 Å) Os–Si bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Si sites. In the first Si site, Si is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Hf and three equivalent Os atoms. In the second Si site, Si is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Hf and six equivalent Os atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on ReOs by Materials Project

ReOs crystallizes in the hexagonal P-6m2 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Re is bonded to six equivalent Re and six equivalent Os atoms to form distorted ReRe6Os6 cuboctahedra that share corners with eighteen equivalent ReRe6Os6 cuboctahedra, edges with six equivalent ReRe6Os6 cuboctahedra, edges with twelve equivalent OsRe6Os6 cuboctahedra, faces with eight equivalent ReRe6Os6 cuboctahedra, and faces with twelve equivalent OsRe6Os6 cuboctahedra. All Re–Re bond lengths are 2.78 Å. All Re–Os bond lengths are 2.72 Å. Os is bonded to six equivalent Re and six equivalent Os atoms to form distorted OsRe6Os6 cuboctahedra that share corners with eighteen equivalent OsRe6Os6 cuboctahedra, edges with six equivalent OsRe6Os6 cuboctahedra, edges with twelve equivalent ReRe6Os6 cuboctahedra, faces with eight equivalent OsRe6Os6 cuboctahedra, and faces with twelve equivalent ReRe6Os6 cuboctahedra. All Os–Os bond lengths are 2.78 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Co4Os by Materials Project

OsCo4 crystallizes in the trigonal R-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Os is bonded to six equivalent Os and six equivalent Co atoms to form OsCo6Os6 cuboctahedra that share corners with six equivalent OsCo6Os6 cuboctahedra, corners with six CoCo12 cuboctahedra, edges with six equivalent OsCo6Os6 cuboctahedra, edges with eighteen CoCo9Os3 cuboctahedra, faces with six equivalent OsCo6Os6 cuboctahedra, and faces with twelve equivalent CoCo9Os3 cuboctahedra. All Os–Os bond lengths are 2.59 Å. All Os–Co bond lengths are 2.61 Å. There are seven inequivalent Co sites. In the first Co site, Co is bonded to three equivalent Os and nine Co atoms to form CoCo9Os3 cuboctahedra that share corners with twelve CoCo9Os3 cuboctahedra, edges with six equivalent OsCo6Os6 cuboctahedra, edges with eighteen CoCo9Os3 cuboctahedra, faces with six equivalent OsCo6Os6 cuboctahedra, and faces with twelve CoCo9Os3 cuboctahedra. There are three shorter (2.48 Å) and six longer (2.59 Å) Co–Co bond lengths. In the second Co site, Co is bonded to twelve Co atoms to form CoCo12 cuboctahedra that share corners with three equivalent OsCo6Os6 cuboctahedra, corners with nine CoCo9Os3 cuboctahedra, edges with three equivalent OsCo6Os6 cuboctahedra, edges with twenty-one CoCo9Os3 cuboctahedra, and faces with eighteen CoCo9Os3 cuboctahedra. There are three shorter (2.49 Å) and six longer (2.59 Å) Co–Co bond lengths. In the third Co site, Co is bonded to twelve Co atoms to form CoCo12 cuboctahedra that share corners with three equivalent OsCo6Os6 cuboctahedra, corners with nine CoCo9Os3 cuboctahedra, edges with three equivalent OsCo6Os6 cuboctahedra, edges with twenty-one CoCo9Os3 cuboctahedra, and faces with eighteen CoCo9Os3 cuboctahedra. There are three shorter (2.48 Å) and six longer (2.59 Å) Co–Co bond lengths. In the fourth Co site, Co is bonded to twelve Co atoms to form CoCo12 cuboctahedra that share corners with three equivalent OsCo6Os6 cuboctahedra, corners with nine CoCo9Os3 cuboctahedra, edges with three equivalent OsCo6Os6 cuboctahedra, edges with twenty-one CoCo9Os3 cuboctahedra, and faces with eighteen CoCo9Os3 cuboctahedra. There are a spread of Co–Co bond distances ranging from 2.48–2.59 Å. In the fifth Co site, Co is bonded to twelve Co atoms to form CoCo12 cuboctahedra that share corners with three equivalent OsCo6Os6 cuboctahedra, corners with nine CoCo9Os3 cuboctahedra, edges with three equivalent OsCo6Os6 cuboctahedra, edges with twenty-one CoCo9Os3 cuboctahedra, and faces with eighteen CoCo9Os3 cuboctahedra. There are three shorter (2.48 Å) and six longer (2.59 Å) Co–Co bond lengths. In the sixth Co site, Co is bonded to twelve Co atoms to form CoCo12 cuboctahedra that share corners with three equivalent OsCo6Os6 cuboctahedra, corners with nine CoCo9Os3 cuboctahedra, edges with three equivalent OsCo6Os6 cuboctahedra, edges with twenty-one CoCo9Os3 cuboctahedra, and faces with eighteen CoCo9Os3 cuboctahedra. There are a spread of Co–Co bond distances ranging from 2.48–2.59 Å. In the seventh Co site, Co is bonded to twelve Co atoms to form CoCo12 cuboctahedra that share corners with three equivalent OsCo6Os6 cuboctahedra, corners with nine CoCo9Os3 cuboctahedra, edges with three equivalent OsCo6Os6 cuboctahedra, edges with twenty-one CoCo9Os3 cuboctahedra, and faces with eighteen CoCo9Os3 cuboctahedra. There are three shorter (2.48 Å) and six longer (2.59 Å) Co–Co bond lengths.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗