Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “OIL”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 271 records · Page 15
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2014

Development of palm oil-based UV-curable epoxy acrylate and urethane acrylate resins for wood coating application

The trend of using renewable sources such as palm oil as raw material in radiation curing is growing due to the demand from the market to produce a more environmental friendly product. In this study, the radiation curable process was done using epoxy acrylate and urethane acrylate resins which are known as epoxidised palm olein acrylate (EPOLA) and palm oil based urethane acrylate (POBUA), respectively. The purpose of the study was to investigate curing properties and the application of this UV-curable palm oil resins for wood coating. Furthermore, the properties of palm oil based coatings are compared with the petrochemical-based compound such as ebecryl (EB) i.e. EB264 and EB830. From the experiment done, the resins from petrochemical-based compounds resulted higher degree of crosslinking (up to 80%) than the palm oil based compounds (up to 70%), where the different is around 10-15%. The hardness property from this two type coatings can reached until 50% at the lower percentage of the oligomer. However, the coatings from petrochemical-based have a high scratch resistance as it can withstand at least up to 3.0 Newtons (N) compared to the palm oil-based compounds which are difficult to withstand the load up to 1.0 N. Finally, the test on the rubber wood substrate showed that the coatings containing benzophenone photoinitiator give higher adhesion property and their also showed a higher glosiness property on the glass substrate compared to the coatings containing irgacure-819 photoinitiator. This study showed that the palm oil coatings can be a suitable for the replacement of petrochemicals compound for wood coating. The palm oil coatings can be more competitive in the market if the problems of using high percentage palm oil oligomer can be overcome as the palm oil price is cheap enough.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Online monitoring of oil film using electrical capacitance tomography and level set method

In the application of oil-air lubrication system, electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) provides a promising way for monitoring oil film in the pipelines by reconstructing cross sectional oil distributions in real time. While in the case of small diameter pipe and thin oil film, the thickness of the oil film is hard to be observed visually since the interface of oil and air is not obvious in the reconstructed images. And the existence of artifacts in the reconstructions has seriously influenced the effectiveness of image segmentation techniques such as level set method. Besides, level set method is also unavailable for online monitoring due to its low computation speed. To address these problems, a modified level set method is developed: a distance regularized level set evolution formulation is extended to image two-phase flow online using an ECT system, a narrowband image filter is defined to eliminate the influence of artifacts, and considering the continuity of the oil distribution variation, the detected oil-air interface of a former image can be used as the initial contour for the detection of the subsequent frame; thus, the propagation from the initial contour to the boundary can be greatly accelerated, making it possible for real time tracking. To testify the feasibility of the proposed method, an oil-air lubrication facility with 4 mm inner diameter pipe is measured in normal operation using an 8-electrode ECT system. Both simulation and experiment results indicate that the modified level set method is capable of visualizing the oil-air interface accurately online.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2021

Advanced spectrometric methods for characterizing bio-oils to enable refineries to reduce fuel carbon intensity during co-processing

A promising approach for supplementing petroleum-derived fuels to support reductions in green-house gas emissions is to convert abundant biomass feedstocks into renewable carbon-rich oils using pyrolysis. However, the resultant bio-oils contain various oxygenated compounds that can impart acidity, chemical and thermal instability, and immiscibility with petroleum derived fuels, necessitating further upgrading to derive fuel blendstocks. Co-processing bio-oils and petroleum-derived liquids in existing refineries is a potentially near-term, cost-effective approach for upgrading bio-oils while reducing refinery carbon intensities. However, one cause for hesitation in co-processing bio-oils is limited comprehensive characterization and speciation of the bio-oil components. Advanced analytical techniques are currently under investigation to enable identification of elusive species in bio-oils, enabling researchers to develop strategies to mitigate catalyst deactivation agents and contaminants. This review provides a brief overview of several analytical methods commonly used to analyze bio-oils and their limitations. In addition, advanced techniques currently under development are discussed to further elucidate bio-oil components that may limit its end use. This will help inform the technical and economic feasibility of co-processing bio-oils with petroleum-derived liquids, therefore, improving the overall downstream processes for biofuels blendstock production.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Mild Biomass Liquefaction Process for Economic Production of Stabilized Refinery-Ready Bio-oil

Southern Research (SR) in cooperation with U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Bioenergy Technology Office (BETO), investigated a biomass liquefaction process for economic production of stabilized refinery-ready bio-oil. The project was awarded by DOE under a Funding Opportunity Announcement (DE-FOA-0000686) for Bio-oil Stabilization and Commoditization that intended to evaluate the feasibility of using bio-oil as a potential feedstock in an existing petroleum refinery. SR investigated Topic Area 1 of the FOA at Technology Readiness Level 2-3 to develop thermochemical liquefaction technologies for producing a bio-oil feedstock from high-impact biomass that can be utilized within a petroleum refinery. Bio-oil obtained from fast pyrolysis of biomass is a green intermediate that can be further upgraded into a biofuel for blending in a petroleum refinery using a hydro-deoxygenation (HDO) route. Co-processing pyrolysis bio-oil in a petroleum refinery is an attractive approach to leverage the refinery’s existing capital. However, the petroleum industry is reluctant to accept pyrolysis bio-oil because of a lack of a standard definition for an acceptable bio-oil feedstock in existing refinery processes. Also per BETO’s multiyear program plan, fast pyrolysis-based bio-fuel is presently not cost competitive with petroleum-based transportation fuels. SR aims to develop and demonstrate a cost-effective low-severity thermal liquefaction and hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) process to convert woody biomass to stabilized bio-oils that can be directly blended with hydrotreater input streams in a petroleum refinery for production of gasoline and/or diesel range hydrocarbons. The specific project objectives are to demonstrate the processes at laboratory scale, characterize the bio-oil product and develop a plan in partnership with a refinery company to move the technology towards commercialization.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Corrosivity Screening of Pyrolysis Bio-Oils by Short-Term Alloy Exposures. Laboratory Analytical Procedure (LAP), Issue Date: May 12, 2022

Bio-oils contain organic acids and oxygenated compounds that can lead to corrosion issues during bio-oil processing and storage. This Laboratory Analytical Procedure (LAP) allows for rapid screening of a bio-oil's corrosivity without the need for complex equipment and long-term exposures. A robust and repeatable method for assessing the corrosivity of bio-oils is necessary in order to remove materials degradation as an obstacle to research, upgrading, use and storage of bio-oils. This LAP involves the incubation of a representative alloy, 410 stainless steel (410 SS), specimen in bio-oil over a period of 48 hours at 50 degrees C in a sealed container. The corrosive species in the bio-oil react with and deplete alloy elements such as iron (Fe) and/or chromium (Cr) from the specimen into the bio-oil solution. The depletion of Fe and Cr from the specimen results in a significant mass loss that can be recorded. The mass loss is directly correlated to the corrosivity of a bio-oil. Examples of bio-oils in scope include the ones produced by fast pyrolysis and catalytic fast pyrolysis, as well as liquids produced from hydrothermal liquefaction.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Valorization of mullet roe by‐products for the production of polyunsaturated fatty acids rich oils

Abstract This work examines the potential valorization of mullet roe by‐products for the production of mullet roe oil using mild processes. Three different extraction methods with potential of scale‐up for the food industry, namely pressure (PE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and solvent extraction (SE) are examined. Mild temperature conditions to prevent oil oxidation and (wherever applicable) food‐grade solvents are used. The oil yield, the composition of oils in fatty acids by GC‐FID, the level of oil oxidation (peroxide value (PV), p‐anisidine value (AV), K 232 K 268 , TOTOX)) and the antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS) are determined. SE provided the highest oil recovery, followed by SFE and PE (68%, 28% and 10% respectively). The extracted oils had a high concentration of EPA and DHA and a total of 20.7%–24.3% of identified PUFAs among the fatty acids. Oxidation was the lowest in the SFE extracted oil followed by PE, PV was <2.5 meq O2 , AV≤10 and TOTOX <15 in all examined oil samples. Further research is needed to optimize processing conditions for the increase in oil recovery.

Kalogianni, Eleni P.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Identification of Suitable Vacuum Gas Oils as Plasticizers Using HT-GC × GC-HRMS

Vacuum gas oils (VGOs) have long been heralded as effective plasticizers due to their high boiling-points and lubricating properties. One of these VGOs, HyVac Oil 93050, is a paraffinic plasticizer that is currently utilized in polymer–plasticizer explosive formulations, while this oil effectively increases the elasticity and decreases the sensitivity for current formulations. We seek to identify alternative VGOs with similar density, viscosity, molecular composition, and impurities for future formulations. In this study, 18 VGOs, including HyVac Oil 93050, were initially evaluated for their density and viscosity. The oils were then ranked based on physical characteristics and analyzed for molecular composition using high-temperature comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HT-GC × GC-HRMS). Further, the HT-GC × GC-HRMS chromatograms of the top 10 most similar VGOs to HyVac Oil 93050, according to density, were compared utilizing the Pearson correlation coefficient. Three of the oils with densities similar to those of HyVac Oil 93050 had a Pearson correlation within the lot-to-lot variation of HyVac Oil 93050. For the top 3 candidates, Pearson correlation was then utilized as a feature selection technique to discover significant chemical differences. Positive chemical ionization (PCI) and negative chemical ionization (NCI) HT-GC × GC-HRMS chromatograms were also evaluated and aided in the discovery and identification of several key compounds including additives that acted as stabilizers for the VGOs. After this further chemical analysis, two of the original 17 potential VGOs were determined to be physically and chemically similar to HyVac Oil 93050.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2017

Fatty Amide Determination in Neutral Molecular Fractions of Green Crude Hydrothermal Liquefaction Oils From Algal Biomass

Even though hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a promising route to produce crude oils (referred to as 'green crude'), the molecular composition of the nitrogen fraction of such green crude oils is not fully understood. The goal of this work was to identify and quantify the fraction of fatty amides in green crude oils obtained from five different samples derived from Desmodesmus armatus , Tetraselmis sp., and Chlorella sp. biomass treated under different HTL conditions (260 or 340 degrees C as batch or continuous processes). The goal of this work was to elucidate the nature of the high nitrogen content of the green crude oils. We identified at least 19 distinct fatty amides present in green crude oils and quantified them based on relevant standards in purified fractions after functional group-based separation and enrichment. It was not known how much these compounds contributed to the oils or which molecular fraction they are associated with. We found that fatty amides exclusively partitioned with the neutral fraction of the oils and belonged mainly to one of five categories, based on their functional group substitution, i.e., fatty amides, monomethyl, dimethyl, monoethanolamide, and diethanolamide. The quantification of fatty amides in the neutral oil fraction was based on respective fatty amide standards, after verification of consistency in response factors between molecules with different substitutions of the amide group. Here, we found that the amount of fatty amides found in each of the five samples varied considerably and ranged between 1.4 and 3.0% of the green crude oils, with the highest levels detected in the sample with the highest oil content, after HTL of biomass derived from a nutrient deprived Chlorella sp. culture.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Lab and Reservoir Study of Produced Hydrocarbon Molecular Weight Selectivity during CO 2 Enhanced Oil Recovery

Two laboratory experiments were performed to investigate the molecular weight selectivity of crude oil hydrocarbons mobilized into CO 2 at the reservoir temperature (42 °C) and pressures ranging from below the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) of 9.69 MPa (1406 psi) to pressures well above the MMP (8.27–27.58 MPa, 1200–4000 psi). The hydrocarbon composition at equilibrium in the CO 2 -rich upper “miscible” phase was measured, as was the ability of four pore volumes of CO 2 to recover crude oil hydrocarbons from a sand bed. Both experiments showed significant selectivity against producing higher molecular weight hydrocarbons at lower pressures. In addition, the bias against higher molecular weight hydrocarbons continued even at pressures well above the 9.69 MPa MMP. For example, both the total hydrocarbon concentration in the CO 2 -rich “miscible” phase and the fraction of C 21 –C 36 increased dramatically from 10.34 to 21.13 MPa (from 1500 to 3500 psi), even though both pressures were above the MMP. In addition, when crude oil was first equilibrated at 20.68 MPa (3000 psi) and then lowered before sampling the “miscible” phase, substantial deposition of the higher molecular weight hydrocarbons occurred with the result that the hydrocarbon composition and concentrations were similar to those when the crude oil was exposed to only the lower CO 2 pressures without first being exposed to any higher pressure. The sand flush experiments showed similar results to the “miscible” phase samplings in that both the total hydrocarbons and the fraction of C 21 –C 36 recovered increased dramatically with pressure, regardless of whether the pressures were below or more than double the MMP. The crude oil samples remaining after CO 2 exposures also showed large increases in molecular weight as well as higher viscosity and lower American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity than the original crude oil. As predicted by both lab experiments, produced crude oil samples collected from two wells before and after CO 2 breakthrough showed significant bias against high-molecular-weight hydrocarbons, with the fraction of C 21 –C 36 produced dropping by as much as 60–80% after CO 2 breakthrough compared to crude oil samples collected from the same wells before CO 2 breakthrough. Furthermore, these results verify that crude oil during a CO 2 flood does not move as a homogeneous “miscible” phase and that hydrocarbon dissolution (vaporization into the “miscible” phase) of lower molecular weight hydrocarbons dominates oil recovery in both the field and lab experiments.

02 PETROLEUM↗
DOE OSTI2017

Rapid Response of Eastern Mediterranean Deep Sea Microbial Communities to Oil

Deep marine oil spills like the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) in the Gulf of Mexico have the potential to drastically impact marine systems. Crude oil contamination in marine systems remains a concern, especially for countries around the Mediterranean Sea with off shore oil production. The goal of this study was to investigate the response of indigenous microbial communities to crude oil in the deep Eastern Mediterranean Sea (E. Med.) water column and to minimize potential bias associated with storage and shifts in microbial community structure from sample storage. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing was combined with GeoChip metagenomic analysis to monitor the microbial community changes to the crude oil and dispersant in on-ship microcosms set up immediately after water collection. After 3 days of incubation at 14 °C, the microbial communities from two different water depths: 824 m and 1210 m became dominated by well-known oil degrading bacteria. The archaeal population and the overall microbial community diversity drastically decreased. Similarly, GeoChip metagenomic analysis revealed a tremendous enrichment of genes related to oil biodegradation, which was consistent with the results from the DWH oil spill. Furthermore, these results highlight a rapid microbial adaption to oil contamination in the deep E. Med., and indicate strong oil biodegradation potential.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Recoveries of Oil and Hydrolyzed Sugars from Corn Germ Meal by Hydrothermal Pretreatment: A Model Feedstock for Lipid-Producing Energy Crops

Vegetable oil is extracted from oil rich seeds, such as soybeans. Genetic engineering of green plants to accumulate oil in vegetative tissue is a future source of oil that promises increased land productivity and the use of marginal lands. However, the low concentration of lipids in current engineered plant biomass samples makes the oil extraction process challenging and expensive. In this study, liquid hot water (LHW) pretreatment was investigated to enhance oil recovery from the solids and increase enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of such feedstocks. Corn germ meal was chosen as a model feedstock representing lipid-producing energy crops. Germ meal was pretreated at 160 and 180 °C for 10 and 15 min at 20% w/w solids loading. Enzymatic hydrolysis on the pretreated solid was performed. After pretreatment, the oil concentration increased by 2.2 to 4.2 fold. The most severe pretreatment condition of LHW, at 180 °C for 15 min, gave the maximum oil concentration (9.7%, w/w), the highest triacylglycerol (TAG) content of the extracted oil (71.6%), and the highest conversions of glucose and xylose (99.0% and 32.8%, respectively). This study demonstrates that the optimal pretreatment condition for corn germ meal is 180 °C LHW for 15 min. Pretreatment improves lipids recovery from oil bearing biomass with little or no effect on the lipid profile.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
NASA NTRS1939

Compression-ignition engine performance with undoped and doped fuel oils and alcohol mixtures

Several fuel oils, doped fuel oils, and mixtures of alcohol and fuel oil were tested in a high-speed, single-cylinder, compression-ignition engine to determine power output, fuel consumption, and ignition and combustion characteristics. Fuel oils or doped fuel oils of high octane number had shorter ignition lags, lower rates of pressure rise, and gave smoother engine operation than fuel oils or doped fuel oils of low octane number. Higher engine rotative speeds and boost pressures resulted in smoother engine operation and permitted the use of fuel oils of relatively low octane number. Although the addition of a dope to a fuel oil decreased the ignition lag and the rate of pressure rise, the ensuing rate of combustion was somewhat slower than for the undoped fuel oil so that the effectiveness of combustion was practically unchanged. Alcohol used as an auxiliary fuel, either as a mixture or by separate injection, increased the rates of pressure rise and induced roughness. In general, the power output decreased as the proportion of alcohol increased and, below maximum power, varied with the heating value of the total fuel charge.

Moore, Charles S↗
DOE OSTI2017

Preparing near-surface heavy oil for extraction using microbial degradation

In one embodiment, the invention provides a system including at least one computing device for enhancing the recovery of heavy oil in an underground, near-surface crude oil extraction environment by performing a method comprising sampling and identifying microbial species (bacteria and/or fungi) that reside in the underground, near-surface crude oil extraction environment; collecting rock and fluid property data from the underground, near-surface crude oil extraction environment; collecting nutrient data from the underground, near-surface crude oil extraction environment; identifying a preferred microbial species from the underground, near-surface crude oil extraction environment that can transform the heavy oil into a lighter oil; identifying a nutrient from the underground, near-surface crude oil extraction environment that promotes a proliferation of the preferred microbial species; and introducing the nutrient into the underground, near-surface crude oil extraction environment.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

Catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction for bio-oil production

Embodiments of a method for producing bio-oil include hydrothermal liquefaction of a biomass (e.g., a lignocellulosic biomass) feedstock to provide a process stream comprising crude oil and an aqueous fraction. The process stream is catalytically upgraded by contact with a sulfided-ruthenium catalyst, in the absence of added hydrogen, at a temperature and pressure effective to reduce an oxygen content of the crude oil, reduce a nitrogen content of the crude oil, reduce a total acid number of the crude oil, increase a H:C mole ratio of the crude oil, reduce a density of the crude oil, reduce a moisture content of the crude oil, reduce viscosity of the crude oil, or any combination thereof, thereby producing an upgraded oil and an upgraded aqueous fraction, which are subsequently separated. The catalytic upgrading process may be a plug-flow process and/or may be performed at or near liquefaction conditions.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Corrosion of Ferrous Alloys by Organic Compounds in Simulated Bio-Oils

Bio-oils derived from biomass contain organic species and acids that can be corrosive to steel-based structural materials used for pipelines and storage tanks. It is, therefore, important to assess corrosivity of organic constituents in bio-oils and identify ferrous alloys with sufficient corrosion resistance. In this work, lactobionic acid, formic acid and catechol were selected for corrosive constituents in bio-oils and used to formulate simulated bio-oils where 4 ferrous alloys, including 2.25Cr-1Mo steel and type 410, 201 and 316 stainless steels, were tested by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The corrosivity of each simulated bio-oils was assessed using R2, a charge transfer limiting resistance fitted from EIS spectra. Whie 2.25Cr-1Mo steel exhibited active corrosion with low R2 values, the stainless steels showed high R2 values associated with passive state. The values of R2, considered proportional to the stability of the passive film, appeared lower in lactobionic acid than the other simulated bio-oils for the stainless steels, suggesting that lactobionic acid could be more aggressive to passive film than the other constituents of bio-oils. The overall goal of this work is to use EIS to systematically study the impact of bio-oil constituents on corrosion of candidate structural materials for bio-oil production, transport, and storage, as well as provide feedback for potential optimization of bio-oil chemistries to reduce the risk of corrosion.

Jun, Jiheon↗
DOE OSTI2021

Comparison of temperature adaptive calibration methods for laser induced fluorescence based fuel-in-oil instrument

Fuel dilution of engine oil (or fuel-in-oil, FiO) is an important issue as multiple and late-cycle fuel injection, integral to many combustion efficiency and emissions improvements (e.g., downsized boosted gasoline engines and catalyst thermal management) increases FiO rate. In addition to causing general wear and corrosion in engine due to decreased oil viscosity and pH buffering, FiO is also believed to cause destructive low speed pre-ignition (or super knock) in boosted SI engines. To understand the effects of engine operating conditions on the FiO rate, an optical diagnostic capable of measuring transient FiO on minute timescales was recently developed and demonstrated on a modified GM Ecotech engine system (Neupane et al., Applied Spectroscopy 2021). The measurement is based on adding a dye to the fuel and monitoring for its presence in oil via laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). The measured LIF signal is related to FiO concentration via pre-determined calibration factors using a multivariate classical least square (CLS) method.Since fluorescence quantum yield is a function of temperature, measured LIF intensity not only depends on FiO concentration but also oil temperature. To expand the applicability of the FiO diagnostic to transient oil-temperature conditions (e.g., cold start in practical engines), this study develops a method to account for oil-temperature variations. The effect of oil temperature (20°C - 95°C) on the LIF spectra of eight FiO samples ranging from ~0.8-15% was investigated. LIF intensities of the FiO samples decreased linearly with increasing temperature; the reductions being more significant at dye peaks. We develop a new calibration model (T-adaptive CLS) incorporating the temperature (T) effects on LIF intensity that enables simultaneous calculation of FiO and oil temperature. The improved FiO diagnostic with T-adaptive calibration is more robust, and applicable to varying oil-temperature conditions. For example, when strategies such as multiple/late fuel injections are applied to overcome cold-start instability due to use of low vaporization bio-based fuels such as ethanol, FiO rate is expected to be very high; the improved T-adaptive FiO diagnostic is hence relevant for engine- and fuel-system calibration and optimization. The diagnostic could also provide validation data for flow-field and spray interaction CFD models, further broadening the diagnostic’s utility for advancing engine technology and efficiency.

Neupane, Sneha↗
DOE OSTI2025

Low-Temperature Processing of Pyrolysis Bio-Oil for Sustainable Biographite Production

Catalytic graphitization of pyrolysis bio-oil with iron (Fe) can produce an anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) at a moderate temperature. The key challenge to scaling up the process is foaming, which occurs due to the oxidation of Fe by the organic acids present in bio-oil. This study explored five different pathways to control foaming in bio-oil upon Fe addition, including (i) defoamers use, (ii) use of iron oxide (Fe2O3) as graphitization catalyst, (iii) pH adjustment of bio-oil, (iv) bio-oil coking (300-500 degrees C), and (v) low-temperature pretreatment of bio-oil (150-200 degrees C). The low-temperature pretreatment successfully avoided foaming by removing the volatile acids in bio-oil. The bio-oil was solidified and powdered for even mixing with the Fe catalyst. The biographite catalytically prepared at 1500 degrees C following this pathway demonstrated nearly theoretical specific gravimetric capacity (~370 mAh/g), high initial Coulombic efficiency (90.03%), and minimal capacity fading after 50 cycles in LIB half-cells. The low-temperature pretreatment pathway also addressed the viscosity, swelling, and aging issues associated with bio-oil processing and will make scale-up endeavors more attainable.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Wind Turbine Gearbox Oil Filtration and Condition Monitoring

This is an invited presentation for a pre-conference workshop, titled advances and opportunities in lubrication: wind turbine, at the 2015 Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers (STLE) Tribology Frontiers Conference held in Denver, CO. It gives a brief overview of wind turbine gearbox oil filtration and condition monitoring by highlighting typical industry practices and challenges. The presentation starts with an introduction by covering recent growth of global wind industry, reliability challenges, benefits of oil filtration and condition monitoring, and financial incentives to conduct wind operation and maintenance research, which includes gearbox oil filtration and condition monitoring work presented herein. Then, the presentation moves on to oil filtration by stressing the benefits of filtration, discussing typical main- and offline-loop practices, highlighting important factors considered when specifying a filtration system, and illustrating real-world application challenges through a cold-start example. In the next section on oil condition monitoring, a discussion on oil sample analysis, oil debris monitoring, oil cleanliness measurements and filter analysis is given based on testing results mostly obtained by and at NREL, and by pointing out a few challenges with oil sample analysis. The presentation concludes with a brief touch on future research and development (R and D) opportunities. It is hoping that the information presented can inform the STLE community to start or redirect their R and D work to help the wind industry advance.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗