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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 271 records · Page 15
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2016

Waste Management Processing Projects in the PRC - 16551

EnergySolutions continues to provide waste treatment solutions in the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). In 2015 ES had completed installation of systems at two different Nuclear power sites (Haiyang, an AP-1000{sup TM} site and Yangjiang, a CPR1000 site). This paper discusses progress on these two projects, and provides new information regarding the operation of the systems. The Yangjiang project became operational in the fall of 2015 while the Haiyang project will be done is nearly done with commissioning and is waiting for reactor operations. Haiyang Project: In the Shandong Province on China's northeast coast, EnergySolutions, as part of a consortium with China Power Investment (CPI) and Yuanda Environmental Protection Engineering Company (a PRC state-owned company), has designed and constructed the site's Site Rad Waste Treatment Facility (SRTF). The SRTF provides solid waste processing services for up to 8 AP-1000s{sup TM}. The SRTF performs the following functions: 1. Five year storage for HICs containing spent resin and filters from the nuclear power plants' waste liquid systems (WLS); 2. Sorting and Compaction System for solid waste generated from Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) operations. This system implements: a) Real time radiography to screen 200 liter waste drums for prohibited items, b) Pre-compaction, c) High Resolution Gamma Spectrophotometry (HRGS) for waste characterization, d) Supercompaction, e) Solidification of compacted drums inside overpack drums which are filled with 60 MPa compressive strength grout, and f) Automatic drum lidding which crimps the drum lid to the drum body. 3. Laundry services for NPP anti-contamination clothing. 4. At the nuclear islands, EnergySolutions is providing mobile liquid waste processing systems that utilize EnergySolutions Advanced Liquid Processing System ALPS{sup TM}/Advanced Injection Method System AIM{sup TM} processing systems to supplement the NPP's WLS system when radionuclide concentrations exceed release criteria. The spent resins and filters from the nuclear power plants are placed in EnergySolutions supplied HICs, dewatered using EnergySolutions Self Engaging Dewatering System (SEDS{sup TM}), and then placed in EnergySolutions 8-120B Type B cask for the transport of the HIC between the NPP and the SRTF and, ultimately, to a disposal site once it is ready for operations Yangjiang Project: EnergySolutions is providing liquid waste treatment system (TEU) and solid waste treatment system (TES) for Yangjiang units 3 and 4 for the China Nuclear Power Engineering Company (CNPEC). The Yangjiang site is located approximately 300 kilometers west of Hong Kong. The TEU system processes floor drain, chemical drain, and process drain tanks liquids to achieve a release concentration less than 37 Bq/l. The TES system receives spent resin and filters into HIC containers which are dewatered and subsequently transported to the Yangjiang sites QT building where they are stored for a period of up to 5 years or until a disposal site are available. TEU (Liquid waste treatment) consists of the following unit operations: - ALPS{sup TM}/AIM{sup TM} system, which includes two separate 8 vessel water treatment systems that consist of granular activated carbon (GAC), cation, anion ion and mixed bed media ion exchange (IX) columns; and: - A reverse osmosis system for final polishing, - TES (solid waste system), - SEDS (Self Engaging Dewatering System), - Shielding for the loading and storage of HICs, - Shielded transport container for the transfer of HIC to the QT building for storage, - Shielded transfer bell for the transport of spent filters from the NPP operating area to HIC. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2018

Experience by BAM in the Transport Package Safety Assessment of German Waste Containers - 18469

Transport and storage containers for low and mid-level radioactive waste are getting more and more of relevance due to the nuclear phase out decision in 2011. For higher activities Type B(U) approved waste containers will be needed for the shut down and dismantling phases of NPPs. It is expected that large quantities are required in the near future. German waste containers are generally approved for transport and interim storage and are also intended for the final disposal in the Konrad repository. BAM is involved in the authority licensing of transport package designs in Germany. In this context, BAM is responsible for the assessment of safe containment, mechanical, thermal and quality management issues. BAM also operates test facilities and performs drop as well as thermal tests during package licensing procedures. This paper summarizes our experience in the transport package design assessment of Type B(U) waste containers. A general overview of the approval process, the requirements and approaches BAM applies are described. Some examples are used to illustrate different aspects and technical issues we are addressing during the package assessment. In the first part of the paper the specific design aspects of German waste containers are described. Here, a general overview is given e.g. about closure systems, impact limiter designs, and the handling concepts. Furthermore, the wide range of radioactive content and their physical behavior including the impact on the packages assessment are described. The second part is focused on questions about the licensing and assessment process of German waste containers from the BAM authority point of view. The general approaches for the strategy of demonstration are outlined on the basis of the test conditions according to IAEA Regulations SSR-6. Furthermore, particular issues of the mechanical and thermal assessment with respect to the specific test conditions are discussed. For accident conditions of transport, aspects to be mentioned are e.g. the assessment of the lid bolts, the axial gap applied between content and lid, and the thermal behavior of the wood filled impact limiter after the fire test. However, issues of the assessment for routine and normal conditions of transport are addressed in this paper, too. The intention of this paper is introduce recent approval procedure experience in Germany, describing technical evaluation issues and so reduce rounds of questions during applications. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2025

Simulating Alpha Particles Incident on MKID Chips for Quantum Sensitivity Analysis

Superconducting quantum devices, such as microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs), are highly sensitive instruments used in quantum computing and advanced sensing technologies. However, their extreme sensitivity also makes them vulnerable to background noise from natural sources like radiation. One significant contributor to this noise is alpha particles emitted by 210Po, a radon decay daughter that accumulates on surfaces near the detector. This project investigates how alpha particles emitted from 210Po interact with MKID chips. These particles can deposit energy on the detector surface, disrupting its operation and generating false signals. Understanding the energy and behavior of these particles is crucial for improving the design and reliability of quantum devices. To explore this, we first modeled the decay chain starting from 210Pb to 210Po using differential equations. This allowed us to predict how the activity of alpha-emitting isotopes changes over time, reaching a steady state after about two years. Next, we simulated alpha particle interactions with the MKID chip using the Geant4 software toolkit. We built a detailed computer model of the detector housing, including the copper lid where alpha particles originate, the silicon chip, and a thin aluminum sensor layer. Alpha particles were emitted isotropically from just beneath the copper lid’s surface, mimicking natural decay conditions. The simulation tracked how these particles deposit energy on the chip, generating electron-hole pairs and phonons. The results provide insight into the behavior of the resultant electron-hole pairs and phonons, giving us a clear understanding of the energy deposition distribution on the chip. This work supports efforts to mitigate background noise in superconducting sensors, advancing their use in quantum computing and sensitive physics experiments.

Hall, Matthew [Fermilab; UCLA]↗
DOE OSTI2010

DROP TESTS RESULTS OF REVISED CLOSURE BOLT CONFIGURATION OF THE STANDARD WASTE BOX, STANDARD LARGE BOX 2, AND TEN DRUM OVERPACK PACKAGINGS

The Transuranic (TRU) Disposition Project at Savannah River Site will require numerous transfers of radioactive materials within the site boundaries for sorting and repackaging. The three DOT Type A shipping packagings planned for this work have numerous bolts for securing the lids to the body of the packagings. In an effort to reduce operator time to open and close the packages during onsite transfers, thus reducing personnel exposure and costs, an evaluation was performed to analyze the effects of reducing the number of bolts required to secure the lid to the packaging body. The evaluation showed the reduction to one-third of the original number of bolts had no effect on the packagings capability to sustain vibratory loads, shipping loads, internal pressure loads, and the loads resulting from a 4-ft drop. However, the loads caused by the 4-ft drop are difficult to estimate and the study recommended each of the packages be dropped to show the actual effects on the package closure. Even with reduced bolting, the packagings were still required to meet the 49 CFR 178.350 performance criteria for Type A packaging. This paper discusses the effects and results of the drop testing of the three packagings.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2024

Experimental and modeling study of the effect of confinement on the thermal decomposition of organic materials

Simultaneous Thermal Analysis is widely used to study thermal decomposition of a variety of organic materials, and the choice of experimental conditions is very important to obtain reliable mass loss and heat flow curves. Here in this work we investigate the effect of confinement on the thermal decomposition of organic materials. As an example, we explore high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and one of its pyrolysis products, namely eicosane (C 20 H 42 ), through experiments and modeling in open crucibles and crucibles closed with a pierced lid. A new model is developed for evaporation and sublimation from open and pinhole thermal-analysis pans. It considers the kinetic resistance of evaporation at the liquid-vapor interface, inhibition of evaporation by buildup of vapor inside the pan, thermal expansion of vapor inside the pan, and diffusion of vapor from the pan. The model is validated using simultaneous heat-flow and mass-loss measurements of n-eicosane evaporation for various pinhole sizes, down to 50 µm. The importance of product evaporation inhibition for measuring polymer decomposition was demonstrated using HDPE. This study sheds light on the effect of confinement on the mass loss rate of organic materials.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2015

SESAME 7363: A new Li(6)D equation of state

A new Equation of State (EOS) for Lithium 6 Deuteride ( 6 LiD) was created, sesame 7363. This EOS was released to the user community under “eos-developmental” as sesame 97363. The construction of this new EOS is a modification of a previously released EOS, sesame 7360 1 . Sesame 7360 is too stiff (5-10% excess pressure) at high compressions and high temperatures (ρ = 4-110g/cm 3 , T = 30-10,000 eV) compared to orbital-free density-functional theory. Sesame 7363 is softer and gives a better representation of the physics over this range without compromising the agreement with the experimental and simulation data that sesame 7360 was based on.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

The lateral variation of P n velocity gradient under Eurasia

We report that mantle lid P wave velocity gradient, or P n velocity gradient, reflects the depth and lateral variations of thermal and rheological state of the uppermost mantle. Mapping the P n velocity gradient and its lateral variation helps us gain insight into the temperature, composition, and dynamics of the uppermost mantle. In addition, because P n velocity gradient has profound influence on P n propagation behavior, an accurate mapping of P n velocity gradient also improves the modeling and prediction of P n travel times and amplitudes. In this study, I used measured P n travel times to derive path-specific P n velocity gradients. I then inverted these velocity gradients for two-dimensional (2-D) P n velocity-gradient models for Eurasia based on the assumption that a path-specific Pn velocity gradient is the mean of laterally varying P n velocity gradients along the P n path. Result from a Monte Carlo simulation indicates that the assumption is appropriate. The 2-D velocity-gradient models show that most of Eurasia has positive velocity gradients. High velocity gradients exist mainly in tectonically active regions. Most tectonically stable regions show low and more uniform velocity gradients. In conclusion, strong velocity-gradient variations occur largely along convergent plate boundaries, particularly under overriding plates.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

Catalytic Activation of Esterases by PEGylation for Polyester Synthesis

Abstract In this work we explored PEGylation as an efficient strategy to improve esterase's catalytic performance. For this, we PEGylated three esterases, namely lipase from Candida antarctica B (CALB), lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TL) and cutinase from Fusarium solani pisi (CUT) and evaluated their catalytic performance by using the biosynthesis of poly(ethylene glutarate) as model reaction. After PEGylation with a 5 kDa aldehyde‐PEG, CALB and cutinase revealed an increase of activity against p ‐nitrophenyl butyrate hydrolysis (2‐fold of increase for CALB and 4‐fold of increase for cutinase). Unmodified and PEGylated lipase TL displayed however similar activity results. The polymerase activity of native and PEGylated esterases was also assessed. The data revealed a higher polymerase activity for the lipase TL and cutinase PEGylated forms (88 % conversion for PEG‐lipase TL and 34 % for PEG‐cutinase). Molecular dynamics were used to evaluate the effect of PEG on the geometry of the active site of enzymes with lid domain (TL and CALB). These studies corroborate the experimental data revealing a more open active site cavity for the PEGylated catalysts facilitating the catalysis.

Noro, Jennifer↗
DOE OSTI2011

Crystal structure of a soluble form of human monoglyceride lipase in complex with an inhibitor at 1.35 Å resolution

A high-resolution structure of a ligand-bound, soluble form of human monoglyceride lipase (MGL) is presented. The structure highlights a novel conformation of the regulatory lid-domain present in the lipase family as well as the binding mode of a pharmaceutically relevant reversible inhibitor. Analysis of the structure lacking the inhibitor indicates that the closed conformation can accommodate the native substrate 2-arachidonoyl glycerol. A model is proposed in which MGL undergoes conformational and electrostatic changes during the catalytic cycle ultimately resulting in its dissociation from the membrane upon completion of the cycle. In addition, the study outlines a successful approach to transform membrane associated proteins, which tend to aggregate upon purification, into a monomeric and soluble form.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

Effects of Different Variants of Plasma Nitriding on the Properties of the Nitrided Layer

Several process variants of plasma nitriding can be distinguished depending on the location of the voltage introduction. The aim of this study is to compare three different variants of plasma nitriding (DC plasma nitriding, active screen plasma nitriding, and active screening process with bias voltage application) extended by the study of the coverage of active screen on C45E unalloyed steel, using two different N{sub 2}-H{sub 2} gas mixtures. The thickness of the compound layer was measured using a scanning electron microscope, the phase analysis was performed by an x-ray diffractometer, and the nitrogen contents were analyzed by glow discharge optical electron spectroscopy. The results showed that the layer thickness and the surface hardness were higher by using active screen-biased plasma nitriding with high N{sub 2} content gas mixture. Besides, the lid of the active screen did not influence significantly the chemical composition of the compound layer.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2010

Structural characterization of Burkholderia pseudomallei adenylate kinase (Adk): Profound asymmetry in the crystal structure of the 'open' state

In all organisms adenylate kinases (Adks) play a vital role in cellular energy metabolism and nucleic acid synthesis. Due to differences in catalytic properties between the Adks found in prokaryotes and in the cytoplasm of eukaryotes, there is interest in targeting this enzyme for new drug therapies against infectious bacterial agents. Here we report the 2.1 {angstrom} resolution crystal structure for the 220-residue Adk from Burkholderia pseudomallei (BpAdk), the etiological agent responsible for the infectious disease melioidosis. The general structure of apo BpAdk is similar to other Adk structures, composed of a CORE subdomain with peripheral ATP-binding (ATP{sub bd}) and LID subdomains. The two molecules in the asymmetric unit have significantly different conformations, with a backbone RMSD of 1.46 {angstrom}. These two BpAdk conformations may represent 'open' Adk sub-states along the preferential pathway to the 'closed' substrate-bound state.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2013

Localization of the regulatory particle subunit Sem1 in the 26S proteasome

Highlights: •26S proteasome subunit Sem1 was mapped using cryo-EM and cross-linking data. •C-terminal helix of Sem1 located near winged helix motif of Rpn7. •N-terminal part of Sem1 tethers Rpn7, Rpn3 and lid helical bundle. •Sem1 binds differently to PCI-domains of proteasome subunit Rpn7 and TREX-2 subunit Thp1. -- Abstract: The ubiquitin–proteasome system is responsible for regulated protein degradation in the cell with the 26S proteasome acting as its executive arm. The molecular architecture of this 2.5 MDa complex has been established recently, with the notable exception of the small acidic subunit Sem1. Here, we localize the C-terminal helix of Sem1 binding to the PCI domain of the subunit Rpn7 using cryo-electron microscopy single particle reconstruction of proteasomes purified from yeast cells with sem1 deletion. The approximate position of the N-terminal region of Sem1 bridging the cleft between Rpn7 and Rpn3 was inferred based on site-specific cross-linking data of the 26S proteasome. Our structural studies indicate that Sem1 can assume different conformations in different contexts, which supports the idea that Sem1 functions as a molecular glue stabilizing the Rpn3/Rpn7 heterodimer.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2014

Electron microscopy and in vitro deneddylation reveal similar architectures and biochemistry of isolated human and Flag-mouse COP9 signalosome complexes

Highlights: • Deneddylation rates of human erythrocyte and mouse fibroblast CSN are very similar. • 3D models of native human and mouse CSN reveal common architectures. • The cryo-structure of native mammalian CSN shows a horseshoe subunit arrangement. - Abstract: The COP9 signalosome (CSN) is a regulator of the ubiquitin (Ub) proteasome system (UPS). In the UPS, proteins are Ub-labeled for degradation by Ub ligases conferring substrate specificity. The CSN controls a large family of Ub ligases called cullin-RING ligases (CRLs), which ubiquitinate cell cycle regulators, transcription factors and DNA damage response proteins. The CSN possesses structural similarities with the 26S proteasome Lid complex and the translation initiation complex 3 (eIF3) indicating similar ancestry and function. Initial structures were obtained 14 years ago by 2D electron microscopy (EM). Recently, first 3D molecular models of the CSN were created on the basis of negative-stain EM and single-particle analysis, mostly with recombinant complexes. Here, we compare deneddylating activity and structural features of CSN complexes purified in an elaborate procedure from human erythrocytes and efficiently pulled down from mouse Flag-CSN2 B8 fibroblasts. In an in vitro deneddylation assay both the human and the mouse CSN complexes deneddylated Nedd8-Cul1 with comparable rates. 3D structural models of the erythrocyte CSN as well as of the mouse Flag-CSN were generated by negative stain EM and by cryo-EM. Both complexes show a central U-shaped segment from which several arms emanate. This structure, called the horseshoe, is formed by the PCI domain subunits. CSN5 and CSN6 point away from the horseshoe. Compared to 3D models of negatively stained CSN complexes, densities assigned to CSN2 and CSN4 are better defined in the cryo-map. Because biochemical and structural results obtained with CSN complexes isolated from human erythrocytes and purified by Flag-CSN pulldown from mouse B8 fibroblasts are very similar, Flag-CSN pulldowns are a proper alternative to CSN preparation from erythrocytes.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2017

Human tear-production rate from closed-eye Schirmer-strip capillary dynamics

A Schirmer tear test (STT) is commonly used to gauge human tear production, especially when dry-eye symptoms present. In an STT, the rounded tip of a standardized paper strip is inserted into the lower fornix of the eye, and the wetted length extending out from the lower lid is recorded after 5 min of eye closure. Longer wetted lengths suggest higher tear production rates. To date, however, there is no methodology to transform STT transient wetting lengths into basal tear- production rates. We develop a physical model to elucidate wetting kinetics in a Schirmer strip. Tear evaporation from the exposed portion of the strip and gravity are accounted for. Careful consideration of the initial depletion of tear in the closed-eye tear prism reveals an initial fast increase in wetted length followed by slower growth. Excellent agreement of the proposed model is achieved with experimental observation. When evaporation is negligible, the slow-growth regime exhibits a linear increase of wetted length in time. The linear-length-growth time regime permits simple calculation of quantitative tear-production rates. In this paper, we suggest measuring several dynamic wetting lengths along a sheathed Schirmer strip and near the 5-min insertion duration followed by fitting to a straight line. The slope of the length-versus-time data gives the basal lacrimal-supply rate.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Multirate partitioned Runge–Kutta methods for coupled Navier–Stokes equations

Earth system models are complex integrated models of atmosphere, ocean, sea ice, and land surface. Coupling the components can be a significant challenge due to the difference in physics, temporal, and spatial scales. Further, this study explores multirate partitioned Runge-Kutta methods for the fluid-fluid interaction problem and demonstrates its parallel performance by using the PETSc library. We consider compressible Navier-Stokes equations with gravity coupled through a rigid-lid interface. Our large-scale numerical experiments reveal that multirate partitioned Runge-Kutta coupling schemes (1) can conserve total mass; (2) have second-order accuracy in time; and (3) provide favorable strong- and weak-scaling performance on modern computing architectures. We also show that the speedup factors of multirate partitioned Runge-Kutta methods match theoretical expectations over their base (single-rate) method.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2010

Experimental measurement of flow past cavities of different shapes

Experiments are carried out in order to investigate the flow structure past a rectangular, triangular and semi-circular cavity of length-to-depth ratio of 2:1 using the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique. The experiments are performed in a large scale water channel with three different upstream velocities resulting in Reynolds numbers of 1230, 1460 and 1700, based on inflow momentum thickness, for each cavity type. Contours of constant averaged streamwise and transverse components of velocity, contours of constant averaged vorticity, Reynolds stress and streamline plots for each cavity type for the aforementioned three Reynolds numbers are presented. In addition, streamwise velocity, Reynolds stress and turbulence intensity values are compared for all cavity types. Effect of cavity shape on flow structure within the cavity is discussed in detail. Moreover, spectrum of instantaneous streamwise velocity fluctuations in shear layer near the downstream of the leading corner and the upstream of the trailing corner of the cavities are obtained and it was found that no organized oscillations are present in the flow; rectangular and triangular cavities have the largest amplitudes while semi-circular cavity has the smallest. Calculated turbulence intensities also reveal that the maximum turbulence intensities occur at cavity lid in the centerline section and rectangular and triangular cavities have larger turbulence intensity compared to semi-circular cavity. (author)

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2012

Odor Mortis

This study, the third of a series on the odor signature of human decomposition, reports on the intermittent nature of chemical evolution from decomposing human remains, and focuses primarily on headspace analysis from soil associated with older human remains (10-60+ years) from different environments around the globe. Fifty grams of soil were collected in 40mL glass vials with polypropylene sealed lids from soil above known or suspected graves and from subsurface chemical plumes associated with human decompositional events. One hundred eighty six separate samples were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). After comparison to relevant soil controls, approximately fifty volatile chemical compounds were identified as being associated with human remains. This manuscript reports these findings and identifies when and where they are most likely to be detected showing an overall decrease in cyclic and halogenated compounds and an increase in aldehydes and alkanes as time progresses. This research identifies the 'odor signatures' unique to the decomposition of human remains with projected ramifications on cadaver dog training procedures and in the development of field portable analytical instruments which can be used to locate human remains in shallow burial sites.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2012

Electron Irradiation of Conjunctival Lymphoma-Monte Carlo Simulation of the Minute Dose Distribution and Technique Optimization

Purpose: External beam radiotherapy is the only conservative curative approach for Stage I non-Hodgkin lymphomas of the conjunctiva. The target volume is geometrically complex because it includes the eyeball and lid conjunctiva. Furthermore, the target volume is adjacent to radiosensitive structures, including the lens, lacrimal glands, cornea, retina, and papilla. The radiotherapy planning and optimization requires accurate calculation of the dose in these anatomical structures that are much smaller than the structures traditionally considered in radiotherapy. Neither conventional treatment planning systems nor dosimetric measurements can reliably determine the dose distribution in these small irradiated volumes. Methods and Materials: The Monte Carlo simulations of a Varian Clinac 2100 C/D and human eye were performed using the PENELOPE and PENEASYLINAC codes. Dose distributions and dose volume histograms were calculated for the bulbar conjunctiva, cornea, lens, retina, papilla, lacrimal gland, and anterior and posterior hemispheres. Results: The simulated results allow choosing the most adequate treatment setup configuration, which is an electron beam energy of 6 MeV with additional bolus and collimation by a cerrobend block with a central cylindrical hole of 3.0 cm diameter and central cylindrical rod of 1.0 cm diameter. Conclusions: Monte Carlo simulation is a useful method to calculate the minute dose distribution in ocular tissue and to optimize the electron irradiation technique in highly critical structures. Using a voxelized eye phantom based on patient computed tomography images, the dose distribution can be estimated with a standard statistical uncertainty of less than 2.4% in 3 min using a computing cluster with 30 cores, which makes this planning technique clinically relevant.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗