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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 271 records · Page 15
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1995

Effects of temperature, frequency, flux density, and excitation waveform on the core loss and dynamic B-H loops of supermalloy

The availability of experimental data which characterize the performance of soft magnetic materials for the combined conditions of temperature and frequency over a wide flux density range for different types of excitation is almost nonexistent. An experimental investigation of an 80-20 Ni-Fe alloy (Supermalloy) was conducted over the temperature (T) range of 23 to 300 C, frequency (f) range of 1 to 50 kHz, and maximum flux densities (B(sub M)) from 0.1 T up to 0.7 T for both sine and square wave voltage excitation. The investigation focused on the effects of (B(sub M)), f, T, and excitation waveform on the specific core loss (SCL) and dynamic B-H loops. The results show that the ratio (R) of sine to square wave excitation specific core loss was always greater than unity for a given f and T and identical values of B(sub M). The values of R ranged from 1.07 to 1.34. The classical theory of core loss separation into a hysteresis and eddy current loss component was used to theoretically determine the lower and upper bounds on R, against which the experimental R-values were compared. The experimental R-values were also used to make a comparison of the core loss of a sine and square wave voltage driven transformer.

Schwarze, Gene E.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Interaction of ring current and radiation belt protons with ducted plasmaspheric hiss. 1: Diffusion coefficients and timescales

Protons that are convected into the inner magnetosphere in response to enhanced magnetic activity can resonate with ducted plasmaspheric hiss in the outer plasmasphere via an anomalous Doppler-shifted cyclotron resonance. Plasmaspheric hiss is a right-hand-polarized electromagnetic emission that is observed to fill the plasmasphere on a routine basis. When plasmaspheric hiss is confined within field-aligned ducts or guided along density gradients, wave normal angles remain largely below 45 deg. This allows resonant interactions with ions at typical ring current and radiation belt energies to take place. Such field-aligned ducts have been observed both within the plasmasphere and in regions outside of the plasmasphere. Wave intensities are estimated using statistical information from studies of detached plasma regions. Diffusion coefficients are presented for a range of L shells and proton energies for a fixed wave distribution. Harmonic resonances in the range N = +/-100 are considered in order to include interactions between hiss at 100 Hz to 2 kHz frequencies, and protons in the energy range between approximately 10 keV and 1000 keV. Diffusion timescales are estimated to be of the order of tens of days and comparable to or shorter than lifetimes for Coulomb decay and charge exchange losses over most of the energy and spatial ranges of interest.

Kozyra, J. U.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Room‐Temperature Mid‐Infrared Detection Using Metasurface‐Absorber‐Integrated Phononic Crystal Oscillator

Mid-infrared (MIR) detectors find extensive applications in chemical sensing, spectroscopy, communications, biomedical diagnosis, and space exploration. Alternative to semiconductor MIR photodiodes and bolometers, mechanical-resonator-based MIR detectors show advantages in higher sensitivity and lower noise at room temperature, especially toward longer wavelength infrared. Here, uncooled room-temperature MIR detectors based on lithium niobate surface acoustic wave phononic crystal (PnC) resonators integrated with wavelength-and-polarization-selective metasurface absorber arrays are demonstrated. The detection is based on the resonant frequency shift induced by the local temperature change due to MIR absorptions. The PnC resonator is configured in an oscillating mode, enabling active readout and low-frequency noise. The 1-GHz oscillator-based MIR detector shows a relative frequency deviation of 5.24 × 10 −10 Hz −1/2 at an integration time of 50 µs, leading to an incident noise equivalent power of 197 pW Hz −1/2 when input 6-µm MIR light is modulated at 1.8 kHz, and a large dynamic range of 10 7 in incident MIR power. The device architecture is compatible with the scalable manufacturing process and can be readily extended to a broader spectral range by tailoring the absorbing wavelengths of metasurface absorbers.

Xi, Zichen [Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State U↗
DOE OSTI2022

Observation of a reduced-turbulence regime with boron powder injection in a stellarator

Abstract In state-of-the-art stellarators, turbulence is a major cause of the degradation of plasma confinement. To maximize confinement, which eventually determines the amount of nuclear fusion reactions, turbulent transport needs to be reduced. Here we report the observation of a confinement regime in a stellarator plasma that is characterized by increased confinement and reduced turbulent fluctuations. The transition to this regime is driven by the injection of submillimetric boron powder grains into the plasma. With the line-averaged electron density being kept constant, we observe a substantial increase of stored energy and electron and ion temperatures. At the same time, the amplitude of the plasma turbulent fluctuations is halved. While lower frequency fluctuations are damped, higher frequency modes in the range between 100 and 200 kHz are excited. We have observed this regime for different heating schemes, namely with both electron and ion cyclotron resonant radio frequencies and neutral beams, for both directions of the magnetic field and both hydrogen and deuterium plasmas.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Magnetic and dielectric property control in the multivalent nanoscale perovskite Eu 0.5 Ba 0.5 TiO 3

We report nanoscale Eu 0.5 Ba 0.5 TiO 3 , a multiferroic in the bulk and candidate in the search to quantify the electric dipole moment of the electron. Eu 0.5 Ba 0.5 TiO 3 , in the form of nanoparticles and other nanostructures is interesting for nanocomposite integration, biomedical imaging and fundamental research, based upon the prospect of polarizability, f-orbital magnetism and tunable optical/radio luminescence. We developed a [non-hydrolytic]sol–[H 2 O-activated]gel route, derived from in-house metallic Ba (s) /Eu (s) alkoxide precursors and Ti{(OCH(CH 3 ) 2 } 4 . Two distinct nanoscale compounds of Ba:Ti:Eu with the parent perovskite crystal structure were produced, with variable dielectric, magnetic and optical properties, based on altering the oxidizing/reducing conditions. Eu 0.5 Ba 0.5 TiO 3 prepared under air/O 2 atmospheres produced a spherical core–shell nanostructure (30–35 nm), with perovskite Eu 0.5 Ba 0.5 TiO 3 nanocrystal core-insulating oxide shell layer (~3 nm), presumed a pre-pyrochlore layer abundant with Eu 3+ . Fluorescence spectroscopy shows a high intensity 5 D 0 → 7 F 2 transition at 622 nm and strong red fluorescence. The core/shell structure demonstrated excellent capacitive properties: assembly into dielectric thin films gave low conductivity (2133 GΩ mm -1 ) and an extremely stable, low loss permittivity of ε eff ~25 over a wide frequency range (tan δ < 0.01, 100 kHz–2 MHz). Eu 0.5 Ba 0.5 TiO 3 prepared under H 2 /argon produced more irregular shaped nanocrystals (20–25) nm, with a thin film permittivity around 4 times greater ( ε eff 101, tan δ < 0.05, 10 kHz–2 MHz, σ ~59.54 kΩ mm -1 ). Field-cooled magnetization values of 0.025 emu g -1 for EBTO-Air and 0.84 emu g -1 for EBTO-Argon were observed. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis reveals a complex interplay of Eu II/III /Ti III/IV configurations which contribute to the observed ferroic and fluorescence behavior.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Results from the Alfvén Eigenmode Active Diagnostic during the 2019-2020 JET deuterium campaign

This paper presents results of extensive analysis of mode excitation observed during the operation of the Alfvén Eigenmode Active Diagnostic (AEAD) in the JET tokamak during the 2019-2020 deuterium campaign. Here, six of eight toroidally spaced antennas, each with independent power and phasing, were successful in actively exciting stable MHD modes in 479 plasmas. In total, magnetic resonances were detected with up to fourteen fast magnetic probes. In this work, we present the calculations of resonant frequencies $f_0$, damping rates γ < 0, and toroidal mode numbers $\textit{n}$, spanning the parameter ranges $f_0$ ≈ 30–250 kHz, –γ ≈ 0–13 kHz, and $\vert n \vert \leq {30}$. In general, good agreement is seen between the resonant and the calculated toroidal Alfvén Eigenmode frequencies, and between the toroidal mode numbers applied by the AEAD and estimated of the excited resonances. We note several trends in the database: the probability of resonance detection decreases with plasma current and external heating power; the normalized damping rate increases with edge safety factor but decreases with external heating. These results provide key information to prepare future experimental campaigns and to better understand the physics of excitation and damping of Alfvén Eigenmodes in the presence of alpha particles during the upcoming DT campaign, thereby extrapolating with confidence to future tokamaks.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Gyrokinetic simulations of electrostatic microturbulence in ADITYA-U tokamak

Global gyrokinetic simulations of the electrostatic microturbulence driven by the pressure gradients of thermal ions and electrons are carried out for the ADITYA-U tokamak geometry using its experimental plasma profiles and with collisional effects. The dominant instability is trapped electron mode (TEM) based on the linear eigenmode structure and its propagation in the electron diamagnetic direction. Collisional effects suppress turbulence and transport to a certain extent. Zonal flow is not playing a critical role in the TEM saturation, which is dominated by the inverse cascade. The frequency spectrum of the electrostatic fluctuations is in broad agreement with the experimentally recorded spectrum in the ADITYA-U, with a bandwidth ranging from ~0 to 50 kHz.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Electromagnetic response of disordered superconducting cavities

We present the results for the resonant frequency shift and quality factor of disordered niobium (Nb) superconducting radio-frequency cavities driven out of equilibrium by the resonant microwave field. The theory is based on the non-equilibrium theory of superconductivity for the current response to the electromagnetic field at the vacuum–metal interface. We are able to accurately predict the observed frequency shifts with a precision of order fractions of kHz over the full temperature range 0 < T ≤ T c , including the negative frequency shift anomalies that are observed very near T c . The origin of these anomalies is shown to be the competition between the normal metal skin depth and the London penetration depth, which diverges as T→T c ⁻. An analytical approximation to the full current response, valid for |T-Tc| $\ll$ Tc, accounts for the negative frequency shift near T c . The non-monotonic dependence of the quality factor on the quasiparticle scattering rate is related to the pair-breaking effect of disorder on the superfluid fraction and, thus, the London penetration depth.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2022

Development of A Multi-Spectral Pyrometry Sensor for High-Speed Transient Surface-Temperature Measurements in Combustion-Relevant Harsh Environments

Accurate and high-speed transient surface-temperature measurements of combustion devices including internal combustion (IC) engines, gas turbines, etc., provide validation targets and boundary conditions for computational fluid dynamics models, and are broadly relevant to technology advancements such as performance improvement and emissions reduction. Development and demonstration of a multi-infrared-channel pyrometry-based optical instrument for high-speed surface-temperature measurement is described. The measurement principle is based on multi-spectral radiation thermometry (MRT) and uses surface thermal radiation at four discrete spectral regions and a corresponding emissivity model to obtain surface temperature via non-linear least squares (NLLS) optimization. Rules of thumb for specifying the spectral regions and considerations to avoid interference with common combustion products are developed; the impact of these along with linear and non-linear MRT analysis are assessed as a function of temperature and signal-to-noise ratio. A multi-start method to determine the MRT-solution global optimum is described and demonstrated. The resulting multi-channel transient pyrometry instrument is described along with practical considerations including optical-alignment drift, matching intra-channel transient response, and solution-confidence indicators. The instrument demonstrated excellent >97% accuracy and >99% 2-sigma precision over the 400–800 °C range, with ~20 µs (50 kHz, equivalent to 0.2 cad at 2000 RPM IC-engine operation) transient response in the bench validation.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
NASA NTRS1971

Experimental study of spectral index, mode coupling, and energy cascading in a turbulent, hot-ion plasma.

Experiments are described in which the spectrum of electrostatic potential fluctuations was measured with a capacitive probe in a steady state turbulent plasma confined in a magnetic mirror geometry. The plasma electron concentration ranged between 5 x 10 to the seventh power and 5 x 10 to the eighth power, the electron temperature ranged between 8 and 38 eV, the ion temperature between 350 and 960 eV, and the maximum-magnetic field was 1.0 T. When oscillation peaks were absent, the amplitude spectrum of electrostatic potential fluctuations was found to have a power law dependence on the frequency. The value of the spectral index was influenced by the probe position in the field, and at a certain position, by the plasma characteristics. The spectral index was generally below the value of 2.5 predicted by turbulence theories formulated in k space. The effects on the amplitude spectrum of a sinusoidal external modulation of the anode voltage were assessed over the range between 0 and 100 kHz. The spectra exhibited several mode coupling phenomena, including enhanced harmonics of the externally imposed frequency, and sideband modulation of plasma generated oscillation peaks.

Roth, J. R.↗
NASA NTRS1973

A potential means of using acoustic emission for crack detection under cyclic-load conditions.

A preliminary investigation was conducted to assess the feasibility of monitoring acoustic emission signals from fatigue cracks during cyclic bend tests. Plate specimens of 6Al-4V titanium, 2219-T87 aluminum, and 18-Ni maraging steel were tested with and without crack starter notches. It was found that significant acoustic emission signals could be detected in the frequency range from 100 to 400 kHz. Cracks emanating from starter notches were monitored by the ultrasonic pulse-echo technique and periodically measured by micro-optical examination. The investigation indicated that it was possible to extract meaningful acoustic emission signals in a cyclic bend machine environment.

Vary, A.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Laboratory ultrasonic generator

The characteristics of an ultrasonic generator with magnetostrictive amplifiers are described. The generator was designed to supply an output power of about 400 watts at a consumption of about 1 kilowatt. The generator produces sound waves in the frequency range of 18 to 30 KHz. The circuit design is described and examples of the construction are illustrated. The generator is used to study different industrial processes such as the effect of ultrasonic radiation of the emulsification of liquids, the dispersion of solids, and ultrasonic filtration.

Tudose, C.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Task 60 test report, evaluation of IRIG-A 21 channel constant bandwith FM multiplexer for shuttle development flight instrumentation

A frequency modulated (FM) multiplexer, consisting of 21 IRIG-A constant bandwidth (CBW) voltage-controlled oscillators (VCO's) was tested to determine its suitability for use in multiplexing 21 data signals which have frequency ranges of dc to 2 kHz. Tests were preformed with the composite signal, consisting of the mixed outputs of the 21 VCO's connected directly to a set of subcarrier discriminators, with the signal recorded on magnetic tape and played back through the discriminators and with the signal transmitted by a frequency-modulated FM S-band radio frequency RF transmitter to a FM receiver and through the subcarrier discriminators. Tape speed flutter was induced to determine the reduction in flutter noise which can be obtained by the tape speed compensation equipment. The RF transmission test included transmitting the composite signal at a nominal RF received signal of -73 dbm and at RF levels of -83 and -86 dbm.

Haddick, C. M.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Fluid dynamic studies on scattering aerosol and its generation for application as tracer particles in supersonic flow measurements utilizing laser Doppler velocimeter

An experimental study on the particle-fluid interactions of scattering aerosols was performed using monodisperse aerosols of different particle sizes for the application of laser Doppler velocimeters in subsonic turbulence measurements. Particle response was measured by subjecting the particles to an acoustically excited oscillatory fluid velocity field and by comparing the ratio of particle velocity amplitude to the fluid velocity amplitude as a function of particle size and the frequency of oscillation. Particle velocity was measured by using a differential laser Doppler velocimeter. The test aerosols were fairly monodisperse with a mean diameter that could be controlled over the size range from 0.1 to 1.0 micron. Experimental results on the generation of a fairly monodisperse aerosol of solid particles and liquid droplets and on the aerosol response in the frequency range 100 Hz to 100 kHz are presented. It is indicated that a unit density spherical scatterer of 0.3 micron-diameter would be an optimum choice as tracer particles for subsonic air turbulence measurements.

Mazumder, M. K.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Ultra sound absorption measurements in rock samples at low temperatures

A new technique, comparable with the reverberation method in room acoustics, is described. It allows Q-measurements at rock samples of arbitrary shape in the frequency range of 50 to 600 kHz in vacuum (.1 mtorr) and at low temperatures (+20 to -180 C). The method was developed in particular to investigate rock samples under lunar conditions. Ultrasound absorption has been measured at volcanics, breccia, gabbros, feldspar and quartz of different grain size and texture yielding the following results: evacuation raises Q mainly through lowering the humidity in the rock. In a dry compact rock, the effect of evacuation is small. With decreasing temperature, Q generally increases. Between +20 and -30 C, Q does not change much. With further decrease of temperature in many cases distinct anomalies appear, where Q becomes frequency dependent.

Herminghaus, C.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Flow tracing fidelity of scattering aerosol in laser Doppler velocimetry

An experimental method for determinating the flow tracing fidelity of a scattering aerosol used in laser Doppler velocimeters was developed with particular reference to the subsonic turbulence measurements. The method employs the measurement of the dynamic response of a flow seeding aerosol excited by acoustic waves. The amplitude and frequency of excitation were controlled to simulate the corresponding values of fluid turbulence components. Experimental results are presented on the dynamic response of aerosols over the size range from 0.1 to 2.0 microns in diameter and over the frequency range 100 Hz to 100 kHz. It was observed that unit density spherical scatterers with diameters of 0.2 microns followed subsonic air turbulence frequency components up to 100 kHz with 98 percent fidelity.

Mazumder, M. K.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Scientific instrumentation of the Radio-Astronomy-Explorer-2 satellite

The RAE-2 spacecraft has been collecting radio astronomical measurements in the 25 kHz to 13 MHz frequency range from lunar orbit since June, 1973. A summary is given of the technical aspects of the program including the calibration, instrumentation and operation of the RAE-2 experiments. Performance of the experiments over the first 18 months of the flight is summarized and illustrated. Among the unique features of the RAE-2 is the capability to observe repeated lunar occultations of strong radio sources at very low frequencies.

Alexander, J. K.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Flow tracing fidelity of scattering aerosol in laser Doppler velocimetry

An experimental method for the determination of the flow-tracing fidelity of a scattering aerosol used in laser Doppler velocimeters was developed with particular reference to the subsonic turbulence measurements. The method employs the measurement of the dynamic response of a flow-seeding aerosol excited by acoustic waves. The amplitude and frequency of excitation were controlled in order to simulate the corresponding values of fluid turbulence components. Experimental results are presented on the dynamic response of aerosols over the size range from 0.1 to 2.0 microns in diam and over the frequency range 100 Hz to 100 kHz. It was observed that unit-density spherical scatterers with diameters of 0.2 micron followed subsonic air turbulence frequency components up to 100 kHz with 98% fidelity.

Mazumder, M. K.↗