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At least 271 records · Page 15

A DARK SPOT ON A MASSIVE WHITE DWARF

We present the serendipitous discovery of eclipse-like events around the massive white dwarf SDSS J152934.98+292801.9 (hereafter J1529+2928). We selected J1529+2928 for time-series photometry based on its spectroscopic temperature and surface gravity, which place it near the ZZ Ceti instability strip. Instead of pulsations, we detect photometric dips from this white dwarf every 38 minutes. Follow-up optical spectroscopy observations with Gemini reveal no significant radial velocity variations, ruling out stellar and brown dwarf companions. A disintegrating planet around this white dwarf cannot explain the observed light curves in different filters. Given the short period, the source of the photometric dips must be a dark spot that comes into view every 38 minutes due to the rotation of the white dwarf. Our optical spectroscopy does not show any evidence of Zeeman splitting of the Balmer lines, limiting the magnetic field strength to B < 70 kG. Since up to 15% of white dwarfs display kG magnetic fields, such eclipse-like events should be common around white dwarfs. We discuss the potential implications of this discovery on transient surveys targeting white dwarfs, like the K2 mission and the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Ferromagnetic ordering in CeIr 2 B 2 : Transport, magnetization, specific heat, and NMR studies

Here we present a complete characterization of the ferromagnetic system CeIr 2 B 2 using powder x-ray diffraction (XRD), magnetic susceptibility χ(T), isothermal magnetization M(H), specific heat C(T), electrical resistivity ρ(T,H), and thermoelectric power S(T) measurements. Furthermore, 11 B NMR study was performed to probe the magnetism on a microscopic scale. Rietveld refinement of powder XRD data confirms that CeIr 2 B 2 crystallizes in CaRh 2 B 2 -type orthorhombic structure (space group fddd). The χ(T), C(T), and ρ(T) data confirm bulk ferromagnetic ordering with T c =5.1 K. Ce ions in CeIr 2 B 2 are in a stable trivalent state. Our low-temperature C(T) data measured down to 0.4 K yield a Sommerfeld coefficient γ = 73(4) mJ/mol K2, which is much smaller than the previously reported value of γ = 180 mJ/mol K 2 deduced from the specific heat measurement down to 2.5 K. For LaIr 2 B 2 , γ = 6(1) mJ/mol K 2 , which implies the density of states at the Fermi level $\mathscr{D}$(E F )=2.54 states/(eV f.u.) for both spin directions. The renormalization factor for quasiparticle density of states and hence for quasiparticle mass due to 4f correlations in CeIr 2 B 2 is ≈12. The Kondo temperature TK~4 K is estimated from the jump in specific heat of CeIr 2 B 2 at T c . Both C(T) and ρ(T) data exhibit a gapped-magnon behavior in the magnetically ordered state with an energy gap E g ~3.5 K. The ρ data as a function of magnetic field H indicate a large negative magnetoresistance (MR) which is highest for T=5 K. While at 5 K the negative MR keeps on increasing up to 10 T, at 2 K an upturn is observed near H=3.5 T. On the other hand, the thermoelectric power data have small absolute values (S~7μV/K), indicating a weak Kondo interaction. A shoulder in S(T) at about 30 K, followed by a minimum at ~10 K, is attributed to crystal electric field effects and the onset of magnetic ordering. 11 B NMR line broadening provides strong evidence of ferromagnetic correlations below 40 K.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Chatbots can guide experimentalists to avoid many common mistakes in measuring fluorescence spectra

The concepts of fluorescence spectroscopy are well established, yet the experimental collection of a spectrum is susceptible to a range of errors. A recent study showed that chatbots – derived from substantial advances in artificial intelligence – can provide practical assistance to the experimentalist during collection of absorption spectra and thereby achieve improved quality. Fluorescence, while the complement of absorption, is prone to a far richer array of experimental errors encompassing environmental factors, instrumental settings, and experimentalist mistakes. Here, 10 chatbots (ChatGPT 5, Gemini 2.5 Pro, Microsoft Copilot, Meta AI Llama 4, Claude Sonnet 4.5, X.ai Grok 4, Perplexity Pro, DeepSeek V3.1, Z.ai GLM-4.6, and KIMI K2) have been evaluated for the suitability in providing quality-improvement advice to the experimentalist during acquisition of fluorescence spectra. Significant opportunities for practical assistance are noted, although intervention by a domain expert is often required. Here, if combined with image recognition and/or signal processing, chatbots embedded in instruments may enable real-time guidance during fluorescence data acquisition.

Artificial intelligence↗

SU-E-QI-03: Compartment Modeling of Dynamic Brain PET - The Effect of Scatter and Random Corrections On Parameter Errors

Purpose: To investigate the effects of corrections for random and scattered coincidences on kinetic parameters in brain tumors, by using ten Monte Carlo (MC) simulated dynamic FLT-PET brain scans. Methods: The GATE MC software was used to simulate ten repetitions of a 1 hour dynamic FLT-PET scan of a voxelized head phantom. The phantom comprised six normal head tissues, plus inserted regions for blood and tumor tissue. Different time-activity-curves (TACs) for all eight tissue types were used in the simulation and were generated in Matlab using a 2-tissue model with preset parameter values (K1,k2,k3,k4,Va,Ki). The PET data was reconstructed into 28 frames by both ordered-subset expectation maximization (OSEM) and 3D filtered back-projection (3DFBP). Five image sets were reconstructed, all with normalization and different additional corrections C (A=attenuation, R=random, S=scatter): Trues (AC), trues+randoms (ARC), trues+scatters (ASC), total counts (ARSC) and total counts (AC). Corrections for randoms and scatters were based on real random and scatter sinograms that were back-projected, blurred and then forward projected and scaled to match the real counts. Weighted non-linearleast- squares fitting of TACs from the blood and tumor regions was used to obtain parameter estimates. Results: The bias was not significantly different for trues (AC), trues+randoms (ARC), trues+scatters (ASC) and total counts (ARSC) for either 3DFBP or OSEM (p<0.05). Total counts with only AC stood out however, with an up to 160% larger bias. In general, there was no difference in bias found between 3DFBP and OSEM, except in parameter Va and Ki. Conclusion: According to our results, the methodology of correcting the PET data for randoms and scatters performed well for the dynamic images where frames have much lower counts compared to static images. Generally, no bias was introduced by the corrections and their importance was emphasized since omitting them increased bias extensively.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

SU-F-J-213: Feasibility Study of Using a Dual-Energy Cone Beam CT (DECBCT) in Proton Therapy Treatment Planning

Purpose: The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of using a dual-energy CBCT (DECBCT) in proton therapy treatment planning to allow for accurate electron density estimation. Methods: For direct comparison, two scenarios were selected: a dual-energy fan-beam CT (high: 140 kVp, low: 80 kVp) and a DECBCT (high: 125 kVp, low: 80 kVp). A Gammex 467 tissue characterization phantom was used, including the rods of air, water, bone (B2–30% mineral), cortical bone (SB3), lung (LN-300), brain, liver and adipose. For the CBCT, Hounsfield Unit (HU) numbers were first obtained from the reconstructed images after a calibration was made based on water (=0) and air materials (=−1000). For each tissue surrogate, region-of-interest (ROI) analyses were made to derive high-energy and low-energy HU values (HUhigh and HUlow), which were subsequently used to estimate electron density based on the algorithm as previously described by Hunemohr N., et al. Parameters k1 and k2 are energy dependent and can be derived from calibration materials. Results: While for the dual-energy FBCT, the electron density is found be within +/−3% error relative to the values provided by the phantom vendor: −1.8% (water), 0.03% (lung), 1.1% (brain), −2.82% (adipose), −0.49% (liver) and −1.89% (cortical bones). While for the DECBCT, the estimation of electron density exhibits a relatively larger variation: −1.76% (water), −36.7% (lung), −1.92% (brain), −3.43% (adipose), 8.1% (liver) and 9.5% (cortical bones). Conclusion: For DECBCT, the accuracy of electron density estimation is inferior to that of a FBCT, especially for materials of either low-density (lung) or high density (cortical bone) compared to water. Such limitation arises from inaccurate HU number derivation in a CBCT. Advanced scatter-correction and HU calibration routines, as well as the deployment of photon counting CT detectors need be investigated to minimize the difference between FBCT and CBCT.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

Accurate X-ray diffraction studies of KTiOPO{sub 4} single crystals doped with niobium

Single crystals of potassium titanyl phosphate doped with 4% of niobium (КТР:4%Nb) and 6% of niobium (KTP:6%Nb) are studied by accurate X-ray diffraction at room temperature. The niobium atoms are localized near the Ti1 and Ti2 atomic positions, and their positions are for the first time refined independent of the titanium atomic positions. Maps of difference electron density in the vicinity of K1 and K2 atomic positions are analyzed. It is found that in the structure of crystal КТР:4%Nb, additional positions of K atoms are located farther from the main positions and from each other than in КТРand KTP:6%Nb crystals. The nonuniform distribution of electron density found in the channels of the КТР:4%Nb structure is responsible for ~20% increase in the signal of second harmonic generation.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

TEAMER: Results of Investigating Structural Design Concepts and Alternative Materials for a Wave Power System

Included here are materials from a study on the design of a three-body Wave Energy Converter (WEC) utilizing a heave plate, dual Power Take Offs (PTOs), and single point mooring. A material trade study has been conducted to evaluate the effects of introducing various metallic and fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) elements to the design. The baseline design is C-Power's patented k2 Wave Power System (WPS). This Testing Expertise and Access for Marine Energy Research (TEAMER) Request for Technical Support (RFTS) 9 effort resulted in alternative designs of the WPS center member, the nacelle. The analysis resulting from this study will inform the design of a lightweight structure with lower manufacturing and operating costs that increases energy conversion and power-to-weight ratio of the device. The dataset contains several components: finite element analysis (FEA) data, hand calculations, and CAD models. FEA files includes those used for and generated by finite element simulations. Calculations include hand calculations performed using Microsoft Excel, which assess core laminate properties, buckling, and other structural aspects in accordance with risk management DNV-RP-C201 standards. CAD materials include Solidworks files for parts, assemblies, and drawings of the evaluated models.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗

Materials Data on K2RuCl6 by Materials Project

K2(RuCl6) crystallizes in the cubic Fm-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. K1+ is bonded to twelve equivalent Cl1- atoms to form KCl12 cuboctahedra that share corners with twelve equivalent KCl12 cuboctahedra, faces with six equivalent KCl12 cuboctahedra, and faces with four equivalent RuCl6 octahedra. All K–Cl bond lengths are 3.50 Å. Ru4+ is bonded to six equivalent Cl1- atoms to form RuCl6 octahedra that share faces with eight equivalent KCl12 cuboctahedra. All Ru–Cl bond lengths are 2.35 Å. Cl1- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to four equivalent K1+ and one Ru4+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on K2V2P4O15 by Materials Project

K2(VO)2P4O13 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pbca space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent K1+ sites. In the first K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 11-coordinate geometry to eleven O2- atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.78–3.39 Å. In the second K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine O2- atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.72–3.40 Å. There are two inequivalent V4+ sites. In the first V4+ site, V4+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted VO6 octahedra that share corners with five PO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of V–O bond distances ranging from 1.65–2.26 Å. In the second V4+ site, V4+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of V–O bond distances ranging from 1.63–2.33 Å. There are four inequivalent P5+ sites. In the first P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share a cornercorner with one VO6 octahedra and corners with two PO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 47°. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.49–1.60 Å. In the second P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three equivalent VO6 octahedra and a cornercorner with one PO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 40–44°. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.51–1.65 Å. In the third P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form corner-sharing PO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.50–1.60 Å. In the fourth P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share a cornercorner with one VO6 octahedra and a cornercorner with one PO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 47°. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.52–1.65 Å. There are fifteen inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one K1+ and two P5+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two K1+, one V4+, and one P5+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two K1+, one V4+, and one P5+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one K1+, one V4+, and one P5+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one K1+, one V4+, and one P5+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three K1+ and one V4+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two equivalent K1+, one V4+, and one P5+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two P5+ atoms. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one K1+, one V4+, and one P5+ atom. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent K1+, one V4+, and one P5+ atom. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one V4+ and one P5+ atom. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two K1+, one V4+, and one P5+ atom. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one K1+ and one V4+ atom. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two K1+, one V4+, and one P5+ atom. In the fifteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two P5+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on K2U2MoO10 by Materials Project

K2(UO2)2(MoO4)O2 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent K1+ sites. In the first K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.78–2.95 Å. In the second K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven O2- atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.75–3.19 Å. There are two inequivalent U6+ sites. In the first U6+ site, U6+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of U–O bond distances ranging from 1.85–2.42 Å. In the second U6+ site, U6+ is bonded to seven O2- atoms to form distorted UO7 pentagonal bipyramids that share corners with two equivalent MoO4 tetrahedra and an edgeedge with one UO7 pentagonal bipyramid. There are a spread of U–O bond distances ranging from 1.84–2.62 Å. Mo6+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form MoO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two equivalent UO7 pentagonal bipyramids. There are a spread of Mo–O bond distances ranging from 1.77–1.83 Å. There are ten inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three K1+ and one Mo6+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three U6+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one K1+, one U6+, and one Mo6+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one K1+ and three U6+ atoms. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two equivalent K1+ and one U6+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one U6+ and one Mo6+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two equivalent K1+ and one U6+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two equivalent K1+ and one U6+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two equivalent K1+ and one U6+ atom. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one U6+ and one Mo6+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on K2TiHF7 by Materials Project

K2(HF)TiF6 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent K1+ sites. In the first K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to eleven F1- atoms. There are a spread of K–F bond distances ranging from 2.82–3.09 Å. In the second K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven F1- atoms. There are a spread of K–F bond distances ranging from 2.64–3.02 Å. Ti4+ is bonded in an octahedral geometry to six F1- atoms. There are a spread of Ti–F bond distances ranging from 1.87–1.92 Å. H1+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two F1- atoms. There is one shorter (0.98 Å) and one longer (1.53 Å) H–F bond length. There are five inequivalent F1- sites. In the first F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one K1+ and one H1+ atom. In the second F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one K1+, one Ti4+, and one H1+ atom. In the third F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three K1+ and one Ti4+ atom. In the fourth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to four K1+ and one Ti4+ atom. In the fifth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three K1+ and one Ti4+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

X-ray absorption spectroscopy study of Mn reference compounds for Mn speciation in terrestrial surface environments

Abstract X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) offers great potential to identify and quantify Mn species in surface environments by means of linear combination fit (LCF), fingerprint, and shell-fit analyses of bulk Mn XAS spectra. However, these approaches are complicated by the lack of a comprehensive and accessible spectrum library. Additionally, molecular-level information on Mn coordination in some potentially important Mn species occurring in soils and sediments is missing. Therefore, we investigated a suite of 32 natural and synthetic Mn reference compounds, including Mn oxide, oxyhydroxide, carbonate, phosphate, and silicate minerals, as well as organic and adsorbed Mn species, by Mn K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. The ability of XAS to infer the average oxidation state (AOS) of Mn was assessed by comparing XANES-derived AOS with the AOS obtained from redox titrations. All reference compounds were studied for their local (<5 Å) Mn coordination environment using EXAFS shell-fit analysis. Statistical analyses were employed to clarify how well and to what extent individual Mn species (groups) can be distinguished by XAS based on spectral uniqueness. Our results show that LCF analysis of normalized XANES spectra can reliably quantify the Mn AOS within ~0.1 v.u. in the range +2 to +4. These spectra are diagnostic for most Mn species investigated, but unsuitable to identify and quantify members of the manganate and Mn(III)-oxyhydroxide groups. First-derivative XANES fingerprinting allows the unique identification of pyrolusite, ramsdellite, and potentially lithiophorite within the manganate group. However, XANES spectra of individual Mn compounds can vary significantly depending on chemical composition and/or crystallinity, which limits the accuracy of XANES-based speciation analyses. In contrast, EXAFS spectra provide a much better discriminatory power to identify and quantify Mn species. Principal component and cluster analyses of k2-weighted EXAFS spectra of Mn reference compounds implied that EXAFS LCF analysis of environmental samples can identify and quantify at least the following primary Mn species groups: (1) Phyllo- and tectomanganates with large tunnel sizes (2 × 2 and larger; hollandite sensu stricto, romanèchite, todorokite); (2) tectomanganates with small tunnel sizes (2 × 2 and smaller; cryptomelane, pyrolusite, ramsdellite); (3) Mn(III)-dominated species (nesosilicates, oxyhydroxides, organic compounds, spinels); (4) Mn(II) species (carbonate, phosphate, and phyllosilicate minerals, adsorbed and organic species); and (5) manganosite. All Mn compounds, except for members of the manganate group (excluding pyrolusite) and adsorbed Mn(II) species, exhibit unique EXAFS spectra that would allow their identification and quantification in mixtures. Therefore, our results highlight the potential of Mn K-edge EXAFS spectroscopy to assess bulk Mn speciation in soils and sediments. A complete XAS-based speciation analysis of bulk Mn in environmental samples should preferably include the determination of Mn valences following the “Combo” method of Manceau et al. (2012), EXAFS LCF analyses based on principal component and target transformation results, as well as EXAFS shell-fit analyses for the validation of LCF results. For this purpose, all 32 XAS reference spectra are provided in the Online Materials1 for further use by the scientific community.

Geochemistry & Geophysics↗

Plasma Science and Innovation Center at Washington, Wisconsin, and Utah State: Final Scientific Report for the University of Wisconsin-Madison

The University of Wisconsin-Madison component of the Plasma Science and Innovation Center (PSI Center) contributed to modeling capabilities and algorithmic efficiency of the Non-Ideal Magnetohydrodynamics with Rotation (NIMROD) Code, which is widely used to model macroscopic dynamics of magnetically confined plasma. It also contributed to the understanding of direct-current (DC) injection of electrical current for initiating and sustaining plasma in three spherical torus experiments: the Helicity Injected Torus-II (HIT-II), the Pegasus Toroidal Experiment, and the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX). The effort was funded through the PSI Center's cooperative agreement with the University of Washington and Utah State University over the period of March 1, 2005 - August 31, 2016. In addition to the computational and physics accomplishments, the Wisconsin effort contributed to the professional education of four graduate students and two postdoctoral research associates. The modeling for HIT-II and Pegasus was directly supported by the cooperative agreement, and contributions to the NSTX modeling were in support of work by Dr. Bickford Hooper, who was funded through a separate grant. Our primary contribution to model development is the implementation of detailed closure relations for collisional plasma. Postdoctoral associate Adam Bayliss implemented the temperature-dependent effects of Braginskii's parallel collisional ion viscosity. As a graduate student, John O'Bryan added runtime options for Braginskii's models and Ji's K2 models of thermal conduction with magnetization effects and thermal equilibration. As a postdoctoral associate, O'Bryan added the magnetization effects for ion viscosity. Another area of model development completed through the PSI-Center is the implementation of Chodura's phenomenological resistivity model. Finally, we investigated and tested linear electron parallel viscosity, leveraged by support from the Center for Extended Magnetohydrodynamic Modeling (CEMM). Work on algorithmic efficiency improved NIMROD's element-based computations. We reordered arrays and eliminated a level of looping for computations over the data points that are used for numerical integration over elements. Moreover, the reordering allows fewer and larger communication calls when using distributed-memory parallel computation, thereby avoiding a data starvation problem that limited parallel scaling over NIMROD's Fourier components for the periodic coordinate. Together with improved parallel preconditioning, work that was supported by CEMM, these developments allowed NIMROD's first scaling to over 10,000 processor cores. Another algorithm improvement supported by the PSI Center is nonlinear numerical diffusivities for implicit advection. We also developed the Stitch code to enhance the flexibility of NIMROD's preprocessing. Our simulations of HIT-II considered conditions with and without fluctuation-induced amplification of poloidal flux, but our validation efforts focused on conditions without amplification. A significant finding is that NIMROD reproduces the dependence of net plasma current as the imposed poloidal flux is varied. The modeling of Pegasus startup from localized DC injectors predicted that development of a tokamak-like configuration occurs through a sequence of current-filament merger events. Comparison of experimentally measured and numerically computed cross-power spectra enhance confidence in NIMROD's simulation of magnetic fluctuations; however, energy confinement remains an open area for further research. Our contributions to the NSTX study include adaptation of the helicity-injection boundary conditions from the HIT-II simulations and support for linear analysis and computation of 3D current-driven instabilities.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Study of the Protection Improvements for a Weak Grid Area With High Inverter-Based Resources (IBRs)

This project designs enhanced protection scheme for the real-world weak grid area with a high penetration of IBRs. As the existing protection schemes are originally designed for traditional synchronous machines, we first evaluate if the protection scheme will continue to operate reliably in systems with high levels of IBRs. Hardware relays are tested using a controller-hardware-in-the-loop setup. PSCAD electromagnetic transient simulation with IBR original equipment manufacturer black-box models is used to perform fault studies and generate COMTRADE data, which are replayed by a real-time digital simulator (RTDS) to feed input to the hardware relays. Three scenarios are analyzed: normal operation, an N-1 contingency, and an IBR-only scenario. The evaluation results reveal the following: 1) the protection scheme remains reliable under normal conditions and N-1 contingencies and 2) in IBR-only scenarios, differential protection (87L) continues to operate reliably, whereas local protection elements, such as distance and directional elements, fail because of the lack of regulated negative sequence current contributed by IBRs. Enhanced protection is designed to address the challenge of lack of negative sequence current from IBRs, including increased restraining factors a2 and k2 to block 32Q or using V instead QV ORDER for ground faults, enhanced mho distance element with voltage and phase angle supervision for L-L faults. The efficacy of enhanced protection logic is validated and proven to work reliably. Additionally, IEEE Std. 2800-2022 negative sequence current compliant GFL and GFM IBRs from another vendor are tested and proven to work reliably without need for enhanced logic. Therefore, this work provides valuable decision-making for utilities facing protection system challenges due to IBRs, either designing enhanced protection scheme or requesting their IBRs being IEEE Std. 2800-2022 compliant to produce regulated negative sequence current for protection relay to make correct decision.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

Apoferritin

Apoferritin - 45kx magnification on Arctica with K2

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

Apoferritin

Apoferritin July 2019 - 36kx magnification on Arctica with K2

Evans, James↗

Genomic surveillance indicates clonal replacement of hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae ST881 and ST29 lineage strains in vivo

The emergence of hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKp) poses a significant public health threat, particularly regarding its carriage in the healthy population. However, the genomic epidemiological characteristics and population dynamics of hvKp within a single patient across distinct infection episodes remain largely unknown. This study aimed to investigate the clonal replacement of hvKp K2-ST881 and K54-ST29 lineage strains in a single patient experiencing multiple-site infections during two independent episodes. Two strains, designated EDhvKp-1 and EDhvKp-2, were obtained from blood and cerebrospinal fluid during the first admission, and the strain isolated from blood on the second admission was named EDhvKp-3. Whole-genome sequencing, utilizing both short-read Illumina and long-read Oxford Nanopore platforms, was conducted. In silico multilocus sequence typing (MLST), identification of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes, and the phylogenetic relationship between our strains and other K. pneumoniae ST881 and ST29 genomes retrieved from the public database were performed. Virulence potentials were assessed through a mouse lethality assay. Our study indicated that the strains were highly susceptible to multiple antimicrobial agents. Plasmid sequence analysis confirmed that both virulence plasmids, pEDhvKp-1 (166,008 bp) and pEDhvKp-3 (210,948 bp), belonged to IncFIB type. Multiple virulence genes, including rmpA , rmpA2 , rmpC , rmpD , iroBCDN , iucABCD , and iutA , were identified. EDhvKp-1 and EDhvKp-2 showed the closest relationship to strain 502 (differing by 51 SNPs), while EDhvKp-3 exhibited 69 SNPs differences compared to strain TAKPN-1, which all recovered from Chinese patients in 2020. In the mouse infection experiment, both ST881 EDhvKp-1 and ST29 EDhvKp-3 displayed similar virulence traits, causing 90 and 100% of the mice to die within 72 h after intraperitoneal infection, respectively. Our study expands the spectrum of hvKp lineages and highlights genomic alterations associated with clonal switching between two distinct lineages of hvKP that successively replaced each other in vivo . The development of novel strategies for the surveillance, diagnosis, and treatment of high-risk hvKp is urgently needed.

Liu, Ning↗