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DOE OSTI2022

Tevatron greatest hits

The Tevatron collider led the World energy frontier program in particle physics during the late 20th and early 21st centuries. During this exciting period the standard model of particle physics was in its final stages of development and the search for physics beyond the standard model became one of the main research topics. In this review article we summarize the design and performance of the Tevatron collider and its two detectors, CDF and D0, as well as their evolution. Here, highlights of the Tevatron scientific results are provided, including the discovery of the top quark and measurements of its properties, studies and discoveries of the particles containing heavy quarks, precision studies of the strong and electroweak forces, searches for beyond the standard model particles and interactions, as well as the hunt for the Higgs boson.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Cosmological collider signatures of Higgs-R 2 inflation

We study the cosmological collider signatures in the Higgs-R 2 inflation model. We consider two distinct types of signals: one originating from the inflaton coupling to Standard Model fermions and gauge bosons, and another arising from the isocurvature mode interaction with the inflaton. In the former case, we determine that the signal magnitude is likely too small for detection by upcoming probes, primarily due to suppression by both the Planck scale and slow-roll parameters. However, we provide a detailed computation of the signal which could be potentially applicable to various Higgs inflation variants. For the isocurvature mode signals, we observe that the associated couplings remain unsuppressed when the isocurvature mode is relatively light or comparable to the inflationary scale. In this case, we study the Higgs-R 2 inflation parameter space that corresponds to the quasi-single-field inflation regime and find that the signal strength could be as large as |f NL | > 1, making Higgs-R 2 inflation a viable candidate for observation by future 21-cm surveys.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2014

Electroweak Measurements of Neutron Densities in CREX and PREX at JLab, USA

Measurement of the parity-violating electron scattering asymmetry is an established technique at Jefferson Lab and provides a new opportunity to measure the weak charge distribution and hence pin down the neutron radius in nuclei in a relatively clean and model-independent way. This is because the Z boson of the weak interaction couples primarily to neutrons. We will describe the PREX and CREX experiments on ${}^{208}$Pb and ${}^{48}$Ca respectively; these are both doubly-magic nuclei whose first excited state can be discriminated by the high resolution spectrometers at JLab. The heavier lead nucleus, with a neutron excess, provides an interpretation of the neutron skin thickness in terms of properties of bulk neutron matter. For the lighter ${}^{48}$Ca nucleus, which is also rich in neutrons, microscopic nuclear theory calculations are feasible and are sensitive to poorly constrained 3-neutron forces.

Horowitz, Charles J.↗

DOE OSTI2018

Electroweak Measurements of Neutron Densities at JLab, USA

Measurement of the parity-violating electron scattering asymmetry from 208Pb has demonstrated a new opportunity at Jefferson Lab to measure the weak charge distribution and hence pin down the neutron radius and the density-dependence of the symmetry energy in nuclei in a relatively clean and model-independent way. This is because the Z boson of the weak interaction couples primarily to neutrons. We will describe the PREX and CREX experiments on 208Pb and 48Ca respectively. PREX-I ran in 2010, and CREX and a second run of PREX are currently in preparation to run in 2019. These are both doubly-magic nuclei whose first excited state can be discriminated by the high resolution spectrometers at JLab. The heavier lead nucleus, with a neutron excess, provides an interpretation of the neutron skin thickness in terms of properties of bulk neutron matter. For the lighter 48Ca nucleus, which is also rich in neutrons, microscopic nuclear theory calculations are feasible and are sensitive to poorly constrained 3-neutron forces.

Michaels, Robert↗

DOE OSTI2016

Electroweak Measurements of Neutron Densities in PREX and CREX at JLab, USA

Measurement of the parity-violating electron scattering asymmetry from ${}^{208}$Pb has demonstrated a new opportunity at Jefferson Lab to measure the weak charge distribution and hence pin down the neutron radius in nuclei in a relatively clean and model-independent way. This is because the Z boson of the weak interaction couples primarily to neutrons. We will describe the PREX and CREX experiments on ${}^{208}$Pb and ${}^{48}$Ca respectively. PREX-I ran in 2010, and CREX and a second run of PREX are currently in preparation.

Michaels, Robert W.↗

DOE OSTI2023

Search for new physics in the τ lepton plus missing transverse momentum final state in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV

A search for physics beyond the standard model (SM) in the final state with a hadronically decaying tau lepton and a neutrino is presented. This analysis is based on data recorded by the CMS experiment from proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV at the LHC, corresponding to a total integrated luminosity of 138 fb$^{–1}$. The transverse mass spectrum is analyzed for the presence of new physics. No significant deviation from the SM prediction is observed. Limits are set on the production cross section of a W' boson decaying into a tau lepton and a neutrino. Lower limits are set on the mass of the sequential SM-like heavy charged vector boson and the mass of a quantum black hole. Upper limits are placed on the couplings of a new boson to the SM fermions. Constraints are put on a nonuniversal gauge interaction model and an effective field theory model. For the first time, upper limits on the cross section of t-channel leptoquark (LQ) exchange are presented. These limits are translated into exclusion limits on the LQ mass and on its coupling in the t-channel. The sensitivity of this analysis extends into the parameter space of LQ models that attempt to explain the anomalies observed in B meson decays. The limits presented for the various interpretations are the most stringent to date. Additionally, a model-independent limit is provided.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2015

Colorless top partners, a 125 GeV Higgs boson, and the limits on naturalness

Theories of physics beyond the Standard Model that address the hierarchy problem generally involve top partners, new particles that cancel the quadratic divergences associated with the Yukawa coupling of the Higgs to the top quark. With extensions of the Standard Model that involve new colored particles coming under strain from collider searches, scenarios in which the top partners carry no charge under the strong interactions have become increasingly compelling. Although elusive for direct searches, these theories predict modified couplings of the Higgs boson to the Standard Model particles. This results in corrections to the Higgs production and decay rates that can be detected at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) provided the top partners are sufficiently light, and the theory correspondingly natural. In this paper we consider three theories that address the little hierarchy problem and involve colorless top partners, specifically the Mirror Twin Higgs, Folded Supersymmetry, and the Quirky Little Higgs. For each model we investigate the current and future bounds on the top partners, and the corresponding limits on naturalness, that can be obtained from the Higgs program at the LHC. Here, we conclude that the LHC will not be able to strongly disfavor naturalness, with mild tuning at the level of about one part in ten remaining allowed even with 3000 fb$^{-1}$ of data at 14 TeV.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2011

Identification of Family Non-universal Gauge Bosons in High-energy Electron-positron Collisions

We examine effects on measurable observables in e{sup +}e{sup -} collisions resulting from the existence of additional neutral gauge bosons originating in extensions of the standard model. In particular, we consider family non-universal neutral gauge bosons occurring in the minimal supersymmetric standard model and in the Sp(6){sub L} x U(1){sub Y} model, as well as other theoretically motivated popular neutral gauge bosons. We show how the proper employment of the generation-dependent couplings of the extra gauge boson, and the appropriate adjustment of the beam polarization, not only improved the identification of the models but also enhanced the discovery potential of the family non-universal extra gauge bosons.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2011

Using Neutrino Nucleus Interactions as a Probe of the Strong Interaction

Neutrino scattering experiments have been studying QCD for over 30 years. From the Gargamelle experiments in the early 70's, through the subsequent bubble chamber and electronic detector experiments in the 80's and 90's, neutrino scattering experiments have steadily accumulated increasing statistics and minimized their systematic errors. An example of the more recent studies of QCD with neutrinos is from the TeVatron neutrino beam--the NuTeV {nu}-Fe experiment. The problem the community faces in trying to study QCD with modern neutrino data is that there is no experimentally verified way to scale neutrino-nucleus (for example, Fe) results to the equivalent neutrino-nucleon values making it difficult to combine neutrino nucleus scattering data with charged-lepton nucleus and nucleon scattering data in QCD global fits to extract parton distribution functions. This is particularly crucial since there is now indications that nuclear effects in neutrino nucleus interactions are different than those measured in charged-lepton nucleus scattering. To better understand this situation, the MINER{nu}A neutrino-nucleus scattering experiment at Fermilab, a collaboration of elementary-particle and nuclear physicists, is systematically studying neutrino nuclear effects off of He, C, Fe and Pb for a more thorough A-dependent study of nuclear PDFs and these correction factors.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2013

Dilepton resonances in pp (pp) collisions

We analyze dilepton production by considering the contribution of a new neutral gauge boson that are predicted in some extensions of the standard model or alternative models. There are two motivations: the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is working at an energy regime not yet reached before and the possibility to establish limits for new physics manifest at high energies. The processes analyzed involve dileptons production: p+p{yields}e{sup +}+e{sup -}+X or p+p{yields}{mu}{sup +}+{mu}{sup -}+X, where the new gauge boson Z Prime has a large contribution. We used a Z Prime mass range to obtain lepton distributions that characterize the new contribution and finally we obtain preliminarily discovery potential for a new neutral gauge boson predicted in two versions of the 331 model, showing the possibility to disentangle such versions.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2011

Ground-state phase diagram of spin-(1/2) bosons in a two-dimensional optical lattice

We study a two-species bosonic Hubbard model on a two-dimensional square lattice by means of quantum Monte Carlo simulations. In addition to the usual contact repulsive interactions between the particles, the Hamiltonian has an interconversion term which allows the transformation of two particles from one species to the other. The phases are characterized by their solid or superfluid properties and by their polarization, i.e., the difference in the populations. When interspecies interactions are smaller than the intraspecies ones, the system is unpolarized, whereas in the opposite case the system is unpolarized in even Mott insulator lobes and polarized in odd Mott lobes and also in the superfluid phase. We show that in the latter case the transition between the Mott insulator of total density 2 and the superfluid can be of either second or first order depending on the relative values of the interactions, whereas the transitions are continuous in all other cases.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

DOE OSTI2011

Fermilab E906/SeaQuest Drell-Yan Experiment

The E906/SeaQuest experiment will use the 120 GeV proton beam extracted from the Fermilab Main Injector to measure the Drell-Yan cross section in p-p, p-d, and p-A scattering. Data from liquid hydrogen and deuterium targets will be sensitive to the light anti-quark asymmetry, d-bar/u-bar, over a range of parton momentum fraction 0.04<x<0.45. Previous measurements from the E866/NuSea experiment have shown that while there were clear signs of flavor asymmetry at moderate x, the quark sea became flavor symmetric at higher x, suggesting a possible shift in the underlying mechanism generating the sea. Measurements from solid nuclear targets (carbon, calcium, and tungsten) will determine the modification of antiquark distributions in the nucleus. The results, in addition to being complementary to similar measurements performed through deep inelastic scattering, will also be valuable in providing the nuclear corrections necessary to extract nucleon parton distribution functions from neutrino data. The experiment will start in 2011, and will run for two years.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2011

Search for Neutral Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model Higgs Bosons Decaying to Tau Pairs Produced in Association with b Quarks in pp Collisions at {radical}(s)=1.96 TeV

We report results from a search for neutral Higgs bosons produced in association with b quarks using data recorded by the D0 experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 7.3 fb{sup -1}. This production mode can be enhanced in several extensions of the standard model (SM) such as in its minimal supersymmetric extension (MSSM) at high tan{beta}. We search for Higgs bosons decaying to tau pairs with one tau decaying to a muon and neutrinos and the other to hadrons. The data are found to be consistent with SM expectations, and we set upper limits on the cross section times branching ratio in the Higgs boson mass range from 90 to 320 GeV/c{sup 2}. We interpret our result in the MSSM parameter space, excluding tan{beta} values down to 25 for Higgs boson masses below 170 GeV/c{sup 2}.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2019

Search for anomalous electroweak production of vector boson pairs in association with two jets in proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV

A search for anomalous electroweak production of WW, WZ, and ZZ boson pairs in association with two jets in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} =$ 13 TeV at the LHC is reported. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb$^{-1}$ collected with the CMS detector. Events are selected by requiring two jets with large rapidity separation and invariant mass, one or two leptons (electrons or muons), and a W or Z boson decaying hadronically. No excess of events with respect to the standard model background predictions is observed and constraints on the structure of quartic vector boson interactions in the framework of dimension-8 effective field theory operators are reported. Stringent limits on parameters of the effective field theory operators are obtained. The observed 95% confidence level limits for the S0, M0, and T0 operators are $-$2.7 $<$ f$_{\mathrm{S0}}/ \Lambda^{4}$ $<$ 2.7, $-$1.0 $<$ f$_{\mathrm{M0}}/ \Lambda^{4}$ $<$ 1.0, and $-$0.17 $<$ f$_{\mathrm{T0}}/ \Lambda^{4}$ $<$ 0.16, in units of TeV$^{-4}$. Constraints are also reported on the product of the cross section and branching fraction for vector boson fusion production of charged Higgs bosons as a function of mass from 600 to 2000 GeV. The results are interpreted in the context of the Georgi-Machacek model.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2016

Dynamics of a Chlorophyll Dimer in Collective and Local Thermal Environments

Here we present a theoretical analysis of exciton transfer and decoherence effects in a photosynthetic dimer interacting with collective (correlated) and local (uncorrelated) protein-solvent environments. Our approach is based on the framework of the spin-boson model. We derive explicitly the thermal relaxation and decoherence rates of the exciton transfer process, valid for arbitrary temperatures and for arbitrary (in particular, large) interaction constants between the dimer and the environments. We establish a generalization of the Marcus formula, giving reaction rates for dimer levels possibly individually and asymmetrically coupled to environments. We identify rigorously parameter regimes for the validity of the generalized Marcus formula. The existence of long living quantum coherences at ambient temperatures emerges naturally from our approach.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2019

Observation of Single Top Quark Production in Association with a Z Boson in Proton-Proton Collisions at s =13 TeV

The observation of single top quark production in association with a Z boson and a quark (tZq) is reported. Events from proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV containing three charged leptons (either electrons or muons) and at least two jets are analyzed. The data were collected with the CMS detector in 2016 and 2017 and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 77.4fb-1. The increased integrated luminosity, a multivariate lepton identification, and a redesigned analysis strategy improve significantly the sensitivity of the analysis compared to previous searches for tZq production. The tZq signal is observed with a significance well over 5 standard deviations. The measured tZq production cross section is σ(pp→tZq→t?+?-q)=111±13(stat)-9+11(syst) fb, for dilepton invariant masses above 30 GeV, in agreement with the standard model expectation. © 2019 CERN.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2018

Lepton Pair Production in Neutrino–Nucleus Scattering

The impact of the emission of new light gauge bosons in neutrino–nucleus scattering on the observed signal is studied. As an example, a model with a neutral vector boson Z {sup ′} with a mass of a few tens of MeV, interacting with neutrinos via the V−A current, is considered. An equivalent Z {sup ′} boson spectrum for neutrinos is introduced. The corresponding correction to the total neutrino–nucleus scattering cross section as a function of the collision energy is calculated. This correction for several values of the model parameters allowed by the existing experimental bounds is presented.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2020

Long-baseline Sterile Neutrino Searches in the NOvA Experiment

Experimental high energy physics constitutes the experimental investigation of the fundamental building blocks of matter and radiation and their interactions. These fundamental building blocks are classified as bosons and fermions. Neutrinos are fermions that come under the lepton category. According to the Standard Model of particle physics, they are massless, neutral particles that interacts with matter only through weak force and comes in three different flavors. Neutrinos exhibit a characteristic property, known as the neutrino oscillation. Neutrino oscillation is the the change of neutrino from one flavor to another flavor as they propagates in space. This phenomenon is only possible if the neutrinos are massive. The reported anomalous result from LSND and MiniBooNE experiments demanded the existence of a fourth kind of neutrino, at the same time, LEP experimental result confirms that only three active neutrino can exist. So if they exists, this fourth kind of neutrino can’t interact through weak force or they can be called as sterile neutrino. Some of the experiments favored the existence of sterile neutrinos, at the same time, there are some other experiments that disfavors their existence. So the search for the sterile neutrinos is very active in the field of experimental neutrino physics. NOvA is a long-baseline experiment with two functionally identical detectors, a Near Detector (ND) at Fermilab and a Far Detector at Ash River, Minnesota which is 810 km far away from the ND. They are offaxis detectors that lie 14.6 mrad off from the beam axis. This enables the detector to receive a neutrino beam with energy peak at 2 GeV. The NOvA experiment is designed to run with both the neutrino beam and antineutrino beam and NOvA has the potential to search for the existence of sterile neutrinos. This thesis is based on the sterile neutrino search by looking at the depletion of the neutral-current (NC) energy spectrum of neutrinos at the FD. Since NC events are not sensitive to three flavor oscillation, any depletion of NC events at the FD indicates the existence of sterile neutrinos.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗