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At least 271 records · Page 15

Ames Infusion Stories for NASA Annual Technology Report: Nano Entry System for CubeSat-Class Payloads

The Nano Entry System for CubeSat-Class Payloads led to the development of the Nano-Adaptable Deployable Entry and Placement Technology ("Nano-ADEPT"). Nano-ADEPT is a mechanically deployed entry, descent, and landing (EDL) system that stows during launch and cruise (like an umbrella) and serves as both heat shield and primary structure during EDL. It is especially designed for small spacecraft where volume is a limiting constraint.

Smith, Brandon↗

Adaptable Deployable Entry & Placement Technology (ADEPT) for Cubesat Delivery to Mars Surface

The Adaptable, Deployable Entry and Placement Technology (ADEPT), uses a mechanical skeleton to deploy a revolutionary carbon fabric system that serves as both heat shield and primary structure during atmospheric entry. The NASA ADEPT project, currently funded by the Game Changing Development Program in STMD is currently focused on 1m class hypersonic decelerators for the delivery of very small payloads ( 5 kg) to locations of interest in an effort to leverage low-cost platforms to rapidly mature the technology while simultaneously delivering high-value science. Preliminary mission design and aerothermal performance testing in arcjets have shown the ADEPT system is quite capable of safe delivery of cubesats to Mars surface. The ability of the ADEPT to transit to Mars in a stowed configuration (similar to an umbrella) provides options for integration with the Mars 2020 cruise stage, even to consider multiple ADEPTs. System-level test campaigns are underway for FY15 execution or planning for FY16. These include deployment testing, wind tunnel testing, system-level arc jet testing, and a sounding rocket flight test. The goal is system level maturation (TRL 6) at a 1m class Mars design reference mission configuration.

3D Woven↗

Development of a High Performance, Low Profile Translation Table with Wire Feedthrough for a Deep Space CubeSat

NEAScout, a 6U cubesat and secondary payload on NASA's EM-1, will use an 85 sq m solar sail to travel to a near-earth asteroid at about 1 Astronomical Unit (about 1.5 x 10(exp 8) km) for observation and reconnaissance1. A combination of reaction wheels, reaction control system, and a slow rotisserie roll about the solar sail's normal axis were expected to handle attitude control and adjust for imperfections in the deployed sail during the 2.5-year mission. As the design for NEAScout matured, one of the critical design parameters, the offset in the center of mass and center of pressure (CP/CM offset), proved to be sub-optimal. After significant mission and control analysis, the CP/CM offset was accommodated by the addition of a new subsystem to NEAScout. This system, called the Active Mass Translator (AMT), would reside near the geometric center of NEAScout and adjust the CM by moving one portion of the flight system relative to the other. The AMT was given limited design space - 17 mm of the vehicle's assembly height-and was required to generate +/-8 cm by +/-2 cm translation to sub-millimeter accuracy. Furthermore, the design must accommodate a large wire bundle of small gage, single strand wire and coax cables fed through the center of the mechanism. The bend radius, bend resistance, and the exposure to deep space environment complicates the AMT design and operation and necessitated a unique design to mitigate risks of wire bundle damage, binding, and cold-welding during operation. This paper will outline the design constraints for the AMT, discuss the methods and reasoning for design, and identify the lessons learned through the designing, breadboarding and testing for the low-profile translation stages with wire feedthrough capability.

Few, Alex↗

Development of a High-Performance, Low-Profile Translation Table with Wire Feedthrough for a Deep Space CubeSat

NEAScout, a 6U cubesat and secondary payload on NASA's EM-1, will use an 85 sq m solar sail to travel to a near-earth asteroid at about 1 Astronomical Unit (about 1.5 x 10(exp 8) km) for observation and reconnaissance1. A combination of reaction wheels, reaction control system, and a slow rotisserie roll about the solar sail's normal axis were expected to handle attitude control and adjust for imperfections in the deployed sail during the 2.5-year mission. As the design for NEAScout matured, one of the critical design parameters, the offset in the center of mass and center of pressure (CP/CM offset), proved to be sub-optimal. After significant mission and control analysis, the CP/CM offset was accommodated by the addition of a new subsystem to NEAScout. This system, called the Active Mass Translator (AMT), would reside near the geometric center of NEAScout and adjust the CM by moving one portion of the flight system relative to the other. The AMT was given limited design space - 17 mm of the vehicle's assembly height-and was required to generate +/-8 cm by +/-2 cm translation to sub-millimeter accuracy. Furthermore, the design must accommodate a large wire bundle of small gage, single strand wire and coax cables fed through the center of the mechanism. The bend radius, bend resistance, and the exposure to deep space environment complicates the AMT design and operation and necessitated a unique design to mitigate risks of wire bundle damage, binding, and cold-welding during operation. This paper will outline the design constraints for the AMT, discuss the methods and reasoning for design, and identify the lessons learned through the designing, breadboarding and testing for the low-profile translation stages with wire feedthrough capability.

Few, Alex↗

Advances in Ka-Band Communication System for CubeSats and SmallSats

A study was performed that evaluated the feasibility of Ka-band communication system to provide CubeSat/SmallSat high rate science data downlink with ground antennas ranging from the small portable 1.2m/2.4m to apertures 5.4M, 7.3M, 11M, and 18M, for Low Earth Orbit (LEO) to Lunar CubeSat missions. This study included link analysis to determine the data rate requirement, based on the current TRL of Ka-band flight hardware and ground support infrastructure. Recent advances in Ka-band transceivers and antennas, options of portable ground stations, and various coverage distances were included in the analysis. The link/coverage analysis results show that Cubesat/Smallsat missions communication requirements including frequencies and data rates can be met by utilizing Near Earth Network (NEN) Ka-band support with 2 W and high gain (>6 dBi) antennas.

Spacecraft RF Communication↗

Trajectory Design for a Cislunar Cubesat Leveraging Dynamical Systems Techniques: The Lunar Icecube Mission

Lunar IceCube is a 6U CubeSat that is designed to detect and observe lunar volatiles from a highly inclined orbit. This spacecraft, equipped with a low-thrust engine, will be deployed from the upcoming Exploration Mission-1 vehicle in late 2018. However, significant uncertainty in the deployment conditions for secondary payloads impacts both the availability and geometry of transfers that deliver the spacecraft to the lunar vicinity. A framework that leverages dynamical systems techniques is applied to a recently updated set of deployment conditions and spacecraft parameter values for the Lunar IceCube mission, demonstrating the capability for rapid trajectory design.

Bosanac, Natasha↗

Trajectory Design for a Cislunar Cubesat Leveraging Dynamical Systems Techniques: The Lunar Icecube Mission

Lunar IceCube is a 6U CubeSat that is designed to detect and observe lunar volatiles from a highly inclined orbit. This spacecraft, equipped with a low-thrust engine, will be deployed from the upcoming Exploration Mission-1 vehicle in late 2018. However, significant uncertainty in the deployment conditions for secondary payloads impacts both the availability and geometry of transfers that deliver the spacecraft to the lunar vicinity. A framework that leverages dynamical systems techniques is applied to a recently updated set of deployment conditions and spacecraft parameter values for the Lunar IceCube mission, demonstrating the capability for rapid trajectory design.

Bosanac, Natasha↗

Multidirectional Cosmic Ray Ion Detector for Deep Space CubeSats

NASA Glenn Research Center has proposed a CubeSat-based instrument to study solar and cosmic ray ions in lunar orbit or deep space. The objective of Solar Proton Anisotropy and Galactic cosmic ray High Energy Transport Instrument (SPAGHETI) is to provide multi-directional ion data to further understand anisotropies in SEP and GCR flux.

Extraterrestrial Radiation↗

Space-Based Optical Communications with CubeSats

Optical communication systems use lasers to encode and transmit data with higher speed and density than traditional radio frequency (RF)-based communications. Smaller antennas, lower power requirements, and increased spectrum availability enable optical communications to be integrated into CubeSats more easily than radios, enabling afford-able communications solutions for future NASA missions.

Ebert, Monica L.↗

Additive Manufacturing: An Enabling Technology for the MoonBEAM 6U CubeSat Missions

The Advanced Concepts Office at the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center completed a mission concept study for the Moon Burst Energetics All-sky Monitor (MoonBEAM). The goal of the concept study was to show the enabling aspects that additive manufacturing can provide to CubeSats. In addition to using the additively manufactured tanks as part of the spacecraft structure, the main propulsion system uses a green propellant, which is denser than hydrazine. Momentum unloading is achieved with electric microthrusters, eliminating much of the propellant plumbing. The science mission, requirements, and spacecraft design are described.

Hopkins, R. C.↗

CubeSat Form Factor Thermal Control Louvers

Thermal control louvers for CubeSats or small spacecraft may include a plurality of springs attached to a back panel of the thermal control louvers. The thermal control louvers may also include a front panel, which includes at least two end panels interlocked with one or more middle panels. The front panel may secure the springs, shafts, and flaps to the back panel.

Evans, Allison L.↗

Hyperspectral Cubesat Constellation for Natural Hazard Response (Follow-On)

Earth Observing 1 (E0-1) satellite has an imaging spectrometer (hyperspectral) instrument called Hyperion. The satellite is able to image any spot on Earth in the nadir looking direction every 16 days. With slewing of the satellite and allowing for up to a 23 degree view angle, any spot on the Earth can be imaged approximately every 2 to 3 days. EO-1 has been used to track many natural hazards such as wildfires, volcanoes and floods. An enhanced capability that is sought is the ability to image natural hazards in a daily time series for space based imaging spectrometers. The Hyperion can not provide this capability on EO-1 with the present polar orbit. However, a constellation of cubesats each powered with Intelligent Payload Modules, and each with copies of a commercial imaging spectrometer, positioned strategically in the same orbit, can be used to provide daily coverage, cost-effectively.

Onboard Processing↗

High Specific-Impulse Electrospray Explorer for Deep-Space (HiSPEED): Stage-Based Electrospray Propulsion System for CubeSats

The objective of the High Specific-impulse Electrospray Explorer for Deep-space (HiSPEED) project is to develop an efficient propulsion system to enable deep-space exploration with small satellites. The ion electrospray propulsion system developed at Massachusetts Institute of Technology's (MIT) Space Propulsion Laboratory is one of the first systems to offer compact and efficient propulsion that is compatible with the CubeSat form factor. However, existing thruster heads have lifetimes less than the required firing time for a deep-space mission. Therefore, a stage-based approach is considered where burnt out thruster heads are ejected and replaced, thereby extending the overall lifetime of the propulsion system.

Propulsion↗

CubeSat Laser Infrared CrosslinK

The CubeSat Laser Infrared CrosslinK (CLICK) mission will demonstrate technology to advance the state of the art in intersatellite communications for small spacecraft. The primary objective of the mission is an on-orbit demonstration of full-duplex (send and receive) laser, also called optical communication, crosslink between two six-unit(6U) small satellites that range in distance between 15 and 360 miles (25 - 580 kilometers) apart at data rates greater than 20 megabits per second (Mbps). The mission will also demonstrate precision satellite-to-satellite clock synchronization and ranging at the 10 cm level. Miniaturized optical transceivers capable of both transmitting and receiving laser communications will form a communication crosslink between the two satellites with their alignment supported with a new fine pointing capability. The miniature optical transceivers are an improvement over radio frequency (RF) technology due to the power efficiency of lasercom high data rate transmission, which lessens the impact on the small platform's already severe constraints on size, weight and power.

Mayer, David J.↗

An Innovative Control Allocation Scheme to Address Reaction Thruster Interactions on a 3U CubeSat

A wealth of literature exists on control allocation algorithms for over-actuated air vehicles, launch vehicles, and spacecraft's. Most of these algorithms focus primarily on minimizing some objective function such as command tracking error and/or control effector usage. Linear allocators (pseudo inverses) are usually the conventional choice due to their simplicity and the ability to achieve a significant portion of the theoretical moment/impulse space. Generally, it is assumed that there exists minimal interaction effects between control effectors. In fact, very few studies address the problem of control effector interactions in the context of control allocation, especially for small spacecraft's with a reaction control system (RCS). This paper presents a CubeSat RCS design with a four thruster tetrahedral layout such that when two or more thrusters re, the resultant impulse differs noticeably compared to the sum of the contributions from individual thruster rings. This undesirable effect is caused by the design of the propellant tank and regulator. To mitigate this issue, an innovative modified pseudo inverse (MPI) control allocation algorithm was developed that adjusts the pseudo inverse solution based on test data. The algorithm is iteration-free and superior to the standard pseudo inverse in minimizing the command tracking error.

Pei, Jing↗

Electric Sail Tether Deployment System for CubeSats

An Electric Sail (E-Sail) propulsion system consists of long, thin tethers - positively-charged wires extending radially and symmetrically outward from a spacecraft. Tethers must be biased using a high-voltage power supply to ensure that the solar wind produces thrust. While the E-Sail concept shows great promise for flying heliopause missions with higher characteristic acceleration than solar sails, there are significant technical challenges related to deploying and controlling multiple tethers. A typical full-scale design involves a hub and spoke arrangement of 10 to 100 tethers, each 20 km long. In the last 20 years, there have been multiple space mission failures due to tether deployment and control issues, and most configurations involved a single tether. This paper describes an effort to develop and test a simple yet robust single-tether deployment system for a two-6U CubeSat configuration. The project included the following: a) Tether dynamic modeling/simulation b) E-Sail single-tether prototype development and testing c) Space environmental effects testing to identify best materials for further development. These three areas of investigation were needed to provide technical rationale for an E-Sail flight demonstration mission that is expected to be proposed for the 2022 time frame. The project team used an “agile” engineering approach in which E-Sail single-tether prototype designs were iteratively developed and tested to solve problems and identify design improvements. The agile approach was ideal for this low Technology Readiness Level (TRL) project because tether deployer development involved many unknowns in prototype development that could only be discovered through iterative cycles of construction and testing. Extensive modeling and simulation were accomplished for three types of tether deployment: a) Stage 1: propulsive separation with one 6U fixed b) Stage 2: propulsive spin-up with one 6U fixed c) Stage 3: propulsive spin-up with both 6Us free Simulation results were valuable for understanding the propulsive and braking forces needed for controlled tether deployment. This paper describes the evolution, insights, and test/ performance data related to the resultant single-tether two-6U E-Sail test article which has been demonstrated in a test laboratory. The development effort suggests near-term work needed to achieve a useful flight demonstration, and provides ideas for how multiple-tether deployment systems might evolve going forward. A planned next-generation E-Sail prototype will include autonomous propulsive tether deployment while monitoring tether tension, location on the floor, distance between tether ends, acceleration, velocity, and propellant used.

Tinker, Michael↗