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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 271 records · Page 15
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2017

Electromagnetic compatibility qualification of power electronics for I and C power applications - 152

Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) is a growing field in nuclear equipment qualification. Previously confined to I and C equipment residing in control and cable spreading rooms, EMC qualification has expanded to include the inverters and battery chargers which often power safety-related I and C equipment, as well as adjustable speed drives and material handling equipment which could potentially affect sensitive safety-related I and C systems. Because much of the data collected to form the current EMC limits and guidance was collected from low-power equipment in relatively low EMI environments, the same guidance, applied to power electronic equipment, produces overly conservative estimations of the performance needed for EMC. Excessive modification in an attempt to bring the equipment into compliance with EMC limits may not be necessary. This paper provides a brief summary of current applicable EMC guidance and demonstrates a road map for the qualification of larger, more powerful devices which takes into account the entire EMC process, including design, testing, mapping of the installed location, and justification of EMC failures with the end goal being successful, timely, and cost-effective implementation of upgrades and compatibility with existing plant infrastructure (in the intended installation environment), even if equipment exceeds traditional operating envelopes. (authors)

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2016

Polysulfide-Shuttle Control in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries with a Chemically/Electrochemically Compatible NaSICON-Type Solid Electrolyte

A NaSICON–type Li + –ion conductive membrane with a formula of Li 1+ x Y x Zr 2– x (PO 4 ) 3 (LYZP) (x = 0–0.15) has been explored as a solid–electrolyte/separator to suppress polysulfide–crossover in lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. Here, the LYZP membrane with a reasonable Li + –ion conductivity shows both favorable chemical compatibility with the lithium polysulfide species and exhibits good electrochemical stability under the operating conditions of the Li–S batteries. Through an integration of the LYZP solid electrolyte with the liquid electrolyte, the hybrid Li–S batteries show greatly enhanced cyclability in contrast to the conventional Li–S batteries with the porous polymer (e.g., Celgard) separator. At a rate of C/5, the hybrid Li ||LYZP|| Li 2 S 6 batteries developed in this study (with a Li–metal anode, a liquid/LYZP hybrid electrolyte, and a dissolved lithium polysulfide cathode) delivers an initial discharge capacity of ≈1000 mA h g –1 (based on the active sulfur material) and retains ≈90% of the initial capacity after 150 cycles with a low capacity fade–rate of <0.07% per cycle.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Sub-Microsecond Polarization Switching in (Al,Sc)N Ferroelectric Capacitors Grown on Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor-Compatible Aluminum Electrodes

In this work, the frequency-dependent ferroelectric properties of 45 nm (Al,Sc)N films sputter deposited on complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible Al metal electrodes are measured and compared. Low in-plane compressive stress (-10 ± 20 MPa) is observed in (Al,Sc)N thin films deposited on Al electrodes. The (Al,Sc)N films exhibit an imprint in the measured coercive fields (E c ) of -4.3/+5.3 MV cm -1 at 10 kHz. Using positive-up negative-down (PUND) measurements, ferroelectric switching is observed within ≈200 ns of an applied voltage pulse, which demonstrates the ability of ferroelectric (Al,Sc)N to achieve the fast read/write speeds desired in memory devices.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2014

Development of ODS FeCrAl for compatibility in fusion and fission energy applications

In this paper, oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) FeCrAl alloys with 12–15% Cr are being evaluated for improved compatibility with Pb-Li for a fusion energy application and with high temperature steam for a more accident-tolerant light water reactor fuel cladding application. A 12% Cr content alloy showed low mass losses in static Pb-Li at 700°C, where a LiAlO 2 surface oxide formed and inhibited dissolution into the liquid metal. All the evaluated compositions formed a protective scale in steam at 1200°C, which is not possible with ODS FeCr alloys. However, most of the compositions were not protective at 1400°C, which is a general and somewhat surprising problem with ODS FeCrAl alloys that is still being studied. More work is needed to optimize the alloy composition, microstructure and oxide dispersion, but initial promising tensile and creep results have been obtained with mixed oxide additions, i.e. Y 2 O 3 with ZrO 2 , HfO 2 or TiO 2 .

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Compatibility of Alumina-Forming Austenitic Steels in Static and Flowing Pb

Alumina-forming austenitic (AFA) steels were evaluated for the lead fast reactor application in static and flowing high-purity Pb. Two AFA composition ranges with different Ni, Mn, Al, Cr and Nb contents were targeted, and Zr foil was used in an attempt to getter O in some capsules. Based on two rounds of capsule testing at 500–800°C, two AFA compositions were selected for evaluation in flowing Pb with a peak temperature of 650°C in a thermal convection loop made of pre-oxidized FeCrAlMo tubing. After exposure for 1000 h, the mass losses for both AFA alloys were generally low, suggesting good compatibility under these conditions without preoxidation.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

An accurate and asymptotically compatible collocation scheme for nonlocal diffusion problems

Here, in this paper, we develop and analyze a collocation scheme for solving the linear nonlocal diffusion problem with general kernels. To approximate the nonlocal diffusion operator, we take a classic trapezoidal rule based on the linear interpolation as the starting point, and then carefully derive a new improved quadrature rule, which is not only more accurate but also could avoid the evaluations of singular integrals. We then use this rule to construct a collocation scheme for solving the nonlocal diffusion equations, that produces a symmetric positive definite stiffness matrix with Toeplitz structure. The proposed scheme is rigorously shown to be of second order accurate with respect to the mesh size for the nonlocal problem with fixed horizon, and in particular, it can achieve higher order accuracy for the commonly used kernels in the literature. Furthermore, we also prove that the scheme is asymptotically compatible, i.e., the approximate solution of the nonlocal diffusion problem converges to the exact solution of the corresponding local PDE problem when the horizon and the mesh size both go to zero. Finally, numerical experiments are presented to verify the theoretical results.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2016

Compatibility of hydrogarnet, Ca{sub 3}Al{sub 2}(SiO{sub 4}){sub x}(OH){sub 4(3−x)}, with sulfate and carbonate-bearing cement phases: 5–85 °C

The stable existence of hydrogarnet in Portland cement compositions cured at temperatures below 55 °C has long been predicted from application of equilibrium thermodynamics. However hydrogarnet is not often reported in hydrated commercial Portland cements. The substitutions (SO{sub 4}–CO{sub 3}–OH) in AFm have previously been shown to stabilise AFm to higher temperatures and raise the temperature at which AFm converts to Si-free hydrogarnet, C{sub 3}AH{sub 6}. But unanswered question remains about the compatibility of AFm and AFm solid solutions with Si-substituted hydrogarnet, Ca{sub 3}Al{sub 2}(SiO{sub 4}){sub x}(OH){sub 4(3} {sub −} {sub x)}. Phase relations of C{sub 3}AH{sub 6} and Ca{sub 3}Al{sub 2}(SiO{sub 4}){sub x}(OH){sub 4(3} {sub −} {sub x)} at sulfate and carbonate activities conditioned respectively by (gypsum and SO{sub 4}-AFt) and (calcite and CO{sub 3}-AFt) have been determined experimentally in the range 5–85 °C. The results confirm the instability of Si-free hydrogarnet with carbonate and sulfate-bearing cement phases, but do indicate that a range of silica-substituted hydrogarnet solid solutions are stable under conditions likely to be encountered in blended cement systems.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

A conservative nonlocal convection–diffusion model and asymptotically compatible finite difference discretization

Here in this paper, we first propose a nonlocal convection–diffusion model, in which the convection term is constructed in a special upwind manner so that mass conservation and maximum principle are maintained in any space dimension. The well-posedness of the proposed nonlocal model and its convergence to the classical local convection–diffusion model are established. A quadrature-based finite difference discretization is then developed to numerically solve the nonlocal problem and it is shown to be consistent and unconditionally stable. We further demonstrate that the numerical scheme is asymptotically compatible, that is, the approximate solutions converge to the exact solution of the corresponding local problem when δ → 0 and h → 0. Numerical experiments are also performed to complement the theoretical analysis.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2021

An asymptotically compatible treatment of traction loading in linearly elastic peridynamic fracture

Meshfree discretizations of state-based peridynamic models are attractive due to their ability to naturally describe fracture of general materials. However, two factors conspire to prevent meshfree discretizations of state-based peridynamics from converging to corresponding local solutions as resolution is increased: quadrature error prevents an accurate prediction of bulk mechanics, and the lack of an explicit boundary representation presents challenges when applying traction loads. Herein, we develop a reformulation of the linear peridynamic solid (LPS) model to address these shortcomings, using improved meshfree quadrature, a reformulation of the nonlocal dilatation, and a consistent handling of the nonlocal traction condition to construct a model with rigorous accuracy guarantees. In particular, these improvements are designed to enforce discrete consistency in the presence of evolving fractures, whose a priori unknown location render consistent treatment difficult. In the absence of fracture, when a corresponding classical continuum mechanics model exists, our improvements provide asymptotically compatible convergence to corresponding local solutions, eliminating surface effects and issues with traction loading which have historically plagued peridynamic discretizations. When fracture occurs, our formulation automatically provides a sharp representation of the fracture surface by breaking bonds, avoiding the loss of mass. We provide rigorous error analysis and demonstrate convergence for a number of benchmarks, including manufactured solutions, free-surface, nonhomogeneous traction loading, and composite material problems. Finally, we validate simulations of brittle fracture against a recent experiment of dynamic crack branching in soda-lime glass, providing evidence that the scheme yields accurate predictions for practical engineering problems.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2025

Ensuring electromagnetic compatibility in grid-connected power converters: Challenges, standards, and compliance strategies

In today's rapidly advancing world, electronic devices and systems are fundamental to a wide range of industries, including renewable energy and global telecommunications infrastructure. However, as these devices become more complex and widespread, the risk of electromagnetic interference (EMI) also increases, underscoring the importance of stringent Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) requirements for maintaining system integrity. This paper addresses the specific challenges associated with grid-connected power converters (GCPCs), which are critical in integrating renewable energy into existing power grids. It explores the complexities of EMI in the context of GCPCs, particularly given the recent emergence of tailored EMC standards for these systems. The paper also highlights the shortcomings of applying generic or unrelated standards to GCPCs, often leading to inadequate compliance and testing protocols. Through a detailed analysis of existing standards and recent advancements in product-specific EMC requirements, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current landscape, offering guidance to stakeholders on navigating the intricate EMC compliance landscape, with a focus on methodologies, testing procedures, and the evolving regulatory environment for GCPCs.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2018

Influence of biodiesel decomposition chemistry on elastomer compatibility

Here, the compatibility of biodiesel blends with five common elastomers (acrylonitrile rubber or NBR, fluorocarbon, neoprene, ethylene propylene diene monomer or EPDM, and silicone) was assessed using Hansen solubility parameters. A solubility analysis was performed over the full diesel blend range and the model used methyl hydroperoxide, acetaldehyde, and formic acid to represent the decomposition products of biodiesel. An empirical study was also conducted to determine the efficacy of the approach to predict the volume swell of elastomers. This study included the influence of biodiesel with acetaldehyde and formic acid. The solubility model showed good agreement with measured volumes for fluorocarbon, neoprene, EPDM, and silicone. However, solubility curves for NBR did not reflect the measured volume changes, and therefore the solubility parameters used for NBR in this study are not considered reliable. The results showed that formic acid caused higher swelling in NBR, fluorocarbon, neoprene, and silicone than did acetaldehyde. For EPDM, the measured volume decreased with both biodiesel concentration and the addition of formic acid.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2017

A compatible high-order meshless method for the Stokes equations with applications to suspension flows

A stable numerical solution of the steady Stokes problem requires compatibility between the choice of velocity and pressure approximation that has traditionally proven problematic for meshless methods. Here in this work, we present a discretization that couples a staggered scheme for pressure approximation with a divergence-free velocity reconstruction to obtain an adaptive, high-order, finite difference-like discretization that can be efficiently solved with conventional algebraic multigrid techniques. We use analytic benchmarks to demonstrate equal-order convergence for both velocity and pressure when solving problems with curvilinear geometries. In order to study problems in dense suspensions, we couple the solution for the flow to the equations of motion for freely suspended particles in an implicit monolithic scheme. The combination of high-order accuracy with fully-implicit schemes allows the accurate resolution of stiff lubrication forces directly from the solution of the Stokes problem without the need to introduce sub-grid lubrication models.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2024

Structure preserving transport stabilized compatible finite element methods for magnetohydrodynamics

Here, we present compatible finite element space discretizations for the ideal compressible magnetohydrodynamic equations. The magnetic field is considered both in div- and curl-conforming spaces, leading to a strongly or weakly preserved zero-divergence condition, respectively. The equations are discretized in space such that transfers between the kinetic, internal, and magnetic energies are consistent, leading to a preserved total energy. We also discuss further adjustments to the discretization required to additionally achieve magnetic helicity preservation. Finally, we describe new transport stabilization methods for the magnetic field equation which maintain the zero-divergence and energy conservation properties, including one method which also preserves magnetic helicity. The methods' preservation and improved stability properties are confirmed numerically using a steady state and a magnetic dynamo test case.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2019

Compatibility of FeCrAlMo with flowing PbLi at 500°-650°C

To explore the upper temperature limit of a fusion blanket utilizing eutectic Pb-17at.%Li for tritium breeding, a series of three mono-metallic thermal convection loops have been fabricated from alloy APMT (Fe–21Cr–5Al–3Mo) and operated with commercial PbLi and increasing peak temperatures of 550°, 600° and 650 °C, flow rates of 0.4–0.7 cm/s and temperature gradients of 85–115 °C. Chains of APMT specimens including 25 mm long tensile specimens were hung in the hot and cold legs of the loops to evaluate post-exposure room temperature tensile properties after 1000 h exposures in each experiment. For specimens exposed to flowing PbLi above 500°C, only minor changes in tensile properties were observed after exposure. Most APMT specimens were pre-oxidized to form alumina prior to exposure and exhibited small mass losses as the alumina was partially transformed to α-LiAlO 2 that tended to spall after exposure. Specimens without pre-oxidation exhibited higher mass losses and formed γ-LiAlO 2 but with less spallation. While promising for increasing blanket temperatures, the small mass losses suggest that the surface oxide is not completely stable. In conclusion, even at the highest temperatures, there was no indication of classic dissolution/precipitation behavior suggesting that higher temperature compatibility may be possible.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2011

Compliant alkali silicate sealing glass for solid oxide fuel cell applications: thermal cycle stability and chemical compatibility

An alkali silicate glass (SCN-1) is currently being evaluated as a candidate sealing glass for solid oxide fuel (SOFC) applications. The glass containing ~17 mole% alkalis (K2O and Na2O) remains vitreous and compliant during SOFC operation, unlike conventional SOFC sealing glasses, which experience substantial devitrification after the sealing process. The non-crystallizing compliant sealing glass has lower glass transition and softening temperatures since the microstructure remains glassy without significant crystallite formation, and hence can relieve or reduce residual stresses and also has the potential for crack healing. Sealing approaches based on compliant glass will also need to satisfy all the mechanical, thermal, chemical, physical, and electrical requirements for SOFC applications, not only in bulk properties but also at sealing interfaces. In this first of a series of papers we will report the thermal cycle stability of the glass when sealed between two SOFC components, i.e., a NiO/YSZ anode supported YSZ bilayer and a coated ferritic stainless steel interconnect material. High temperature leak rates were monitored versus thermal cycles between 700-850oC using back pressures ranging from 0.2 psi to 1.0 psi. Isothermal stability was also evaluated in a dual environment consisting of flowing dilute H2 fuel versus ambient air. In addition, chemical compatibility at the alumina and YSZ interfaces was examined with scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results shed new light on the topic of SOFC glass seal development.

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗
DOE OSTI2022

Compatibility of Fuel System Elastomers and Plastics with a Fast-Pyrolysis Oil (Bio-oil) at Room Temperature

Herein the compatibility of a fast-pyrolysis bio-oil with 17 elastomer and 21 plastic materials common to fuel storage, dispensing, and delivery systems was assessed by measuring volume and hardness. Diesel was used as the baseline for comparison. The elastomer and plastic specimens were exposed to the test fuels at 23 °C. The exposure times were 4 and 16 weeks for the elastomers and plastics, respectively. The elastomers (except for silicone and styrene butadiene) exhibited pronounced swelling in the bio-oil. This was especially true for the fluorocarbons and acrylonitrile rubbers. For the elastomers, a strong correlation between polarity and volume swell was observed. Compositional and structural analysis on one of the fluorocarbon materials showed that the bio-oil was less effective at extracting phthalate additives than the diesel. However, the crystallinity of a fluorocarbon was altered by the bio-oil. Unlike the elastomers, the plastic materials were less impacted by exposure to the bio-oil. This finding is attributed to their denser and more rigid molecular structures (compared to the elastomers). Notable swelling did occur in the nylons, but this swelling was attributed to water absorption rather than polarity. Comparison with previous studies showed that the observed swelling was lower for both the elastomers and the plastics. Solubility (and hence swell) increases with temperature, and because this study was conducted at 23 °C rather than 50 °C, the reduced temperature is responsible for the lower swell levels.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2021

An asymptotically compatible approach for Neumann-type boundary condition on nonlocal problems

In this paper we consider 2D nonlocal diffusion models with a finite nonlocal horizon parameter δ characterizing the range of nonlocal interactions, and consider the treatment of Neumann-like boundary conditions that have proven challenging for discretizations of nonlocal models. We propose a new generalization of classical local Neumann conditions by converting the local flux to a correction term in the nonlocal model, which provides an estimate for the nonlocal interactions of each point with points outside the domain. While existing 2D nonlocal flux boundary conditions have been shown to exhibit at most first order convergence to the local counter part as δ → 0, the proposed Neumann-type boundary formulation recovers the local case as O(δ 2 ) in the L∞(Ω) norm, which is optimal considering the O(δ 2 ) convergence of the nonlocal equation to its local limit away from the boundary. We analyze the application of this new boundary treatment to the nonlocal diffusion problem, and present conditions under which the solution of the nonlocal boundary value problem converges to the solution of the corresponding local Neumann problem as the horizon is reduced. To demonstrate the applicability of this nonlocal flux boundary condition to more complicated scenarios, we extend the approach to less regular domains, numerically verifying that we preserve second-order convergence for non-convex domains with corners. Finally, based on the new formulation for nonlocal boundary condition, we develop an asymptotically compatible meshfree discretization, obtaining a solution to the nonlocal diffusion equation with mixed boundary conditions that converges with O(δ 2 ) convergence.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2021

Compatibility of FeCrAlMo in Flowing Pb-Li at 600°C to 700°C

A series of monometallic thermal convection loops (TCLs) has been conducted to determine the maximum temperature where FeCrAl alloys have compatibility with eutectic lead lithium (Pb-Li) for a dual-coolant fusion blanket. Pre-oxidizing commercial alloy APMT (Fe-21Cr-5Al-3Mo) for 2 h at 1000°C to form a surface α-Al 2 O 3 layer was very effective in reducing the mass loss of specimens in the hot and cold legs of the most recent TCL that was operated for 1000 h with a peak temperature of 700°C. However, unlike previous experiments, the postexposure room temperature ductility of many of the APMT specimens was degraded to <10% total elongation, and many of the specimens at the highest temperature (>680°C) were severely damaged or were not recovered. Furthermore, wide-angle X-ray scattering found that the pre-formed α-Al 2 O 3 scale transformed to a mixture of trigonal and tetragonal LiAlO 2 . The overall results suggest that the maximum temperature for FeCrAl is limited to <700°C.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗