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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 271 records · Page 15
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on AlB6H6(CCl3)2 by Materials Project

AlB2H6(CCl)2(BCl)4 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of sixteen chloroborane molecules and four AlB2H6(CCl)2 clusters. In each AlB2H6(CCl)2 cluster, Al3+ is bonded in a distorted trigonal pyramidal geometry to two C+3.50- and two Cl1- atoms. Both Al–C bond lengths are 1.95 Å. There are one shorter (2.47 Å) and one longer (2.52 Å) Al–Cl bond lengths. There are two inequivalent B1+ sites. In the first B1+ site, B1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Cl1- atom. The B–Cl bond length is 1.83 Å. In the second B1+ site, B1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Cl1- atom. The B–Cl bond length is 1.83 Å. There are two inequivalent C+3.50- sites. In the first C+3.50- site, C+3.50- is bonded to one Al3+ and three H+0.67+ atoms to form corner-sharing CAlH3 tetrahedra. There is one shorter (1.09 Å) and two longer (1.10 Å) C–H bond length. In the second C+3.50- site, C+3.50- is bonded to one Al3+ and three H+0.67+ atoms to form corner-sharing CAlH3 tetrahedra. There is one shorter (1.09 Å) and two longer (1.10 Å) C–H bond length. There are six inequivalent H+0.67+ sites. In the first H+0.67+ site, H+0.67+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+3.50- atom. In the second H+0.67+ site, H+0.67+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+3.50- atom. In the third H+0.67+ site, H+0.67+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+3.50- atom. In the fourth H+0.67+ site, H+0.67+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+3.50- atom. In the fifth H+0.67+ site, H+0.67+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+3.50- atom. In the sixth H+0.67+ site, H+0.67+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+3.50- atom. There are two inequivalent Cl1- sites. In the first Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a water-like geometry to one Al3+ and one B1+ atom. In the second Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a water-like geometry to one Al3+ and one B1+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Materials Data on AgB5H6N2Cl5 by Materials Project

Ag(NH3)2(BCl)5 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pbcn space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of forty chloroborane molecules and eight Ag(NH3)2 clusters. In each Ag(NH3)2 cluster, Ag2+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two N3- atoms. There are one shorter (2.17 Å) and one longer (2.18 Å) Ag–N bond lengths. There are two inequivalent N3- sites. In the first N3- site, N3- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to one Ag2+ and three H1+ atoms. All N–H bond lengths are 1.02 Å. In the second N3- site, N3- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to one Ag2+ and three H1+ atoms. All N–H bond lengths are 1.02 Å. There are six inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N3- atom. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N3- atom. In the third H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N3- atom. In the fourth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N3- atom. In the fifth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N3- atom. In the sixth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N3- atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on B11H2CCl11 by Materials Project

B5CHCl5(BCl)4B2HCl2 crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of sixteen chloroborane molecules, four B2HCl2 clusters, and four B5CHCl5 clusters. In two of the B2HCl2 clusters, there are two inequivalent B+1.36+ sites. In the first B+1.36+ site, B+1.36+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Cl1- atom. The B–Cl bond length is 1.85 Å. In the second B+1.36+ site, B+1.36+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Cl1- atom. The B–Cl bond length is 1.84 Å. H is bonded in a linear geometry to two Cl1- atoms. There is one shorter (1.53 Å) and one longer (1.65 Å) H–Cl bond length. There are two inequivalent Cl1- sites. In the first Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a water-like geometry to one B+1.36+ and one H atom. In the second Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a water-like geometry to one B+1.36+ and one H atom. In two of the B2HCl2 clusters, there are two inequivalent B+1.36+ sites. In the first B+1.36+ site, B+1.36+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Cl1- atom. The B–Cl bond length is 1.85 Å. In the second B+1.36+ site, B+1.36+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Cl1- atom. The B–Cl bond length is 1.84 Å. H is bonded in a linear geometry to two Cl1- atoms. There is one shorter (1.59 Å) and one longer (1.60 Å) H–Cl bond length. There are two inequivalent Cl1- sites. In the first Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a water-like geometry to one B+1.36+ and one H atom. In the second Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a water-like geometry to one B+1.36+ and one H atom. In two of the B5CHCl5 clusters, there are five inequivalent B+1.36+ sites. In the first B+1.36+ site, B+1.36+ is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one C4- and one Cl1- atom. The B–C bond length is 1.71 Å. The B–Cl bond length is 1.76 Å. In the second B+1.36+ site, B+1.36+ is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one C4- and one Cl1- atom. The B–C bond length is 1.72 Å. The B–Cl bond length is 1.77 Å. In the third B+1.36+ site, B+1.36+ is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one C4- and one Cl1- atom. The B–C bond length is 1.72 Å. The B–Cl bond length is 1.76 Å. In the fourth B+1.36+ site, B+1.36+ is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one C4- and one Cl1- atom. The B–C bond length is 1.71 Å. The B–Cl bond length is 1.76 Å. In the fifth B+1.36+ site, B+1.36+ is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one C4- and one Cl1- atom. The B–C bond length is 1.73 Å. The B–Cl bond length is 1.76 Å. C4- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to five B+1.36+ and one H atom. The C–H bond length is 1.09 Å. H is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C4- atom. There are five inequivalent Cl1- sites. In the first Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one B+1.36+ atom. In the second Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one B+1.36+ atom. In the third Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one B+1.36+ atom. In the fourth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one B+1.36+ atom. In the fifth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one B+1.36+ atom. In two of the B5CHCl5 clusters, there are five inequivalent B+1.36+ sites. In the first B+1.36+ site, B+1.36+ is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one C4- and one Cl1- atom. The B–C bond length is 1.73 Å. The B–Cl bond length is 1.76 Å. In the second B+1.36+ site, B+1.36+ is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one C4- and one Cl1- atom. The B–C bond length is 1.71 Å. The B–Cl bond length is 1.76 Å. In the third B+1.36+ site, B+1.36+ is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one C4- and one Cl1- atom. The B–C bond length is 1.72 Å. The B–Cl bond length is 1.77 Å. In the fourth B+1.36+ site, B+1.36+ is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one C4- and one Cl1- atom. The B–C bond length is 1.72 Å. The B–Cl bond length is 1.76 Å. In the fifth B+1.36+ site, B+1.36+ is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one C4- and one Cl1- atom. The B–C bond length is 1.71 Å. The B–Cl bond length is 1.76 Å. C4- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to five B+1.36+ and one H atom. The C–H bond length is 1.09 Å. H is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C4- atom. There are five inequivalent Cl1- sites. In the first Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one B+1.36+ atom. In the second Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one B+1.36+ atom. In the third Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one B+1.36+ atom. In the fourth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one B+1.36+ atom. In the fifth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one B+1.36+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on KB6S4(Cl3O4)2 by Materials Project

KB3S4O8Cl3(BCl)3 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is one-dimensional and consists of twelve chloroborane molecules and two KB3S4O8Cl3 ribbons oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. In each KB3S4O8Cl3 ribbon, K1+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- and three Cl1- atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.82–2.99 Å. There are a spread of K–Cl bond distances ranging from 3.43–3.57 Å. There are three inequivalent B3+ sites. In the first B3+ site, B3+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Cl1- atom. The B–Cl bond length is 1.81 Å. In the second B3+ site, B3+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Cl1- atom. The B–Cl bond length is 1.80 Å. In the third B3+ site, B3+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Cl1- atom. The B–Cl bond length is 1.80 Å. There are four inequivalent S+0.75+ sites. In the first S+0.75+ site, S+0.75+ is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two O2- atoms. Both S–O bond lengths are 1.45 Å. In the second S+0.75+ site, S+0.75+ is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two O2- atoms. Both S–O bond lengths are 1.45 Å. In the third S+0.75+ site, S+0.75+ is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two O2- atoms. Both S–O bond lengths are 1.45 Å. In the fourth S+0.75+ site, S+0.75+ is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two O2- atoms. Both S–O bond lengths are 1.45 Å. There are eight inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one S+0.75+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one K1+ and one S+0.75+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one K1+ and one S+0.75+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one K1+ and one S+0.75+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one K1+ and one S+0.75+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one K1+ and one S+0.75+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one K1+ and one S+0.75+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one S+0.75+ atom. There are three inequivalent Cl1- sites. In the first Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one K1+ and one B3+ atom. In the second Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one K1+ and one B3+ atom. In the third Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one K1+ and one B3+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Minimizing User Burden in Building Energy Analysis

Infrared (IR) imagery can provide valuable data to building energy auditors and the developers of Building Energy Models (BEM). IR by itself is not a panacea to the challenges facing energy auditors and modelers, but when combined with other techniques and Open Studio software, IR can play an important role in the minimization of the burden of creating building energy models and the diagnosing of building energy problems. While IR can be used to detect and quantify many aspects of a building’s thermal and energy performance, in Phase I we focused on a single capability: determining the R value of exterior walls. Two key attributes of using IR methods for R value determination is that IR methods measure the actual, installed performance in-situ – as opposed to relying on manufacturer or handbook values – and they can integrate performance over a wide area and thus can accurately account for thermal bridging and spatial anomalies such as “spotty” insulation installation. There is a trade between user burden and accuracy when using IR to determine a wall’s R value. The least burdensome approach is computing R values from a single IR snapshot. The most burdensome method we considered was to combine IR images with thermocouple and heat flux sensor (HFS) measurements made over the course of several days. The more effort users expend in making the measurements, the more accurate and robust the method becomes. Through a series of field tests at the ThermoAnalytics Inc. (TAI) HQ at Calumet, MI and a simulation of a 1980s era office building in Flagstaff, AZ we investigated methods to compute the R value of exterior walls using data from IR cameras, thermocouples and heat flux sensors. To compute R values the heat flux through the wall, along with temperatures on either side of the wall, must be known, modeled, or estimated – and the temperature difference through the wall should be at least 10 C. If only outdoor IR images are used in the method, the inside ambient air temperature must be estimated, and a simulation model created to predict heat fluxes and the indoor wall temperature. The accuracy of the resulting R value depends on the accuracy of the simulation and the assumptions it employs. Applying thermocouple sensors, either as iButtons or as part of a wireless sensor network, to the walls allows for the acquisition of temperatures over time. The longer the duration of the measurements, the more accurate and robust the method will be. Even with this level of measurement effort, modeling is still required to calculate the heat flux through the wall. The addition of a heat flux sensor alleviates the need for any modeling, and that results in improved accuracy. Driving the accuracy of the methods are several factors that can be quantified. How well are the wall surface temperatures known? Modeling the heat flux through walls requires knowing the details of the surrounding radiant environment and the heat transfer due to convection. How well are these boundary conditions known? Even when the heat flux is measured, error can arise when some of the measured heat is not conducted through the wall but rather goes into the thermal mass of the wall. Thermal mass effects occur when conditions and the heat flux values are fluctuating. A technique that is not robust will suffer in accuracy when these fluctuations occur. The R value determination method must be incorporated into the Open Studio process. In our proposed process, IR images and other measured sensor data are input into a module that would send R value estimates to a building library developed by team member Skidmore, Owings, & Merrill (SOM). This library of parameterized building models would use these R values along with information about the building’s age, type, and location to query the Open Studio BCL to identify the most likely constructions for walls, roof, and windows. Being based on the IMF feature of Energyplus, the SOM building library can quickly produce Energyplus models of buildings based on a limited number of user inputs.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2016

Portfolio-Scale Optimization of Customer Energy Efficiency Incentive and Marketing: Cooperative Research and Development Final Report, CRADA Number CRD-13-535

North East utility National Grid (NGrid) is developing a portfolio-scale application of OpenStudio designed to optimize incentive and marketing expenditures for their energy efficiency (EE) programs. NGrid wishes to leverage a combination of geographic information systems (GIS), public records, customer data, and content from the Building Component Library (BCL) to form a JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) input file that is consumed by an OpenStudio-based expert system for automated model generation. A baseline model for each customer building will be automatically tuned using electricity and gas consumption data, and a set of energy conservation measures (ECMs) associated with each NGrid incentive program will be applied to the model. The simulated energy performance and return on investment (ROI) will be compared with customer hurdle rates and available incentives to A) optimize the incentive required to overcome the customer hurdle rate and B) determine if marketing activity associated with the specific ECM is warranted for that particular customer. Repeated across their portfolio, this process will enable NGrid to substantially optimize their marketing and incentive expenditures, targeting those customers that will likely adopt and benefit from specific EE programs.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2022

Variations to the z-Expansion of the Form Factor Describing the Decay of B Mesons

We examine the decay rate of the particle decay B 0 → D -ℓ +νℓ using data collected from the Belle Collaboration. We studied three parameterizations of the form factor which describe the differential decay rate, the Caprini, Lellouch, and Neubert (CLN) parametrization, the Boyd, Grinstein, and Lebed (BGL) parametrization, and the Bourrely, Caprini, and Lellouch (BCL) parameterization. The form factor is a function of the hadronic recoil variable w, and each parameterization contains unique free parameters which are the focus of this work. We test the extrapolations of the form factor by fitting many different subsets of the low w data and then compare the prediction of the fit to the high w data using a χ 2 -metric. By only fitting the low w data we are able to examine the stability of extrapolations which will be informative for lattice simulations.

Simons, Daniel↗
NASA NTRS1973

Development of high temperature strain gages

High temperature electric resistance wire strain gages were developed and evaluated for use at temperatures exceeding 922 K (1200 F). A special high temperature strain gage alloy (Fe-25Cr-7.5A1), designated BCL-3, was used to fabricate the gages. Pertinent gage characteristics were determined at temperatures up to 1255 K (1800 F). The results of the evaluation were reported in graphical and tabular form. It was concluded that the gages will perform satisfactorily at temperatures to at least 1089 K (1500 F) for at least one hour.

Lemcoe, M. M.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Process Feasibility Study in Support of Silicon Material, Task 1

During this reporting period, major activies were devoted to process system properties, chemical engineering and economic analyses. Analyses of process system properties was continued for materials involved in the alternate processes under consideration for solar cell grade silicon. The following property data are reported for silicon tetrafluoride: critical constants, vapor pressure, heat of varporization, heat capacity, density, surface tension, viscosity, thermal conductivity, heat of formation and Gibb's free energy of formation. Chemical engineering analysis of the BCL process was continued with primary efforts being devoted to the preliminary process design. Status and progress are reported for base case conditions; process flow diagram; reaction chemistry; material and energy balances; and major process equipment design.

Li, K. Y.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Strain sensing technology for high temperature applications

This review paper discusses the status of strain sensing technology for high temperature applications. Technologies covered are those supported by NASA such as required for applications in hypersonic vehicles and engines, advanced subsonic engines, as well as material and structure development. The applications may be at temperatures of 540 C (1000 F) to temperatures in excess of 1400 C (2500 F). The most promising technologies at present are the resistance strain gage and remote sensing schemes. Resistance strain gages discussed include the BCL gage, the LaRC compensated gage, and the PdCr gage. Remote sensing schemes such as laser based speckle strain measurement, phase-shifting interferometry and X-ray extensometry will be discussed. Present status and limitations of these technologies are presented.

Williams, W. D.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Strain sensing technology for high temperature applications

This review discusses the status of strain sensing technology for high temperature applications. Technologies covered are those supported by NASA such as required for applications in hypersonic vehicles and engines, advanced subsonic engines, as well as material and structure development. The applications may be at temperatures of 540 C (1000 F) to temperatures in excess of 1400 C (2500 F). The most promising technologies at present are the resistance strain gage and remote sensing schemes. Resistance strain gages discussed include the BCL gage, the LaRC compensated gage, and the PdCr gage. Remote sensing schemes such as laser based speckle strain measurement, phase-shifling interferometry, and x-ray extensometry are discussed. Present status and limitations of these technologies are presented.

Williams, W. Dan↗
NASA NTRS1996

High-temperature Strain Sensor and Mounting Development

This report describes Government Work Package Task 29 (GWP29), whose purpose was to develop advanced strain gage technology in support of the National Aerospace Plane (NASP) Program. The focus was on advanced resistance strain gages with a temperature range from room temperature to 2000 F (1095 C) and on methods for reliably attaching these gages to the various materials anticipated for use in the NASP program. Because the NASP program required first-cycle data, the installed gages were not prestabilized or heat treated on the test coupons before first-cycle data were recorded. NASA Lewis Research Center, the lead center for GWP29, continued its development of the palladium-chromium gage; NASA Langley Research Center investigated a new concept gage using Kanthal A1; and the NASA Dryden Flight Research Center chose the well-known BCL-3 iron-chromium-aluminum gage. Each center then tested all three gages. The parameters investigated were apparent strain, drift strain, and gage factor as a function of temperature, plus gage size and survival rate over the test period. Although a significant effort was made to minimize the differences in test equipment between the three test sites (e.g., the same hardware and software were used for final data processing), the center employed different data acquisition systems and furnace configurations so that some inherent differences may be evident in the final results.

Williams, W. Dan↗
NASA NTRS2008

Closing the Phenotypic Gap between Transformed Neuronal Cell Lines in Culture and Untransformed Neurons

Studies of neuronal dysfunction in the central nervous system (CNS) are frequently limited by the failure of primary neurons to propagate in vitro. Neuronal cell lines can be substituted for primary cells but they often misrepresent normal conditions. We hypothesized that a dimensional (3-D) cell culture system would drive the phenotype of transformed neurons closer to that of untransformed cells. In our studies comparing 3-D versus 2-dimensional (2-D) culture, neuronal SH-SY5Y (SY) cells underwent distinct morphological changes combined with a significant drop in their rate of cell division. Expression of the proto-oncogene N-myc and the RNA binding protein HuD was decreased in 3-D culture as compared to standard 2-D conditions. We observed a decline in the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 in 3-D culture, coupled with increased expression of the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and Bak. Moreover, thapsigargin (TG)-induced apoptosis was enhanced in the 3-D cells. Microarray analysis demonstrated significantly differing mRNA levels for over 700 genes in the cells of each culture type. These results indicate that a 3-D culture approach narrows the phenotypic gap between neuronal cell lines and primary neurons. The resulting cells may readily be used for in vitro research of neuronal pathogenesis.

Myers, Tereance A.↗
DOE OSTI2015

Order-to-Disorder Transitions in BECN1 Regulate Autophagy

Autophagy, an essential conserved, cell survival pathway in eukaryotes is responsible for degradation and recycling of unwanted, damaged or harmful cytoplasmic components. Our pathway-wide bioinformatics analysis shows that intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) are the most common structural feature of autophagy proteins and these IDRs may be responsible for many regulatory interactions. BECN1 is a critical component of the autophagy nucleation complex. Aberrant or reduced autophagy, due to BECN1 defects or low levels is implicated in many diseases. Over 20 cellular or viral proteins appear to interact with BECN1 to modulate autophagy. We are also using a multi-faceted experimental approach encompassing bioinformatics, computational, structural, biophysical, biochemical, cell biology and molecular biology methods to understand the mechanism by which BECN1 mediates autophagy, and how partners bind to BECN1 to modulate autophagy. This work reveals a structural and functional dichotomy within the 450-residue human BECN1: residues 42-132 constitute a poorly conserved IDR that includes a BECN1 BH3 domain (BH3D) responsible for binding Bcl-2 proteins, while the highly-conserved C-terminal residues 133-450 comprise three conformationally-flexible domains: the helical domain (HD), the coiled-coil domain and the b-a-repeat in autophagy domain. Finally, our structural and biophysical results show that the BH3D and HD undergo binding-associated disorder-to-structure transitions and have identified residues important for regulating autophagy.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2014

NREL's OpenStudio Helps Design More Efficient Buildings (Fact Sheet)

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has created the OpenStudio software platform that makes it easier for architects and engineers to evaluate building energy efficiency measures throughout the design process. OpenStudio makes energy modeling more accessible and affordable, helping professionals to design structures with lower utility bills and less carbon emissions, resulting in a healthier environment. OpenStudio includes a user-friendly application suite that makes the U.S. Department of Energy's EnergyPlus and Radiance simulation engines easier to use for whole building energy and daylighting performance analysis. OpenStudio is freely available and runs on Windows, Mac, and Linux operating systems.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2017

Regulated Forms of Cell Death in Fungi

Cell death occurs in all domains of life. While some cells die in an uncontrolled way due to exposure to external cues, other cells die in a regulated manner as part of a genetically encoded developmental program. Like other eukaryotic species, fungi undergo programmed cell death (PCD) in response to various triggers. For example, exposure to external stress conditions can activate PCD pathways in fungi. Calcium redistribution between the extracellular space, the cytoplasm and intracellular storage organelles appears to be pivotal for this kind of cell death. PCD is also part of the fungal life cycle, in which it occurs during sexual and asexual reproduction, aging, and as part of development associated with infection in phytopathogenic fungi. Additionally, a fungal non-self-recognition mechanism termed heterokaryon incompatibility (HI) also involves PCD. Some of the molecular players mediating PCD during HI show remarkable similarities to major constituents involved in innate immunity in metazoans and plants. In this review we discuss recent research on fungal PCD mechanisms in comparison to more characterized mechanisms in metazoans. We highlight the role of PCD in fungi in response to exogenic compounds, fungal development and non-self-recognition processes and discuss identified intracellular signaling pathways and molecules that regulate fungal PCD.

BCL-2 family↗
NASA NTRS2001

Modeled microgravity inhibits apoptosis in peripheral blood lymphocytes

Microgravity interferes with numerous lymphocyte functions (expression of cell surface molecules, locomotion, polyclonal and antigen-specific activation, and the protein kinase C activity in signal transduction). The latter suggests that gravity may also affect programmed cell death (PCD) in lymphocyte populations. To test this hypothesis, we investigated spontaneous, activation- and radiation-induced PCD in peripheral blood mononuclear cells exposed to modeled microgravity (MMG) using a rotating cell culture system. The results showed significant inhibition of radiation- and activation-induced apoptosis in MMG and provide insights into the potential mechanisms of this phenomenon.

NASA Discipline Cell Biology↗