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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 253 records · Page 14
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Footwear scanning systems and methods

Footwear scanning systems and associated methods are described. According to one aspect, a footwear scanning system includes a base, a shuttle configured to rotate beneath the base, wherein the shuttle comprises an antenna array configured to transmit electromagnetic waves through the base into footwear above the base during the rotation of the shuttle and to receive electromagnetic waves reflected from the footwear during the rotation of the shuttle, a transceiver coupled with the antenna array and configured to apply electrical signals to the antenna array to generate the transmitted electromagnetic waves and to receive electrical signals from the antenna array corresponding to the received electromagnetic waves, and processing circuitry configured to process an output of the transceiver corresponding to the received electromagnetic waves to provide information regarding contents within the footwear.

Jones, A. Mark↗
DOE OSTI2024

Bus repeater and bit injector for MIL-STD-1553/1760 communications bus

A fault insertion device (FID) comprises a transceiver and an FPGA. The transceiver receives signals from a MIL-STD-1553/1760 communications bus. The FPGA evaluates the signals received from the communications bus against a set of rules stored by the FPGA. Based upon the set of rules, the FPGA can selectively modify messages received from the communications bus prior to transmission to a remote terminal or a bus controller that is configured to communicate on the communications bus.

Krein, Jason P.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Towards high data-rate diffusive molecular communications: A review on performance enhancement strategies

Diffusive molecular communications (DiMC) have recently gained attention as a candidate for nano- to micro- and macro-scale communications due to its simplicity and energy efficiency. As signal propagation is solely enabled by Brownian motion mechanics, DiMC faces severe inter-symbol interference (ISI), which limits reliable and high data-rate communications. Herein, recent literature on DiMC performance enhancement strategies is surveyed; key research directions are identified. Signaling design and associated design constraints are presented. Here, studies on fundamental information theoretic limits of DiMC channel are reviewed. Classical and novel transceiver designs are discussed with an emphasis on methods for ISI mitigation and performance-complexity tradeoffs. Key parameter estimation strategies such as synchronization and channel estimation are considered in conjunction with asynchronous and timing error robust receiver methods. Finally, source and channel coding in the context of DiMC is presented.

42 ENGINEERING↗
NASA NTRS2012

Technology Development for High Efficiency Optical Communications

Deep space optical communications is a significantly more challenging operational domain than near Earth space optical communications, primarily due to effects resulting from the vastly increased range between transmitter and receiver. The NASA Game Changing Development Program Deep Space Optical Communications Project is developing four key technologies for the implementation of a high efficiency telecommunications system that will enable greater than 10X the data rate of a state-of-the-art deep space RF system (Ka-band) for similar transceiver mass and power burden on the spacecraft. These technologies are a low mass spacecraft disturbance isolation assembly, a flight qualified photon counting detector array, a high efficiency flight laser amplifier and a high efficiency photon counting detector array for the ground-based receiver.

Space Receiver↗
NASA NTRS2019

Bit Error Rate Performance of a Free Space Optical Link Using Double Clad Fibers

Mobile and embedded applications are emerging in the growing field of free space optical links (FSOL). Some mobile applications for FSOL include spacecraft, aircraft, and automotive. These applications by nature require low size weight and power (SWaP) solutions. The main challenge with any FSOL system is the strict pointing requirements. Common solutions to pointing and alignment of FSOL include gimbals, fast steering mirrors, and adaptive optics. All of which provide viable solutions at the cost of increased SWaP. Previously, we presented the use of both large core fibers and double clad fibers (DCF) to interface FSOL transmit and receive optics with small form factor pluggable optical transceivers (SFP). Double clad fibers have been shown to enable a common optical path by transmitting through a single mode core and receiving through a large inner cladding. This enables a single set of symmetric transmit and receive optics, which decreases the SWaP. In addition, using DCF increases the received power stability of the link relative to a multi-mode fiber (MMF) transmitting. To determine the viability of the system, bit error rate performance needs to be investigated. The results of this paper show that at a bit rate of 10 Gbps, double clad fibers offer similar bit error rate performance to single mode fibers when transmitting and multi-mode fibers when receiving enabling a symmetric duplex FSOL reducing SWaP.

Small Form-Factor Pluggable Optical Transceiver↗
NASA NTRS2019

Bit Error Rate Performance of a Free Space Optical Link Using Double Clad Fibers

Mobile and embedded applications are emerging in the growing field of free space optical links (FSOL). Some mobile applications for FSOL include spacecraft, aircraft, and automotive. These applications by nature require low size weight and power (SWaP) solutions. The main challenge with any FSOL system is the strict pointing requirements. Common solutions to pointing and alignment of FSOL include gimbals, fast steering mirrors, and adaptive optics. All of which provide viable solutions at the cost of increased SWaP. Previously, we presented the use of both large core fibers and double clad fibers (DCF) to interface FSOL transmit and receive optics with small form factor pluggable optical transceivers (SFP). Double clad fibers have been shown to enable a common optical path by transmitting through a single mode core and receiving through a large inner cladding. This enables a single set of symmetric transmit and receive optics, which decreases the SWaP. In addition, using DCF increases the received power stability of the link relative to a multi-mode fiber (MMF) transmitting. To determine the viability of the system, bit error rate performance needs to be investigated. The results of this paper show that at a bit rate of 10 Gbps, double clad fibers offer similar bit error rate performance to single mode fibers when transmitting and multi-mode fibers when receiving enabling a symmetric duplex FSOL reducing SWaP.

Double Clad Fiber↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

S-Band Transponder Multi-Network Compatibility, Space Environment and Radiation Testing

This paper presents the development and testing of the Software Define Radio (SDR) transceiver to meet the emerging needs for SmallSat communication and navigation. Vulcan Wireless and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) collaborated in testing the Vulcan Wireless S-band SDR engineering model. Apart from testing, communication link analysis was performed for a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) 400 km scenario. The results of the compatibility, radiation, environmental testing, and link analysis are presented. Also, this paper reviews a set of SmallSat missions under development at NASA GSFC.

Software Define Radio, transceiver, S-band↗
DOE OSTI2022

Self-powered Through-wall communication for dry cask storage monitoring

Many nuclear facilities, such as spent fuel storage dry casks and nuclear reactor pressure vessels, are entirely sealed by metal layers to prevent harmful radiation. For safety and security operations, the temperature, pressure, radiation, and humidity inside the vessel needs to be closely monitored. However, no practical technology is currently available to realize the through-wall data communication and monitoring for these vessels due to the inside harsh environment of high temperature and nuclear radiation. In this paper, an innovative self-powered wireless through-wall data communication system for the nuclear environment is presented, which demonstrates a successful solution to such challenges. The presented system is composed of four modules, i.e., energy harvester with power management circuits, ultrasound wireless communication using high-temperature piezoelectric transducers, electronic circuits for sensing and data transmission, and radiation shielding for electronics. Here, constitutive functions of each module were firstly designed and followed by the system integration. Experiments were conducted subsequently to validate the designed functions and evaluate the performance of the integrated system. Results showed that the average power of over 40 mW was harvested from the thermal flow inside the nuclear spent fuel canisters which could provide enough energy to operate the sensing and data communication systems. The gamma radiation test results showed that the thermoelectric energy harvester and ultrasound transceivers can withstand radiation dosing over 100 Mrad. Furthermore, temperature shock tests demonstrated that the entire system including the shielded electronics can survive and maintain their functionalities at temperatures as high as 195°C. Under the in-lab mocked-up high temperature conditions and radiation shielding, the proposed system is foreseen to survive and operate stably for fifty years inside a nuclear spent fuel canister, and send the frequency modulated data out of the canister for 3 s in every 10 min.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Stationary and drone-assisted methane plume localization with dispersion spectroscopy

This work presents stationary and mobile retroreflector-based remote sensing techniques for methane leak localization and quantification using chirped laser dispersion spectroscopy equipped with a custom laser transceiver capable of continuous tracking of a flying drone and coupled with inverse atmospheric gas dispersion modeling. The techniques demonstrate the ability to localize leaks as low as 0.13 g CH 4 ·s -1 , which are up to 25 times smaller than those typically observed at natural gas facilities, as well as actively track a moving retroreflector mounted on a lightweight (~250 g) drone to enable spatial plume reconstruction. This system exhibited a 2.3 ppm-m sensitivity over pathlengths of 40–150 m. Source localization to within ±7 m is demonstrated using a modified horizontal radial plume mapping technique with a stationary retroreflector grid. Meanwhile, the mobile system utilizing a drone-mounted retroreflector is able to localize a controlled release within ±1 m of its source location and estimate leak rates using inversion techniques assuming type B Gaussian plume stability class within ±30% error with respect to the actual low flow rate releases.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2020

A holey cavity for single-transducer 3D ultrasound imaging with physical optimization

Within the compressive sensing (CS) framework, one effective way to increase the likelihood of successful signal reconstruction is to employ random processes in the construction of the sensing matrix. This work presents a 3D holey cavity, with diverse frequency modes, to spectrally code, that is, randomize, the ultrasound wave fields. The simulated results show that the use of such a cavity enables imaging simple or complex targets, such as spheres or the letter E, by only a single transceiver—something that is not possible without the use of a coding structure like the cavity. The effect of noise on imaging results and the size of the targets on the first-order Born approximation (BA) are also investigated. Moreover, this study attempts to optimize the cavity, based on a single numerical metric, such as the sum of singular values (SSV) or mutual coherence (MC). Yet, it will be shown that neither of these metrics can consistently compare the norm-one imaging performance between two cavities of different materials or hole sizes. This leaves finding a quantitative metric for these kinds of optimizations an open problem.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2020

Inverse-Designed Photonics for Semiconductor Foundries

Silicon photonics is becoming a leading technology in photonics, displacing traditional fiber optic transceivers and enabling new applications. Further improving the density and performance of silicon photonics, however, has been challenging due to the large size and limited performance of traditional semianalytically designed components. Automated optimization of photonic devices using inverse design is a promising path forward but has, until now, faced difficulties in producing designs that can be fabricated reliably at scale. In this paper we experimentally demonstrate four inverse-designed devices made successfully in a commercial silicon photonics foundry: a spatial mode multiplexer, wavelength demultiplexer, 50–50 directional coupler, and 3-way power splitter. These devices are efficient, robust to fabrication variability, and compact, with footprints only a few micrometers across. They pave the way forward for the widespread practical use of inverse design.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Preliminary design overview and performance assessment of the ITER low-field side reflectometer

The design of the ITER low-field side reflectometer (LFSR) has matured to a complete end-to-end preliminary design. LFSR will supply three key plasma measurements: (1) electron density profile, (2) electron density fluctuations, and (3) poloidal rotation. Simultaneous measurements of the three quantities are enabled by an array of six monostatic antennas which inject from an equatorial port on the outboard side of the ITER vessel. Low-loss transmission lines, consisting of corrugated, overmoded waveguide and miter bends, transmit the 30–165 GHz, O- and X-mode signals to and from the ITER plasma. Integrated transmission-line components serve a range of purposes, such as protection from high-power stray radiofrequency radiation, accommodation of transmission-line displacement, and simultaneous measurement of reference and plasma phases during the discharge. Broadband transmission signals are realized by full-band microwave transceivers combined with quasi-optical multiplexing. A field-programmable gate array (FPGA) processor demodulates the profile reflectometer signals, enabling real-time density profile measurements for plasma control system feedback. A full-scale transmission line test facility provides an integrated environment to assess the performance of critical LFSR components. Theoretical modeling together with insertion loss measurements provide the basis for a comprehensive power budget, which accounts for transmitted output power, transmission-line losses, antenna coupling, and plasma effects. Results indicate that high signal-to-noise ratios are achievable with the current design. A synthetic reflectometer model, using real design parameters and baseline ITER profiles, has been developed to estimate the return signal. With evolving microwave and data acquisition technologies, full-band, ultrafast sweeps (<1 μs) will be realizable for ITER.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

1.2 Mfps standalone X-ray detector for Time-Resolved Experiments

We present a standalone and autonomous X-ray detector capable of operation with the speed of up to1.2Mfps. The detector utilizes UFXC32k hybrid pixel detectors for sensing X-rays, Spartan-6 LX45 FPGA placed in commercially available sbRIO 9628 controller for data acquisition and processing including a compression with zero-suppression algorithm. A Linux-RT system working on the 400 MHz Dual-Core CPU is used for FPGA control and data streaming to the higher-level system over 1 Gbps Ethernet connection. 1.2 M frames per second is achieved in so-called burst mode of operation while in zerodead-time mode 70 kfps is possible. Due to efficient data compression in FPGA there’s no need of using high-speed transceivers and Frame-Grabber cards on the data server side and the detector can stream the data infinitely over standard 1 Gbps network connection. Operation modes were tested at Advanced Photon Source Synchrotron at Argonne National Laboratory.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2021

Strategies for on-chip digital data compression for X-ray pixel detectors

Here, the continued desire for X-ray pixel detectors with higher frame rates will stress the ability of application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) designers to provide sufficient off-chip bandwidth to reach continuous frame rates in the 1 MHz regime. To move from the current 10 kHz to the 1 MHz frame rate regime, ASIC designers will continue to pack as many power-hungry high-speed transceivers at the periphery of the ASIC as possible. In this paper, however, we present new strategies to make the most efficient use of the off-chip bandwidth by utilizing data compression schemes for X-ray photon-counting and charge-integrating pixel detectors. In particular, we describe a novel in-pixel compression scheme that converts from analog to digital converter units to encoded photon counts near the photon Poisson noise level and achieves a compression ratio of >1.5x independent of the dataset. In addition, we describe a simple yet efficient zero-suppression compression scheme called "zeromask" (ZM) located at the ASIC's edge before streaming data off the ASIC chip. ZM achieves average compression ratios of >4x, >7x, and >8x for high-energy X-ray diffraction, ptychography, and X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy datasets, respectively. We present the conceptual designs, register-transfer level block diagrams, and the physical ASIC implementation of these compression schemes in 65 nm CMOS. When combined, these two digital compression schemes could increase the effective off-chip bandwidth by a factor of 6-12x.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2022

A radiation tolerant clock generator for the CMS endcap timing layer readout chip

Here, we present the test results of a low jitter Phase Locked Loop (PLL) prototype chip for the CMS Endcap Timing Layer readout chip (ETROC). This chip is based on the improved version of a clock synthesis circuit named ljCDR from the Low Power Gigabit Transceiver (lpGBT) project. The ljCDR is tested in its PLL mode. An automatic frequency calibration (AFC) block with the Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) register is developed for the LC-oscillator calibration. The chip was manufactured in a 65 nm CMOS process with 10 metal layers. The chip has been extensively tested, including Total Ionizing Dose (TID) testing up to 300 Mrad and Single Event Upset (SEU) testing with heavy ions possessing a Linear Energy Transfer (LET) from 1.3 to 62.5 MeV × cm 2 /mg.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2023

Electronics for the far-forward CMS muon detector upgrade, ME0

Abstract With the High Luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) we expect increased instantaneous luminosities up to 7.5 × 10 34 cm −2 s −1 , or five times more than the original values. In order to maintain performance of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment under these conditions, ME0 is one of three new muon sub-detectors being added, along with GE1/1 and GE2/1, which use the triple Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) technology. ME0 is designed to cover the forward region of 2.0 < | η | < 2.8, thus improving muon reconstruction at high background rates by supplementing other overlapping muon subsystems up to | η | = 2.4, while also extending the acceptance for the first time to | η | = 2.8. The readout electronics for ME0 must be designed to accommodate high data rates and be sufficiently radiation hard to operate close to the beamline. The Optohybrid (OH) board for ME0, which reads out data from the front-end VFAT3b ASICs, has therefore been designed to operate without an FPGA (unlike GE1/1 and GE2/1) to ensure radiation hardness. The ME0 OH uses the radiation-hard CERN-designed lpGBT ASIC and VTRx+ optical transceiver module for high bandwidth optical links up to 10.24 Gb/s. The backend system is based on the ATCA standard. The design and development status of the readout electronics for ME0 is presented, along with recent results from integration tests performed using the first prototypes.

Instruments & Instrumentation↗
DOE OSTI2024

Quantum computer-enabled receivers for optical communication

Abstract Optical communication is the standard for high-bandwidth information transfer in today’s digital age. The increasing demand for bandwidth has led to the maturation of coherent transceivers that use phase- and amplitude-modulated optical signals to encode more bits of information per transmitted pulse. Such encoding schemes achieve higher information density, but also require more complicated receivers to discriminate the signaling states. In fact, achieving the ultimate limit of optical communication capacity, especially in the low light regime, requires coherent joint detection of multiple pulses. Despite their superiority, such joint detection receivers are not in widespread use because of the difficulty of constructing them in the optical domain. In this work we describe how optomechanical transduction of phase information from coherent optical pulses to superconducting qubit states followed by the execution of trained short-depth variational quantum circuits can perform joint detection of communication codewords with error probabilities that surpass all classical, individual pulse detection receivers. Importantly, we utilize a model of optomechanical transduction that captures non-idealities such as thermal noise and loss in order to understand the transduction performance necessary to achieve a quantum advantage with such a scheme. We also execute the trained variational circuits on an IBM-Q device with the modeled transduced states as input to demonstrate that a quantum advantage is possible even with current levels of quantum computing hardware noise.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗