Development of solid-state avalanche amorphous selenium for medical imaging: Solid-state avalanche amorphous selenium sensor
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Scheuermann, James R.↗
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Results for “state”
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Thermal equation of state and spin transition of magnesiosiderite at high pressure and temperature
Abstract not provided
Liu, Jin↗
Multiscale stress-strain characterization of outer onion epidermal peel tissue in wet and dry states
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biofuels (including algae and biomass), bio-inspir↗
Glassy embedded solid-state electrode assemblies, solid-state batteries and methods of making electrode assemblies and solid-state batteries
Batteries, component structures and manufacturing methods, in particular including a glassy embedded battery electrode assembly having a composite material structure composed of interpenetrating material components including a porous electroactive network including a solid electroactive material, and a continuous glassy medium including a Li ion conducting sulfide glass, can achieve enhanced power output, reduced charging time and/or improved cycle life.
Visco, Steven J.↗
Oxidation State 10 Exists
Abstract In a recent paper, Wang et al. found an iridium‐containing compound with a formal oxidation state of 9. This is the highest oxidation state ever found in a stable compound. To learn if this is the highest chemical oxidation state possible, Kohn–Sham density functional theory was used to study various compounds, including PdO 4 2+ , PtO 4 2+ , PtO 3 F 2 2+ , PtO 4 OH + , PtO 5 , and PtO 4 SH + , in which the metal has an oxidation state of 10. It was found that PtO 4 2+ has a metastable state that is kinetically stable with a barrier height for decomposition of 31 kcal mol −1 and a calculated lifetime of 0.9 years. All other compounds studied would readily decompose to lower oxidation states.
Yu, Haoyu S.↗
CaMn 3 IV O 4 Cubane Models of the Oxygen‐Evolving Complex: Spin Ground States S <9/2 and the Effect of Oxo Protonation
Abstract We report the single crystal XRD and MicroED structure, magnetic susceptibility, and EPR data of a series of CaMn 3 IV O 4 and YMn 3 IV O 4 complexes as structural and spectroscopic models of the cuboidal subunit of the oxygen‐evolving complex (OEC). The effect of changes in heterometal identity, cluster geometry, and bridging oxo protonation on the spin‐state structure was investigated. In contrast to previous computational models, we show that the spin ground state of CaMn 3 IV O 4 complexes and variants with protonated oxo moieties need not be S =9/2. Desymmetrization of the pseudo ‐ C 3 ‐symmetric Ca(Y)Mn 3 IV O 4 core leads to a lower S =5/2 spin ground state. The magnitude of the magnetic exchange coupling is attenuated upon oxo protonation, and an S =3/2 spin ground state is observed in CaMn 3 IV O 3 (OH). Our studies complement the observation that the interconversion between the low‐spin and high‐spin forms of the S 2 state is pH‐dependent, suggesting that the (de)protonation of bridging or terminal oxygen atoms in the OEC may be connected to spin‐state changes.
Lee, Heui Beom↗
Calculations on 1,8-naphthoquinone predict that the ground state of this diradical is a singlet: Calculations on 1,8-Naphthoquinone Predict that the Ground State of this Diradical Is a Singlet
(12/12)CASPT2, (16/14)CASPT2, B3LYP, and CCSD(T) calculations have been carried out on 1,8-Naphthoquinone (1,8-NQ), in order to predict the low-lying electronic states and their relative energies in this non-Kekulé quinone diradical. CASPT2 predicts a 1A1 ground state, with three other electronic states – 3B2, 3B1, and 1B1 – within about 10 kcal/mol of the ground state in energy. In contrast, CCSD(T) finds 3B2 to be the ground state, with 1A1 slightly higher in energy. Based on the comparisons of the singlet-triplet energy differences (?EST), calculated by CASPT2 and by CCSD(T) for two other non-Kekulé quinone diradicals, with the experimental values measured, by negative ion photoelectron spectroscopy (NIPES), it is predicted that NIPES experiments on 1,8-NQ•– will find that 1,8-NQ is a diradical with a singlet ground state.
Hrovat, David A.↗
Redox states of Desulfovibrio vulgaris DsrC, a key protein in dissimilatory sulfite reduction
Highlights: •DsrC is known to interact with the dissimilatory sulfite reductase enzyme (DsrAB). •We show that, however, most cellular DsrC is not associated with DsrAB. •A gel-shift assay was developed that allows monitoring of the DsrC redox state. •The DsrC intramolecularly oxidized state could only be produced by arginine treatment. -- Abstract: Dissimilatory reduction of sulfite is carried out by the siroheme enzyme DsrAB, with the involvement of the protein DsrC, which has two conserved redox-active cysteines. DsrC was initially believed to be a third subunit of DsrAB. Here, we report a study of the distribution of DsrC in cell extracts to show that, in the model sulfate reducer Desulfovibrio vulgaris, the majority of DsrC is not associated with DsrAB and is thus free to interact with other proteins. In addition, we developed a cysteine-labelling gel-shift assay to monitor the DsrC redox state and behaviour, and procedures to produce the different redox forms. The oxidized state of DsrC with an intramolecular disulfide bond, which is proposed to be a key metabolic intermediate, could be successfully produced for the first time by treatment with arginine.
60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
Solid-state actinide acid phosphites from phosphorous acid melts
The reaction of UO{sub 3} and H{sub 3}PO{sub 3} at 100 °C and subsequent reaction with dimethylformamide (DMF) produces crystals of the compound (NH{sub 2}(CH{sub 3}){sub 2})[UO{sub 2}(HPO{sub 2}OH)(HPO{sub 3})]. This compound crystallizes in space group P2{sub 1}/n and consists of layers of uranyl pentagonal bipyramids that share equatorial vertices with phosphite units, separated by dimethylammonium. In contrast, the reaction of phosphorous acid and actinide oxides at 210 °C produces a viscous syrup. Subsequent dilution in solvents and use of standard solution-state methods results in the crystallization of two polymorphs of the actinide acid phosphites An(HPO{sub 2}OH){sub 4} (An=U, Th) and of the mixed acid phosphite–phosphite U(HPO{sub 3})(HPO{sub 2}OH){sub 2}(H{sub 2}O)·2(H{sub 2}O). α- and β-An(HPO{sub 2}OH){sub 4} crystallize in space groups C2/c and P2{sub 1}/n, respectively, and comprise a three-dimensional network of An{sup 4+} cations in square antiprismatic coordination corner-sharing with protonated phosphite units, whereas U(HPO{sub 3})(HPO{sub 2}OH){sub 2}(H{sub 2}O){sub 2}·(H{sub 2}O) crystallizes in a layered structure in space group Pbca that is composed of An{sup 4+} cations in square antiprismatic coordination corner-sharing with protonated phosphites and water ligands. We discuss our findings in using solid inorganic reagents to produce a solution-workable precursor from which solid-state compounds can be crystallized. - Graphical abstract: Reaction of UO{sub 3} and H{sub 3}PO{sub 3} at 100 °C and subsequent reaction with DMF produces crystals of (NH{sub 2}(CH{sub 3}){sub 2})[UO{sub 2}(HPO{sub 2}OH)(HPO{sub 3})] with a layered structure. Reaction of phosphorous acid and actinide oxides at 210 °C produces a viscous syrup and further solution-state reactions result in the crystallization of the actinide acid phosphites An(HPO{sub 2}OH){sub 4} (An=U, Th), with a three-dimensional network structure, and the mixed acid phosphite–phosphite U(HPO{sub 3})(HPO{sub 2}OH){sub 2}(H{sub 2}O){sub 2}·(H{sub 2}O) with a layered structure. - Highlights: • U(VI), U(IV) and Th(IV) phosphites were synthesized by solution-state methods. • A new uranyl phosphite structure is based upon uranyl phosphite anionic sheets. • New U and Th phosphites have framework structures.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Particle Size Distribution Dynamics Can Help Constrain the Phase State of Secondary Organic Aerosol
Particle phase state is a property of atmospheric aerosols that has important implications for the formation, evolution, and gas/particle partitioning of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). In this work, we use a size-resolved chemistry and microphysics model (SOM-TOMAS), updated to include an explicit treatment of particle phase state, to constrain the bulk diffusion coefficient (Db) of SOA produced from ??- pinene ozonolysis. By leveraging data from laboratory experiments performed in the absence of a seed and under dry conditions, we find that the Db for SOA can be constrained (1-7 ×10-15 cm2 s-1 in these experiments) by simultaneously reproducing the time-varying SOA mass concentrations and the evolution of the particle size distribution. Another version of our model that used the predicted SOA composition to calculate the glass transition temperature, viscosity, and, ultimately, Db (~10-15 cm2 s-1) of the SOA was able to reproduce the mass and size distribution measurements when we included oligomer formation (oligomers accounted for about a fifth of the SOA mass). Our work highlights the potential of a size resolved SOA model to constrain the particle phase state of SOA by utilizing historical measurements of the evolution of the particle size distribution.
He, Yicong↗
Unified View of the Local Cation-Ordered State in Inverse Spinel Oxides
Cation ordering/disordering in spinel oxides plays a necessary role in the rich physical and chemical properties which are hallmarks of the structural archetype. A variety of cation-ordering motifs have been reported for spinel oxides with multiple cations residing on the octahedral site (or B-site). This has attracted tremendous attention from both experimental and theoretical communities in the last few decades. Yet, no unified view has been reached, presumably due to the richness of cation species and corresponding complex arrangements emergent in this large family of compounds. Here, local cation-ordered ground states of (inverse) spinel oxides with two different cations on the octahedral site have been thoroughly investigated using neutron and X-ray total scattering, and a comprehensive theory has been proposed to explain the commonly observed cation-ordered polymorphs. It is found that a cation-zigzag-ordered structure (space group P4122) is the ground state for inverse spinel oxides with a pure or strong ionic lattice, while a cation-linear-ordered arrangement (space group Imma) emerges when one of the B-site cations forms very strong directional covalent bonds with lattice oxygen. The degree and length scale of cation ordering is strongly correlated with the charge and ionic radius difference between the two octahedral site cations. More complicated cation ordering schemes can be formed when there is a concomitant charge and orbital ordering which fall on a similar energy scale. This can lead to the formation of orbital-driven cation clusters or the broad concept of “molecules” in solid- state compounds. It is anticipated these findings will help to better understand the observed physical properties of spinel oxides and thus facilitate design strategies for improved functional materials.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
Temperature-Dependent Evolution of the Oxidation States of Cobalt and Platinum in Co 1– x Pt x Clusters under H 2 and CO + H 2 Atmospheres
Co1-xPtx clusters of 2.9-nm size with a range of atomically precise Pt/Co atomic ratios (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1) were synthesized using the mass-selected low-energy cluster beam deposition (LECBD) technique and soft-landed onto an amorphous alumina thin film prepared by atomic layer deposition (ALD). Utilizing ex situ X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), the oxidation state of the as-made clusters supported on Al2O3 was determined after both a 1-h-long exposure to air and aging for several weeks while exposed to air. Next, the aged duster samples were characterized by grazing-incidence X-ray absorption spectroscopy (GIXAS) and then pretreated with diluted hydrogen and further exposed to the mixture of diluted CO and H-2 up to 225 degrees C at atmospheric pressure, and the temperature-dependent evolutions of the particle size/shape and the oxidation states of the individual metal components within the dusters were monitored using in situ grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (GISAXS/GIXAS). The changes in the oxidation states of Co and Pt exhibited a nonlinear dependence on the Pt/Co atomic ratio of the dusters. For example, a low Pt/Co ratio (x <= 0.5) facilitates the formation of Co(OH)(2), whereas a high Pt/Co ratio (x = 0.75) stabilizes the Co3O4 composition instead through the formation of a Co-Pt core-shell structure where the platinum shell inhibits the reduction of cobalt in the core of the Co1-xPtx alloy dusters. The obtained results indicate methods for optimizing the composition and structure of binary alloy clusters for catalysis.
Yang, Bing↗
Modeling Excited States in TiO2 Nanoparticles: On the Accuracy of a TD-DFT Based Description
We have investigated the suitability of Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) to describe vertical low-energy excitations in naked and hydrated titanium dioxide nanoparticles through a comparison with results from Equation-of-Motion Coupled Cluster (EOM-CC) quantum chemistry methods. We demonstrate that for most TiO2 nanoparticles TD-DFT calculations with commonly used exchange-correlation (XC-)potentials (e.g. B3LYP) and EOM-CC methods give qualitatively similar results. Importantly, however, we also show that for an important subset of structures, TD-DFT gives qualitatively different results depending upon the XC-potential used and that in this case only TD-CAM-B3LYP and TD-BHLYP calculations yield results that are consistent with those obtained using EOM-CC theory. Moreover, we demonstrate that the discrepancies for such structures arise from a particular combination of defects, excitations involving which are charge-transfer excitations and hence are poorly described by XC-potentials that contain no or low fractions of Hartree-Fock like exchange. Finally, we discuss that such defects are readily healed in the presence of ubiquitously present water and that as a result the description of vertical low-energy excitations for hydrated TiO2 nanoparticles is hence non-problematic.
calculations↗
Predictability of state-level flood damage in the conterminous United States: the role of hazard, exposure and vulnerability
Understanding historical changes in flood damage and the underlying mechanisms is critical for predicting future changes for better adaptations. In this study, a detailed assessment of flood damage for 1950–1999 is conducted at the state level in the conterminous United States (CONUS). Geospatial datasets on possible influencing factors are then developed by synthesizing natural hazards, population, wealth, cropland and urban area to explore the relations with flood damage. A considerable increase in flood damage in CONUS is recorded for the study period which is well correlated with hazards. Comparably, runoff indexed hazards simulated by the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model can explain a larger portion of flood damage variations than precipitation in 84% of the states. Cropland is identified as an important factor contributing to increased flood damage in central US while urbanland exhibits positive and negative relations with total flood damage and damage per unit wealth in 20 and 16 states, respectively. Altogether, flood damage in 34 out of 48 investigated states can be predicted at the 90% confidence level. In extreme cases, ~76% of flood damage variations can be explained in some states, highlighting the potential of future flood damage prediction based on climate change and socioeconomic scenarios.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Enhanced sub-bandgap efficiency of a solid-state organic intermediate band solar cell using triplet–triplet annihilation
Conventional solar cells absorb photons with energy above the bandgap of the active layer while sub-bandgap photons are unharvested. One way to overcome this loss is to capture the low energy light in the triplet state of a molecule capable of undergoing triplet–triplet annihilation (TTA), which pools the energy of two triplet states into one high energy singlet state that can then be utilized. This mechanism underlies the function of an organic intermediate band solar cell (IBSC). Here, we report a solid-state organic IBSC that shows enhanced photocurrent derived from TTA that converts sub-bandgap light into charge carriers. Femtosecond resolution transient absorption spectroscopy and delayed fluorescence spectroscopy provide evidence for the triplet sensitization and upconversion mechanisms, while external quantum efficiency measurements in the presence of a broadband background light demonstrate that sub-bandgap performance enhancements are achievable in this device. In conclusion, the solid-state architecture introduced in this work serves as an alternative to previously demonstrated solution-based IBSCs, and is a compelling model for future research efforts in this area.
14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
On the description of conical intersections—A continuous representation of the local topography of seams of conical intersection of three or more electronic states: A generalization of the two state result
For conical intersections of two states (I,J = I + 1) the vectors defining the branching or g-h plane, the energy difference gradient vector g{sup I,J}, and the interstate coupling vector h{sup I,J}, can be made orthogonal by a one parameter rotation of the degenerate electronic eigenstates. The representation obtained from this rotation is used to construct the parameters that describe the vicinity of the conical intersection seam, the conical parameters, s{sup I,J}{sub x} (R), s{sup I,J}{sub y} (R), g{sup I,J}(R), and h{sup I,J}(R). As a result of the orthogonalization these parameters can be made continuous functions of R, the internuclear coordinates. In this work we generalize this notion to construct continuous parametrizations of conical intersection seams of three or more states. The generalization derives from a recently introduced procedure for using non-degenerate electronic states to construct coupled diabatic states that represent adiabatic states coupled by conical intersections. The procedure is illustrated using the seam of conical intersections of three states in parazolyl as an example.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
Statistically optimal analysis of state-discretized trajectory data from multiple thermodynamic states
We propose a discrete transition-based reweighting analysis method (dTRAM) for analyzing configuration-space-discretized simulation trajectories produced at different thermodynamic states (temperatures, Hamiltonians, etc.) dTRAM provides maximum-likelihood estimates of stationary quantities (probabilities, free energies, expectation values) at any thermodynamic state. In contrast to the weighted histogram analysis method (WHAM), dTRAM does not require data to be sampled from global equilibrium, and can thus produce superior estimates for enhanced sampling data such as parallel/simulated tempering, replica exchange, umbrella sampling, or metadynamics. In addition, dTRAM provides optimal estimates of Markov state models (MSMs) from the discretized state-space trajectories at all thermodynamic states. Under suitable conditions, these MSMs can be used to calculate kinetic quantities (e.g., rates, timescales). In the limit of a single thermodynamic state, dTRAM estimates a maximum likelihood reversible MSM, while in the limit of uncorrelated sampling data, dTRAM is identical to WHAM. dTRAM is thus a generalization to both estimators.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
Localized states induced by an oxygen vacancy in rutile TiO{sub 2}
Using density functional theory and model Hamiltonian analysis, we investigate the localized states induced by an oxygen vacancy in rutile TiO{sub 2}. We identify two classes of localized states—the hybrid and the polaron. The hybrid state is caused by the orbital overlap between three Ti atoms next to a vacancy and is mainly derived from the Ti e{sub g} orbitals. The polaron state is caused by the local lattice distortion and is mainly composed of one particular t{sub 2g} orbital from a single Ti atom. The first principles calculation shows that the polaron state is energetically favored, and the tight-binding analysis reveals the underlying connection between the bulk band structure and the orbital character of the polaron. The magnetic coupling between two nearby polaron states is found to be ferromagnetic. Using this picture, we analyze the results of recent theoretical calculations and experiments and discuss the connection to vacancies in SrTiO{sub 3}.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗