Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “oxide weights”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 253 records · Page 14
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1972

Cyclic oxidation of cobalt-chromium-aluminum-yttrium and aluminide coatings on IN-100 and VIA alloys in high velocity gases

Embedded-alumina-particle aluminide (EAPA) coated and CoCrAlY coated IN-100 and NASA-TRW-VIA specimens were cyclically oxidation tested in a high velocity (approximately Mach 1) gas flame at 1093 C (2000 F). The EAPA coatings on both alloys performed very similarly to commercial pack aluminide coatings with respect to weight change and thermal fatigue cracking. The CoCrAlY coating on IN-100 had weight changes similar to commercial pack aluminide coatings but no thermal fatigue cracks appeared at 300 hours. The CoCrAlY coating on VIA performed significantly better than the commercial aluminide coatings, providing oxidation protection (based on weight change) to 450 hours and thermal fatigue crack prevention to at least 600 hours.

Deadmore, D. L.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Nucleophilic Thiols Reductively Cleave Ether Linkages in Lignin Model Polymers and Lignin

Lignin may serve as a renewable feedstock for the production of chemicals and fuels if mild, scalable processes for its depolymerization can be devised. The use of small organic thiols represents a bioinspired strategy to cleave the β–O–4 bond, the most common linkage in lignin. In the present study, synthetic β–O–4 linked polymers were treated with organic thiols, yielding up to 90 % cleaved monomer products. Lignin extracted from poplar was also treated with organic thiols resulting in molecular weight reductions as high as 65 % (Mn) in oxidized lignin. Thiol–based cleavage of other lignin linkages was also explored in small–molecule model systems to uncover additional potential pathways by which thiols might depolymerize lignin. The success of thiol–mediated cleavage on model dimers, polymers, and biomass–derived lignin illustrates the potential utility of small redox–active molecules to penetrate complex polymer matrices for depolymerization and subsequent valorization of lignin into fuels and chemicals.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS1973

Cyclic and isothermal oxidation behavior at 1100 and 1200 C of Ni-20Cr, Ni-20Cr-3Mn, Ni-20Cr-3Si, and Ni-40Cr alloys

Alloys of Ni-20Cr, Ni-20Cr-3Mn, Ni-20Cr-3Si, and Ni-40Cr were cyclically oxidized at 1100 and 1200 C for up to 100 hours. Oxidation behavior was judged by sample thickness and weight change, metallography, diffraction, and microprobe analysis. The least attacked were Ni-40Cr and Ni-20Cr-3Si. The alloy Ni-20Cr-3Mn was much less attacked than Ni-20Cr, but more than the other alloys. The formation of Cr2O3 accounted for the increased resistance of Ni-Cr and Ni-20Cr-3Si, and the formation of MnCr2O4 accounts for the improvement in Ni-20Cr-3mn over Ni-20Cr.

Lowell, C. E.↗
NASA NTRS1974

High-velocity-oxidation performance of metal-chromium-aluminum (MCrAl), cermet, and modified aluminide coatings on IN-100 and type VIA alloys at 1093 C

Cermet, MCrAl, and modified aluminide types of coatings applied to IN-100 and NASA-TRW-VIA alloy specimens were cyclically oxidation tested in a high velocity (Mach 1) gas flame at 1093 C. Several coating compositions of each type were evaluated for oxidation resistance. The modified aluminide coating, Pt-Al, applied to alloy 6A proved to be the best, providing oxidation protection to approximately 750 hours based on weight change measurements. The second best, a CoCrAlY coating applied to 6A, provided protection to 450 hours. The third best was a cermet + aluminide coating on 6A with a protection time to 385 hours.

Deadmore, D. L.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Development of a prototype experiment for treating CELSS and PCELSS wastes to produce nutrients for plant growth

Future long term spaceflights require extensive recycling of wastes to minimize the need for resupplying the vessel. The recycling occurs in a fully or partially closed environment life support system (CELSS or PCELSS). The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is interested in converting wastewater into potable water or water for hydroponic farming as part of a CELSS. The development of technologies for wastewater treatment that produce a minimum of by-products is essential. One process that achieves good conversion of moderately concentrated organic wastes in water (1 to 20% by weight) completely to carbon dioxide and water is oxidation in supercritical water. Both air (or oxygen) and many organics are completely miscible with supercritical water, so there are no interphase mass transport resistances that limits the overall oxidation reaction. The temperature of supercritical water, which must be above 374 C, is also sufficient to have rapid reaction kinetics for the oxidations.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1990

Diamonds in detonation soot

Diamonds 4 to 7 nm in diameter have been identified and partially isolated from soot formed in detonations of carbon-forming composite explosives. The morphology of the soot has been examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the identity of the diamond has been established by the electron diffraction pattern of the TEM samples and by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the isolated solid. Graphite is also present in the form of ribbons of turbostatic structure with a thickness of 2 to 4 nm. A fraction, about 25 percent of the soot by weight, was recovered from the crude soot after oxidation of the graphite with fuming perchloric acid. This fraction showed a distinct XRD pattern of diamond and the diffuse band of amorphous carbon. The IR spectrum of these diamonds closely matches that of diamonds recovered from meteorites (Lewis et al., 1987), perhaps indicating similar surface properties after the oxidation. If these diamonds are produced in the detonation itself or during the initial expansion, they exhibit a phenomenal crystal growth rate (5 nm/0.00001 s equal 1.8 m/hr) in a medium with a very low hydrogen/carbon ratio. Because the diamonds will be carried along with the expanding gases, they will be accelerated to velocities approaching 8 km/s.

Greiner, N. Roy↗
NASA NTRS1993

Protective Coats For High-Temperature Strain Gauges

Addition of some rare-earth oxides to prior alumina (only) coating material increases maximum service temperature of palladium/chromium-wire strain gauges. Pd/Cr wires used at temperatures up to 800 degrees C without excessive drift in electrical resistance. Oxides used: zirconia (ZrO2), yttria (Y2O3), ceria (CeO2), and hafnia (HfO2). Addition of one of these oxides to decrease oxidation of wire at high temperature. Protection against oxidation increases with concentration of rare-earth oxide. Addition of ZrO2 at 4 to 6 weight percent or Y2O3 at 1 weight percent results in smallest drift in electrical resistance.

Lei, Jih-Fen↗
NASA NTRS1992

Thermal control/oxidation resistant coatings for titanium-based alloys

Extensive research and development efforts have been expended toward development of thermal control and environmental protection coatings for NASP and generic hypersonic vehicle applications. The objective of the coatings development activities summarized here was to develop light-weight coatings for protecting advanced titanium alloys from oxidation in hypersonic vehicle applications. A number of new coating concepts have been evaluated. Coated samples were exposed to static oxidation tests at temperatures up to 1000 C using a thermogravimetric apparatus. Samples were also exposed to simulated hypersonic flight conditions for up to 10 hr to determine their thermal and chemical stability and catalytic efficiency. The emittance of samples was determined before and after exposure to simulated hypersonic flight conditions.

Clark, Ronald K.↗
NASA NTRS2002

Scale Adhesion, Sulfur Content, and TBC Failure on Single Crystal Superalloys

This paper summarizes the main effects of sulfur impurity content on the cyclic oxidation resistance of single crystal superalloys, with emphasis on scale and TBC adhesion. Eleven hundred degrees C cyclic oxidation of PWA 1480 produces scale spallation leading to a weight loss of more than 30 Mg/sq cm after 500 one-hr cycles for a sulfur content of 6 ppmw. The sulfur content was reduced to levels below 0.1 ppmw by hydrogen annealing, resulting in weight gains of only 0.5 to 1.0 Mg/sq cm after 1000 one-hr cycles. Samples were produced with various sulfur contents by adjusting the annealing temperature, time, and sample thickness (i.e., diffusion product Dt/L(exp 2)). The subsequent cyclic oxidation behavior, mapped over a sulfur content/thickness diagram, shows a transition to adherent behavior at sulfur levels equivalent to 1 monolayer of total segregation. Additional information is contained in the original extended abstract.

Smialek, James L.↗
NASA NTRS2005

Space Environmentally Durable Polyimides and Copolyimides

Polyimides displaying low color in thin films, atomic oxygen resistance, vacuum ultraviolet radiation resistance, solubility in organic solvents in the imide form, high glass transition (T(sub g)) temperatures, and high thermal stability are provided. The poly(amide acid)s, copoly(amide acid)s, polyimides and copolyimides are prepared by the reaction of stoichiometric ratios of an aromatic dianhydride with diamines which contain phenylphosphine oxide groups in polar aprotic solvents. Controlled molecular weight oligomeric (amide acid)s and imides can be prepared by offsetting the stoichiometry according to the Carothers equation using excess diamine and endcapping with aromatic anhydrides The polyimide materials can be processed into various material forms such as thin films, fibers, foams, threads, adhesive film, coatings, dry powders, and fiber coated prepreg, and uses include thin film membranes on antennas, second-surface mirrors, thermal optical coatings, and multilayer thermal insulation (MLI) blanket materials.

John W Connell↗
NASA NTRS2003

Integrated Propulsion/Vehicle System Structurally Optimized

Ongoing research and testing are essential in the development of air-breathing hypersonic propulsion technology, and this year some positive advancement was made at the NASA Glenn Research Center. Recent work performed for GTX, a rocket-based combined-cycle, single-stage-to-orbit concept, included structural assessments of both the engine and flight vehicle. In the development of air-breathing engine technology, it is impractical to design and optimize components apart from the fully integrated system because tradeoffs must be made between performance and structural capability. Efforts were made to control the flight trajectory, for example, to minimize the aerodynamic heating effects. Structural optimization was applied to evaluate concept feasibility and was instrumental in the determination of the gross liftoff weight of the integrated system. Achieving low Earth orbit with even a small payload requires an aggressive approach to weight minimization through the use of lightweight, oxidation-resistant composite materials. Assessing the integrated system involved investigating the flight trajectory to determine where the critical load events occur in flight and then generating the corresponding environment at each of these events. Structural evaluation requires the mapping of the critical flight loads to finite element models, including the combined effects of aerodynamic, inertial, combustion, and other loads. NASA s APAS code was used to generate aerodynamic pressure and temperature profiles at each critical event. The radiation equilibrium surface temperatures from APAS were used to predict temperatures through the thickness. Heat transfer solutions using NASA's MINIVER code and the SINDA code (Cullimore & Ring Technologies, Littleton, CO) were calculated at selective points external to the integrated vehicle system and then extrapolated over the entire exposed surface. FORTRAN codes were written to expedite the finite element mapping of the aerodynamic heating effects for the internal structure.

Hunter, James E.↗
NASA NTRS2006

Space Environmentally Durable Polyimides and Copolyimides

Polyimides displaying low color in thin films, atomic oxygen resistance, vacuum ultraviolet radiation resistance, solubility in organic solvents in the imide form, high glass transition (T(sub g)) temperatures, and high thermal stability are provided. The poly(amide acid)s, copoly(amide acid)s, polyimides and copolyimides are prepared by the reaction of stoichiometric ratios of an aromatic &anhydride with diamines which contain phenylphosphine oxide groups in polar aprotic solvents. Controlled molecular weight oligomeric (amide acid)s and imides can be prepared by offsetting the stoichiometry according to the Carothers equation using excess diamine and endcapping with aromatic anhydrides. The polyimide materials can be processed into various material forms such as thin films, fibers, foams, threads, adhesive film, coatings, dry powders, and fiber coated prepreg, and uses include thin film membranes on antennas, second-surface mirrors, thermal optical coatings, and multilayer thermal insulation (MLI) blanket materials.

Connell, John W.↗
NASA NTRS2018

Flash Optical Energy from the Geostationary Lightning Mapper

The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite -16 (GOES-16) Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) is evaluated for many months during the Post Launch Product Test (PLPT) phase in order to ensure that optimal products are available for both the operational forecasting and broader scientific research communities. The emphasis of the PLPT phase is to validate the GLM performance (i.e., lightning flash detection efficiency, geolocation and time-stamp accuracy) using an extensive network of independent ground-based, in-situ, and space-based reference lightning detection systems. However, another essential aspect of the PLPT phase is to obtain benchmarks of the GLM lightning optical amplitude, so that any long-term degradation in the nadir-staring GLM camera system can be realized and quantitatively assessed. This is accomplished in a straight-forward manner by collecting a very large sample of lightning flashes across many geographical regions in the GLM field-of-view so that statistically meaningful benchmarks of lightning optical amplitude (i.e., optical energy in units of femto-joules per flash) are obtained. The benchmarking is particularly important to follow-on studies that will attempt to incorporate the flash optical energy product into new derived products (e.g., energy-weighted lightning "jump" warning algorithms, and lightning nitrogen oxides production estimates).

Lightning↗
NASA NTRS1978

Cyclic oxidation of coated Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) alloys in high velocity gas streams at 1100 deg C

Several overlay coatings on ODS NiCrAl's were tested in Mach 1 and Mach 0.3 burner rigs to examine oxidation and thermal fatigue performance. The coatings were applied by various methods. Based on weight change, macroscopic, and metallographic observations in Mach 1 tests Nascoat 70 on TD-NiCrAl exhibited the best oxidation resistance. In Mach 0.3 tests PWA 267 and ATD-1, about equally, were the best coatings on YD-NiCrAl (Nascoat 70 was not tested in Mach 0.3 rigs).

Gedwill, M. A.↗
NASA NTRS2008

Moisture-Induced Delayed Spallation and Interfacial Hydrogen Embrittlement of Alumina Scales

While interfacial sulfur is the primary chemical factor affecting Al2O3 scale adhesion, moisture-induced delayed spallation appears as a secondary, but impressive, mechanistic detail. Similarities with bulk metallic phenomena suggest that hydrogen embrittlement from ambient humidity, resulting from the reaction Al(sub alloy)+3(H2O)(sub air) = Al(OH)(-) (sub 3) +3H(+) may be the operative mechanism. This proposal was tested on pre-oxidized Rene N5 by standard cathodic hydrogen charging in 1N H2SO4, as monitored by weight change, induced current, and microstructure. Cathodic polarization at -2.0 V abruptly stripped mature Al2O3 scales at the oxide-metal interface. Anodic polarization at +2.0 V, however, produced alloy dissolution. Finally, with no applied voltage, the acid electrolyte produced neither scale spallation nor alloy dissolution. Thus, hydrogen charging was detrimental to alumina scale adhesion. Moisture-induced interfacial hydrogen embrittlement is concluded to be the cause of delayed scale spallation and desktop thermal barrier coating failures.

Smialek, James L.↗
NASA NTRS1995

The TMI regenerable solid oxide fuel cell

Energy storage and production in space requires rugged, reliable hardware which minimizes weight, volume, and maintenance while maximizing power output and usable energy storage. These systems generally consist of photovoltaic solar arrays which operate during sunlight cycles to provide system power and regenerate fuel (hydrogen) via water electrolysis; during dark cycles, hydrogen is converted by the fuel cell into system. The currently preferred configuration uses two separate systems (fuel cell and electrolyzer) in conjunction with photovoltaic cells. Fuel cell/electrolyzer system simplicity, reliability, and power-to-weight and power-to-volume ratios could be greatly improved if both power production (fuel cell) and power storage (electrolysis) functions can be integrated into a single unit. The Technology Management, Inc. (TMI), solid oxide fuel cell-based system offers the opportunity to both integrate fuel cell and electrolyzer functions into one unit and potentially simplify system requirements. Based an the TMI solid oxide fuel cell (SOPC) technology, the TMI integrated fuel cell/electrolyzer utilizes innovative gas storage and operational concepts and operates like a rechargeable 'hydrogen-oxygen battery'. Preliminary research has been completed on improved H2/H2O electrode (SOFC anode/electrolyzer cathode) materials for solid oxide, regenerative fuel cells. Improved H2/H2O electrode materials showed improved cell performance in both fuel cell and electrolysis modes in reversible cell tests. ln reversible fuel cell/electrolyzer mode, regenerative fuel cell efficiencies (ratio of power out (fuel cell mode) to power in (electrolyzer model)) improved from 50 percent (using conventional electrode materials) to over 80 percent. The new materials will allow the TMI SOFC system to operate as both the electrolyzer and fuel cell in a single unit. Preliminary system designs have also been developed which indicate the technical feasibility of using the TMI SOFC technology for space applications with high energy storage efficiencies and high specific energy. Development of small space systems would also have potential dual-use, terrestrial applications.

Cable, Thomas L.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Stochasticity and robustness in spiking neural networks

Despite drawing inspiration from biological systems which are inherently noisy and variable, artificial neural networks have been shown to require precise weights to carry out the task which they are trained to accomplish. This creates a challenge when adapting these artificial networks to specialized execution platforms which may encode weights in a manner which restricts their accuracy and/or precision.Reflecting back on the non-idealities which are observed in biological systems, we investigated the effect these properties have on the robustness of spiking neural networks under perturbations to weights. First, we examined techniques extant in conventional neural networks which resemble noisy processes, and postulated they may produce similar beneficial effects in spiking neural networks. Second, we evolved a set of spiking neural networks utilizing biological non-idealities to solve a pole-balancing task, and estimated their robustness. We showed it is higher in networks using noisy neurons, and demonstrated that one of these networks can perform well under the variance expected when a hafnium-oxide based resistive memory is used to encode synaptic weights. Lastly, we trained a series of networks using a surrogate gradient method on the MNIST classification task. We confirmed that these networks demonstrate similar trends in robustness to the evolved networks. We discuss these results and argue that they display empirical evidence supporting the role of noise as a regularizer which can increase network robustness.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
NASA NTRS1992

Nonequilibrium synthesis of NbAl3 and Nb-Al-V alloys by laser cladding. II - Oxidation behavior

Isothermal oxidation behaviors of NbAl3 alloy synthesized by laser cladding were investigated at temperatures between 800 and 1400 C, and the effect of vanadium microalloying on the oxidation of the laser-clad alloy was examined. The oxidation kinetics of the two alloys were monitored using thermal gravimetric weight gain data, and the bulk and surface chemistries were analyzed using XRD and XPS, respectively. It was found that NbAl3 did not form an exclusive layer of protective Al2O3. The oxidation products at 800 C were found to be a mixture of Nb2O5 and Al2O3. At 1200 C, a mixture of NbAlO4, Nb2O5, and Al2O3 formed; and at 1400 C, a mixture of NbAlO4, Al2O3, NbO2, NbO(2.432), and Nb2O5 formed. The addition of V led to a dramatic increase of the oxidation rate, which may be related to the formation of (Nb, V)2O5 and VO2, which grows in preference to protective Al2O3.

Haasch, R. T.↗