Results for “occupant behavior” — Page 14

DOE OSTI2024

Household energy resilience in extreme weather events: An investigation of energy service importance, HVAC usage behaviors, and willingness to pay

Household energy resilience, particularly maintaining essential energy services within an acceptable and affordable level, is critical during extreme weather events (e.g., winter storms, heat waves) with power shortages or outages. However, the research on the importance and acceptable compromise levels of energy services, HVAC usage behavior changes, and willingness to pay (WTP) for energy services during disasters is limited. Therefore, this study investigates the importance and compromise of household energy services, HVAC usage behaviors, and WTP, as three key dimensions of household energy resilience, in both normal days and disaster scenarios through surveys (n=485). First, 12 common residential end-uses are grouped into high, mid, and low-priority services using hierarchical clustering, in which high-priority services (perceived as important and un-compromisable) include food cooking and storage (refrigerator and freezer) and thermal comfort (space heating and cooling), mid-priority services involve water heating and lighting, while low-priority services are mostly related to entertainment and housework (e.g., TV, laundry). Also, HVAC use patterns demonstrate that occupants become more energy conservative during disasters, e.g., reducing durations of running HVAC and adjusting temperature setpoints to save energy. In terms of energy cost, approximately 60% of respondents are willing to pay more to maintain energy services during disasters, although only 13% are prepared to pay over double the normal energy prices. The regression models further reveal that household energy resilience varies across different sociodemographic groups (e.g., age, income, family size) and is impacted by disaster experience and beliefs in clean energy and climate. In conclusion, these research findings provide important perspectives to understand household energy resilience and inform measures for disaster adaptation of households in extreme weather events.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2026

Human Factors and Technologies Design to Improve User Acceptance of Pooled Rideshare for Increasing Transportation System Energy Efficiency

This multi-year project delivered a comprehensive, human-factors-driven framework to understand, model, and improve pooled rideshare (PR) adoption in the United States. Through three large-scale national survey studies involving more than 16,000 participants across multiple cities and demographic groups, the research established one of the most extensive datasets to date on user perceptions, behavioral barriers, and service expectations related to pooled rideshare. These data revealed key human factors barriers of user acceptance of PR and suggested potential actionable experience optimizations that could lead to increased PR usage. This foundational knowledge guided the development of novel human-factors models and behavioral choice models that quantify how psychological, demographic, and trip-level factors influence willingness to pool. Building on these empirical insights, the project developed advanced behavioral modeling tools, including mixed logit and integrated choice and latent variable models, to capture both observable and latent influences on PR adoption. These models significantly improved the ability to predict riders’ acceptance of pooled trips, explaining choice heterogeneity through latent constructs such as safety, service experience, privacy concerns, time sensitivity, and environmental attitudes. Together, these models provide a robust analytical foundation for designing PR systems that more effectively meet user needs. The project translated human-factors insights and behavioral models into actionable technology innovations by extending POLARIS—an agent-based, activity-based travel simulation platform—into a fully functional pooled rideshare simulation environment. New PR modules, acceptance models, and regional scenarios were implemented for Greenville, SC and Austin, TX, enabling high-fidelity validation of algorithmic strategies under realistic demand and traffic conditions. The simulation platform supported the development and evaluation of adaptive discount-based assignment algorithms, enhanced willingness-to-pay formulations, demographic-aware incentive mechanisms, and a proactive joint assignment and repositioning strategy. Simulation results demonstrated substantial gains in pooling uptake, average vehicle occupancy, energy efficiency, and fleet profitability. In Greenville, pooling adoption more than doubled, while reductions in vehicle-miles traveled and energy consumption were significant. In Austin, pooling improvements were achieved with minimal service-quality trade-offs, and profitability increased across all fleet sizes. Through this research, we developed a comprehensive understanding of the human factors barriers that limit user acceptance of pooled rideshare services. These insights enabled the design of human-factors-aware pooled rideshare technologies that more effectively address user concerns and improve adoption rates. By integrating these models into an advanced agent-based simulation framework, we demonstrated that higher adoption of pooled rideshare can lead to measurable improvements in energy efficiency and system performance. Together, these contributions establish a validated pathway from human-centered analysis to technology development and energy-saving outcomes, supporting national goals for more sustainable and efficient mobility systems.

Jia, Yunyi↗

DOE OSTI2021

OCHRE: The Object-oriented, Controllable, High-resolution Residential Energy Model for Dynamic Integration Studies

Electrification and the growth of distributed energy resources (DERs), including flexible loads, are changing the energy landscape of electric distribution systems and creating new challenges and opportunities for electric utilities. Changes in demand profiles require improvements in distribution system load models, which have not historically accounted for device controllability or impacts on customer comfort. Although building modeling research has focused on these features, there is a need to incorporate them into distribution load models that include DERs and can be used to study grid-interactive buildings. In this paper, we present the Object-oriented, Controllable, High-resolution Residential Energy (OCHRE) model. OCHRE is a controllable thermal-electric residential energy model that captures building thermal dynamics, integrates grid-dependent electrical behavior, contains models for common DERs and end-use loads, and simulates at a time resolution down to 1 minute. It includes models for space heaters, air conditioners, water heaters, electric vehicles, photovoltaics, and batteries that are externally controllable and integrated in a co-simulation framework. Using a proposed zero energy ready community in Colorado, we co-simulate a distribution grid and 498 all-electric homes with a diverse set of efficiency levels and equipment properties. We show that controllable devices can reduce peak demand within a neighborhood by up to 73% during a critical peak period without sacrificing occupant comfort. We also demonstrate the importance of modeling load diversity at a high time resolution when quantifying power and voltage fluctuations across a distribution system.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2025

2009 Interstate 95 Express Phase 1A Survey

# 2009 Interstate 95 Express Phase 1A Survey The 2009 Phase 1A Survey focused on commuters using Interstate 95 express lanes between downtown Miami and the Golden Glades Interchange in Florida. Survey participants answered questions about their trip's purpose, frequency, and mode as well as demographics such as their age, race/ethnicity, and income. It also asked if and why or why not they had used Interstate 95 before and/or after the installation of two high-occupancy toll lanes, if they were satisfied with the upgrade, and about their related perceptions of safety. ## Data Collection Agency The survey was conducted by and for the Florida Department of Transportation. ## Survey Methodology The survey was conducted online in May 2009. ## Survey Records, Data, and Documentation Survey records include 9,156 participants.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2025

2009 Interstate 95 Express Phase 1A Survey

# 2009 Interstate 95 Express Phase 1A Survey The 2009 Phase 1A Survey focused on commuters using Interstate 95 express lanes between downtown Miami and the Golden Glades Interchange in Florida. Survey participants answered questions about their trip's purpose, frequency, and mode as well as demographics such as their age, race/ethnicity, and income. It also asked if and why or why not they had used Interstate 95 before and/or after the installation of two high-occupancy toll lanes, if they were satisfied with the upgrade, and about their related perceptions of safety. ## Data Collection Agency The survey was conducted by and for the Florida Department of Transportation. ## Survey Methodology The survey was conducted online in May 2009. ## Survey Records, Data, and Documentation Survey records include 9,156 participants.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2025

2009 Interstate 95 Express Phase 1A Survey

# 2009 Interstate 95 Express Phase 1A Survey The 2009 Phase 1A Survey focused on commuters using Interstate 95 express lanes between downtown Miami and the Golden Glades Interchange in Florida. Survey participants answered questions about their trip's purpose, frequency, and mode as well as demographics such as their age, race/ethnicity, and income. It also asked if and why or why not they had used Interstate 95 before and/or after the installation of two high-occupancy toll lanes, if they were satisfied with the upgrade, and about their related perceptions of safety. ## Data Collection Agency The survey was conducted by and for the Florida Department of Transportation. ## Survey Methodology The survey was conducted online in May 2009. ## Survey Records, Data, and Documentation Survey records include 9,156 participants.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2025

2009 Interstate 95 Express Phase 1A Survey

# 2009 Interstate 95 Express Phase 1A Survey The 2009 Phase 1A Survey focused on commuters using Interstate 95 express lanes between downtown Miami and the Golden Glades Interchange in Florida. Survey participants answered questions about their trip's purpose, frequency, and mode as well as demographics such as their age, race/ethnicity, and income. It also asked if and why or why not they had used Interstate 95 before and/or after the installation of two high-occupancy toll lanes, if they were satisfied with the upgrade, and about their related perceptions of safety. ## Data Collection Agency The survey was conducted by and for the Florida Department of Transportation. ## Survey Methodology The survey was conducted online in May 2009. ## Survey Records, Data, and Documentation Survey records include 9,156 participants.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2025

2009 Interstate 95 Express Phase 1A Survey

# 2009 Interstate 95 Express Phase 1A Survey The 2009 Phase 1A Survey focused on commuters using Interstate 95 express lanes between downtown Miami and the Golden Glades Interchange in Florida. Survey participants answered questions about their trip's purpose, frequency, and mode as well as demographics such as their age, race/ethnicity, and income. It also asked if and why or why not they had used Interstate 95 before and/or after the installation of two high-occupancy toll lanes, if they were satisfied with the upgrade, and about their related perceptions of safety. ## Data Collection Agency The survey was conducted by and for the Florida Department of Transportation. ## Survey Methodology The survey was conducted online in May 2009. ## Survey Records, Data, and Documentation Survey records include 9,156 participants.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2025

2009 Interstate 95 Express Phase 1A Survey

# 2009 Interstate 95 Express Phase 1A Survey The 2009 Phase 1A Survey focused on commuters using Interstate 95 express lanes between downtown Miami and the Golden Glades Interchange in Florida. Survey participants answered questions about their trip's purpose, frequency, and mode as well as demographics such as their age, race/ethnicity, and income. It also asked if and why or why not they had used Interstate 95 before and/or after the installation of two high-occupancy toll lanes, if they were satisfied with the upgrade, and about their related perceptions of safety. ## Data Collection Agency The survey was conducted by and for the Florida Department of Transportation. ## Survey Methodology The survey was conducted online in May 2009. ## Survey Records, Data, and Documentation Survey records include 9,156 participants.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2025

2009 Interstate 95 Express Phase 1A Survey

# 2009 Interstate 95 Express Phase 1A Survey The 2009 Phase 1A Survey focused on commuters using Interstate 95 express lanes between downtown Miami and the Golden Glades Interchange in Florida. Survey participants answered questions about their trip's purpose, frequency, and mode as well as demographics such as their age, race/ethnicity, and income. It also asked if and why or why not they had used Interstate 95 before and/or after the installation of two high-occupancy toll lanes, if they were satisfied with the upgrade, and about their related perceptions of safety. ## Data Collection Agency The survey was conducted by and for the Florida Department of Transportation. ## Survey Methodology The survey was conducted online in May 2009. ## Survey Records, Data, and Documentation Survey records include 9,156 participants.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2025

2009 Interstate 95 Express Phase 1A Survey

# 2009 Interstate 95 Express Phase 1A Survey The 2009 Phase 1A Survey focused on commuters using Interstate 95 express lanes between downtown Miami and the Golden Glades Interchange in Florida. Survey participants answered questions about their trip's purpose, frequency, and mode as well as demographics such as their age, race/ethnicity, and income. It also asked if and why or why not they had used Interstate 95 before and/or after the installation of two high-occupancy toll lanes, if they were satisfied with the upgrade, and about their related perceptions of safety. ## Data Collection Agency The survey was conducted by and for the Florida Department of Transportation. ## Survey Methodology The survey was conducted online in May 2009. ## Survey Records, Data, and Documentation Survey records include 9,156 participants.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2025

2009 Interstate 95 Express Phase 1A Survey

# 2009 Interstate 95 Express Phase 1A Survey The 2009 Phase 1A Survey focused on commuters using Interstate 95 express lanes between downtown Miami and the Golden Glades Interchange in Florida. Survey participants answered questions about their trip's purpose, frequency, and mode as well as demographics such as their age, race/ethnicity, and income. It also asked if and why or why not they had used Interstate 95 before and/or after the installation of two high-occupancy toll lanes, if they were satisfied with the upgrade, and about their related perceptions of safety. ## Data Collection Agency The survey was conducted by and for the Florida Department of Transportation. ## Survey Methodology The survey was conducted online in May 2009. ## Survey Records, Data, and Documentation Survey records include 9,156 participants.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2025

2009 Interstate 95 Express Phase 1A Survey

# 2009 Interstate 95 Express Phase 1A Survey The 2009 Phase 1A Survey focused on commuters using Interstate 95 express lanes between downtown Miami and the Golden Glades Interchange in Florida. Survey participants answered questions about their trip's purpose, frequency, and mode as well as demographics such as their age, race/ethnicity, and income. It also asked if and why or why not they had used Interstate 95 before and/or after the installation of two high-occupancy toll lanes, if they were satisfied with the upgrade, and about their related perceptions of safety. ## Data Collection Agency The survey was conducted by and for the Florida Department of Transportation. ## Survey Methodology The survey was conducted online in May 2009. ## Survey Records, Data, and Documentation Survey records include 9,156 participants.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2025

2009 Interstate 95 Express Phase 1A Survey

# 2009 Interstate 95 Express Phase 1A Survey The 2009 Phase 1A Survey focused on commuters using Interstate 95 express lanes between downtown Miami and the Golden Glades Interchange in Florida. Survey participants answered questions about their trip's purpose, frequency, and mode as well as demographics such as their age, race/ethnicity, and income. It also asked if and why or why not they had used Interstate 95 before and/or after the installation of two high-occupancy toll lanes, if they were satisfied with the upgrade, and about their related perceptions of safety. ## Data Collection Agency The survey was conducted by and for the Florida Department of Transportation. ## Survey Methodology The survey was conducted online in May 2009. ## Survey Records, Data, and Documentation Survey records include 9,156 participants.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2026

Kondo effect in ferromagnetic quantum critical CeRh 6 ⁢Ge 4

The mechanism of a pressure-induced quantum critical point in the heavy fermion ferromagnet CeRh 6 ⁢Ge 4 has attracted interest, as ferromagnetic quantum criticality in a clean itinerant Ce compound is typically avoided. The localized versus itinerant character of the 4⁢𝑓 electrons is a key aspect for understanding this behavior. We investigated the electronic structure of the 4⁢𝑓 shell in CeRh 6 ⁢Ge 4 using core-level photoelectron and x-ray absorption spectroscopy, demonstrating the hybridization of Ce 4⁢𝑓 with the conduction electrons. Linearly polarized x-ray absorption reveals a temperature-dependent linear dichroism consistent with the crystal-electric-field sequence as inferred from the static susceptibility. This dichroism cannot be described by an ionic full-multiplet model alone, but is reproduced by including the Kondo effect within a single-impurity Anderson model in the noncrossing approximation. The Kondo effect mixes higher-lying crystal-field states into a resulting multiorbital ground state with 4⁢𝑓 occupancy, 𝑛 𝑓 ∼ 0.9. Deviations at low temperatures between the measured linear dichroism and calculated dichroism suggest an orbital-dependent Kondo effect. A scenario in which there is a multiorbital ground state and orbital-dependent Kondo hybridization should be a starting point for a model of pressure-induced criticality in CeRh 6 ⁢Ge 4 .

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

DOE OSTI2025

Online and Offline Data Quality Monitoring for the Mu2e Calorimeter

This thesis presents the design, implementation, and validation of a calorimeter Data Quality Monitoring (DQM) toolchain for the Mu2e experiment at Fermilab. Mu2e searches for charged lepton flavor violation via coherent muon-to-electron conversion in the field of an aluminum nucleus, $\mu^- Al \rightarrow e^-Al$, a process whose observation would constitute clear evidence of physics beyond the Standard Model. Achieving target sensitivity requires stringent control of detector performance and data integrity during acquisition, as subtle issues in readout configuration, data formatting, or electronics behavior can compromise reconstruction and bias downstream analyzes. To address these challenges, this work develops a multi-layer DQM approach spanning both raw data validation and reconstructed digi-level diagnostics. At the low level, a fragment analysis component performs word- and bit-field decoding of calorimeter readout blocks, enabling sanity checks of the expected structure and producing detailed error and integrity statistics useful for commissioning and troubleshooting. At the digi level, the CaloDigiDQM analyzer is implemented within the art framework and transforms each CaloDigiCollection into a structured hierarchy of ROOT histograms designed for fast drill-down diagnostics. The module generates coherent monitoring views at global, disk, board, and channel granularity, including occupancy, waveform-derived features (baseline, RMS, peak amplitude and position), and left-right sensor consistency metrics. Detector-aware channel-to-electronics mapping is performed through the conditions system (CaloDAQMap), ensuring that diagnostics remain aligned with hardware identifiers used in operations. For end-to-end testing without reliance on live DAQ data, a synthetic CaloDigi producer is developed to generate realistic waveforms with controlled noise and pulse shapes. The resulting system supports both offline ROOT-file production and online operation, including optional histogram streaming through otsdaq via ots::HistoSender. This toolchain provides a practical and scalable foundation for calorimeter commissioning and stable data collection, enabling early detection of anomalies and reducing operational risk for Mu2e.

Vakulenko, Mark [Drew U.] (ORCID:0009000276197818)↗

DOE OSTI2021

Ab initio electron dynamics in high electric fields: Accurate prediction of velocity-field curves

Electron dynamics in external electric fields governs the behavior of solid-state electronic devices. First-principles calculations enable precise predictions of charge transport in low electric fields. However, studies of high-field electron dynamics remain elusive due to a lack of accurate and broadly applicable methods. In this work, we develop an efficient approach to solve the real-time Boltzmann transport equation with both the electric field term and ab initio electron-phonon collisions. These simulations provide field-dependent electronic distributions in the time domain, allowing us to investigate both transient and steady-state transport in electric fields ranging from low to high (> 10 kV/cm). The broad capabilities of our approach are shown by computing nonequilibrium electron occupations and velocity-field curves in Si, GaAs, and graphene, obtaining results in quantitative agreement with experiment. Our approach sheds light on microscopic details of transport in high electric fields, including the dominant scattering mechanisms and valley occupation dynamics. Our results demonstrate quantitatively accurate calculations of electron dynamics in low to high electric fields, with broad application to power and micro-electronics, optoelectronics, and sensing.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

DOE OSTI2022

Eu 5 Al 3 Sb 6 : Al 4 Tetrahedra Embedded in a Rock-Salt-Like Structure

The new Eu 5 Al 3 Sb 6 phase has been successfully synthesized as a pure phase through Sn flux methods yielding large, high-quality crystals. This structure type features disordered Al clusters that appear in the form of dual tetrahedra. It crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/m space group exhibiting a rock-salt-like Eu–Sb framework with [Al 4 ] tetrahedra replacing some of the cationic Eu atoms (space group: C2/m, a = 8.151(1) Å, b = 14.181(2) Å, c = 8.145(1) Å, β = 109.577(2)°). The structure models the [Al 4 ] as dual tetrahedra with the Al atom sites 37.5% occupied along with Eu present on the central site at 8% occupancy and the remainder of the site being vacant. The presence of the [Al 4 ] cluster is further supported by HRTEM. Electronic structure calculations show that this material is a semimetal with observed band crossings close to the Fermi level. Strong Al–Sb antibonding interactions were found from COHP calculations close to the Fermi level and provide the rationale for the deficiency of the Al cluster. Mössbauer spectroscopy on Eu-151 and Sb-121 provides oxidation states of 2+ and 3– along with the local environment. Magnetic susceptibility measurements can be described well with a Curie–Weiss law where an effective moment of 7.80 μB/mol Eu is obtained, consistent with Eu 2+ , and show canted antiferromagnetic behavior below 10 K. Temperature dependent resistivity shows a Kondo-like low-temperature upturn caused by enhanced scattering of the itinerant electrons with the 4f orbitals of Eu.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗