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At least 253 records · Page 14
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2015

Development of a Laser-Electron-Interaction Region for Compact High Repetition-Rate Mono-Energetic Laser Based Gamma Sources

Inverse-Compton scattering (ICS) is a well-established technique capable of producing monochromatic radiation over a large range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Most recently, ICS has attracted attention, owing to its compactness and possible coupling with novel acceleration methods to yield compact X- and 𝛄-ray sources. Under this award, we carried out a systematic optimization of the ICS and demonstrate via numerical simulation that combining ICS with a conventional superconducting linac could produce Watt-level average-power 𝛄 rays with high spectral brightness. The study is performed with idealized laser and electron-beam distributions and confirmed with the realistic distributions simulated from start-to-end numerical modeling of the electron accelerator. The studies led to the design and engineering design of an ICS interaction point for the FAST facility along with some beam measurement. Due to the cancellation of the program in Year 3 long with delay in the commissioning of the FAST facility, we were not able to demonstrate the generation of 𝛄 rays, we, however, procured some of the hardware, installed some of the required infrastructures and plan to eventually generate 𝛄 ray pending future interest on the topics and availability of funding.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Chapter 16 - Simulating Discrete-Event Models in the Classic Worldviews: A New Approach to Simultaneous Events and Parallel Execution

This chapter describes a new approach to the activity scanning worldview of discrete-event simulation. With this new approach it becomes possible to realize activity scanning simulations with a parallel computer while resolving simultaneous events in a repeatable manner. The motivation for this approach is the two-phase simulation procedure intrinsic to cellular automata, coupled difference equations, and the discrete-event system specification. This new approach is introduced via an intuitively appealing construction of a new simulation procedure for activity scanning models, and this introduction is followed by an embedding of the new approach into the discrete-event system specification. In doing so, we illustrate a practical approach to distributed simulation and demonstrate how the proposed approach can be applied to the event scheduling and process-oriented worldviews.

Nutaro, James J.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Simulations of Taylor Bubbles in Vertical and Inclined Pipes with Upward and Downward Liquid Flow

Summary Two-phase flow is a common occurrence in pipes of oil and gas developments. Current predictive tools are based on the mechanistic two-fluid model, which requires the use of closure relations to predict integral flow parameters such as liquid holdup (or void fraction) and pressure gradient. However, these closure relations carry the highest uncertainties in the model. In particular, significant discrepancies have been found between experimental data and closure relations for the Taylor bubble velocity in slug flow, which has been determined to strongly affect the mechanistic model predictions (Lizarraga-García 2016). In this work, we study the behavior of Taylor bubbles in vertical and inclined pipes with upward and downward flow using a validated 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach with level set method implemented in a commercial code. A total of 56 cases are simulated, covering a wide range of fluid properties, pipe diameters, and inclination angles: Eo ∈ [10, 700]; Mo ∈ [1×10–6, 5×103]; ReSL ∈ [–40, 10]; θ ∈ [5°, 90°]. For bubbles in vertical upward flows, the simulated distribution parameter, C0, is successfully compared with an existing model. However, the C0 values of downward and inclined slug flows where the bubble becomes asymmetric are shown to be significantly different from their respective vertical upward flow values, and no current model exists for the fluids simulated here. The main contributions of this work are (1) the relatively large 3D numerical database generated for this type of flow, (2) the study of the asymmetric nature of inclined and some vertical downward slug flows, and (3) the analysis of its impact on the distribution parameter, C0.

Engineering↗
DOE OSTI2013

A modeling study of coastal inundation induced by storm surge, sea-level rise, and subsidence in the Gulf of Mexico

The northern coasts of the Gulf of Mexico are highly vulnerable to the direct threats of climate change, such as hurricane-induced storm surge, and such risks can be potentially exacerbated by land subsidence and global sea level rise. This paper presents an application of a coastal storm surge model to study the coastal inundation process induced by tide and storm surge, and its response to the effects of land subsidence and sea level rise in the northern Gulf coast. An unstructured-grid Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model was used to simulate tides and hurricane-induced storm surges in the Gulf of Mexico. Simulated distributions of co-amplitude and co-phase of semi-diurnal and diurnal tides are in good agreement with previous modeling studies. The storm surges induced by four historical hurricanes (Rita, Katrina, Ivan and Dolly) were simulated and compared to observed water levels at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration tide stations. Effects of coastal subsidence and future global sea level rise on coastal inundation in the Louisiana coast were evaluated using a parameter “change of inundation depth” through sensitivity simulations that were based on a projected future subsidence scenario and 1-m global sea level rise by the end of the century. Model results suggested that hurricane-induced storm surge height and coastal inundation could be exacerbated by future global sea level rise and subsidence, and that responses of storm surge and coastal inundation to the effects of sea level rise and subsidence are highly nonlinear and vary on temporal and spatial scales.

Yang, Zhaoqing↗
DOE OSTI2018

CyDER – an FMI-based co-simulation platform for distributed energy resources

The increased integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) is bringing a number of challenges to the power grid. These include reverse power flows in distribution systems and potentially transmission systems and grid stability. So far, specialized tools have been developed to capture some of the impact of DERs at the distribution level. However, distribution system operators lack visibility into the overall system conditions. Furthermore, the impact of increasing DERs is not limited to the distribution level but also influences the transmission grid. To support the planning and operation of the grid, we developed a co-simulation platform called CyDER (A Cyber Physical Co-simulation Platform for Distributed Energy Resources in Smart Grids) that integrates various domain-specific simulation tools. CyDER is based on the functional mock-up interface standard. This paper gives an overview of CyDER and demonstrates its use based on two applications.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2014

Regional Analysis of Building Distributed Energy Costs and CO2 Abatement: A U.S. - China Comparison

The following paper conducts a regional analysis of the U.S. and Chinese buildings? potential for adopting Distributed Energy Resources (DER). The expected economics of DER in 2020-2025 is modeled for a commercial and a multi-family residential building in different climate zones. The optimal building energy economic performance is calculated using the Distributed Energy Resources Customer Adoption Model (DER CAM) which minimizes building energy costs for a typical reference year of operation. Several DER such as combined heat and power (CHP) units, photovoltaics, and battery storage are considered. The results indicate DER have economic and environmental competitiveness potential, especially for commercial buildings in hot and cold climates of both countries. In the U.S., the average expected energy cost savings in commercial buildings from DER CAM?s suggested investments is 17percent, while in Chinese buildings is 12percent. The electricity tariffs structure and prices along with the cost of natural gas, represent important factors in determining adoption of DER, more so than climate. High energy pricing spark spreads lead to increased economic attractiveness of DER. The average emissions reduction in commercial buildings is 19percent in the U.S. as a result of significant investments in PV, whereas in China, it is 20percent and driven by investments in CHP. Keywords: Building Modeling and Simulation, Distributed Energy Resources (DER), Energy Efficiency, Combined Heat and Power (CHP), CO2 emissions 1. Introduction The transition from a centralized and fossil-based energy paradigm towards the decentralization of energy supply and distribution has been a major subject of research over the past two decades. Various concerns have brought the traditional model into question; namely its environmental footprint, its structural inflexibility and inefficiency, and more recently, its inability to maintain acceptable reliability of supply. Under such a troubled setting, distributed energy resources (DER) comprising of small, modular, electrical renewable or fossil-based electricity generation units placed at or near the point of energy consumption, has gained much attention as a viable alternative or addition to the current energy system. In 2010, China consumed about 30percent of its primary energy in the buildings sector, leading the country to pay great attention to DER development and its applications in buildings. During the 11th Five Year Plan (FYP), China has implemented 371 renewable energy building demonstration projects, and 210 photovoltaics (PV) building integration projects. At the end of the 12th FYP, China is targeting renewable energy to provide 10percent of total building energy, and to save 30 metric tons of CO2 equivalents (mtce) of energy with building integrated renewables. China is also planning to implement one thousand natural gas-based distributed cogeneration demonstration projects with energy utilization rates over 70percent in the 12th FYP. All these policy targets require significant DER systems development for building applications. China?s fast urbanization makes building energy efficiency a crucial economic issue; however, only limited studies have been done that examine how to design and select suitable building energy technologies in its different regions. In the U.S., buildings consumed 40percent of the total primary energy in 2010 [1] and it is estimated that about 14 billion m2 of floor space of the existing building stock will be remodeled over the next 30 years. Most building?s renovation work has been on building envelope, lighting and HVAC systems. Although interest has emerged, less attention is being paid to DER for buildings. This context has created opportunities for research, development and progressive deployment of DER, due to its potential to combine the production of power and heat (CHP) near the point of consumption and delivering multiple benefits to customers, such as cost

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2017

GRIDAPPSD/GOSS-GridAPPS-D

GridAPPS-D provides a method for developers to run their new applications on a real-time simulator with extensive modeling and tool support. GridAPPS-D is built around standard data models like the CIM. It readily interfaces to existing software products, which may also 1) use components of GridAPPS-D and 2) supplement or replace the built-in distribution simulator, facilitating the deployment of new ADMS applications to existing software products.

Allwardt, Craig↗
NASA NTRS2007

ShareSync: A Solution for Deterministic Data Sharing over Ethernet

As part of upgrading the Contact Dynamics Simulation Laboratory (CDSL) at the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), a simple, cost effective method was needed to communicate data among the networked simulation machines and I/O controllers used to run the facility. To fill this need and similar applicable situations, a generic protocol was developed, called ShareSync. ShareSync is a lightweight, real-time, publish-subscribe Ethernet protocol for simple and deterministic data sharing across diverse machines and operating systems. ShareSync provides a simple Application Programming Interface (API) for simulation programmers to incorporate into their code. The protocol is compatible with virtually all Ethernet-capable machines, is flexible enough to support a variety of applications, is fast enough to provide soft real-time determinism, and is a low-cost resource for distributed simulation development, deployment, and maintenance. The first design cycle iteration of ShareSync has been completed, and the protocol has undergone several testing procedures including endurance and benchmarking tests and approaches the 2001ts data synchronization design goal for the CDSL.

Dunn, Daniel J., II↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Using Open Standards and NASA Open Source Simulation Tools to Model Artemis Base Camp Mission Timelines

The United States’ National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has announced that the Artemis Program will return humans to the Moon, establishing a persistent presence with the Artemis Base Camp (ABC), and extend human exploration to Mars. The NASA Exploration Systems Simulations (NExSyS) team at NASA’s Johnson Space Center is using internationally developed simulation interoperability standards and NASA open source simulation tools to support Artemis concept, analysis, designs, development, training, and ultimately operations. The NExSyS team has been tasked to support early ABC architecture and mission analysis using mission time lines developed by the crew operations mission planning team. The NExSyS team is developing a distributed simulation framework with initial Artemis element implementations to model the ABC mission timelines using the international simulation interoperability standard High Level Architecture (HLA), the Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization’s Space Reference Federation Object Model (SpaceFOM), the NASA open source Trick Simulation Environment, and another NASA open source interface package called TrickHLA. The ABC architecture is composed of a number of key surface elements and resources. Some examples of modeled elements (also known as entities) are landers, habitats, rovers, logistics carriers, and astronauts. Some examples of modeled transferable and consumable resources are power, water, oxygen, nitrogen, scientific samples, and food. These entities and resources are modeled in a collection of individual simulations called Federates. A coordinated collection of interoperable federates is called a Federation and when these federates are tied together in a coordinated simulation run, it is referred to as a Federation Execution. The federates communicate through HLA using data exchange formats defined by a collection of machine readable files called Federation Object Models (FOMs). These FOM files are based on extensions to the SpaceFOM. This enables the instantiation and sharing of objects and interactions between federates in the federation. These provide for entity and resource tracking, object transfer, and data collection. Federate interactions are used to trigger events and notify federates of entity or resource transfers. For the initial implementation, the constituent federates are Trick-based simulations that use TrickHLA to provide the required HLA-base interoperability. These Trick-based simulations provide the required modeling for the individual Artemis elements along with the associated element resources. These federates provide a means to explore traverses between surface elements and exploration sites as scheduled in a mission timeline and explore the affects traverse times have on the overall mission timeline. The mission time lines are modeled using a Trick input file event handling capabilities. Each timeline operation is handled as individual simulation events, and triggered based on previous event status, time of operation, and simulated task completions. In addition, the ABC Federation can be used to perform Monte Carlo analysis. The Monte Carlo tool can vary the inputs, timings, and malfunctions to show how various contingencies in the mission can affect the mission timeline.

Keaton Craig Dodd↗
DOE OSTI2016

Systematic study of target localization for bioluminescence tomography guided radiation therapy

Purpose: To overcome the limitation of CT/cone-beam CT (CBCT) in guiding radiation for soft tissue targets, the authors developed a spectrally resolved bioluminescence tomography (BLT) system for the small animal radiation research platform. The authors systematically assessed the performance of the BLT system in terms of target localization and the ability to resolve two neighboring sources in simulations, tissue-mimicking phantom, and in vivo environments. Methods: Multispectral measurements acquired in a single projection were used for the BLT reconstruction. The incomplete variables truncated conjugate gradient algorithm with an iterative permissible region shrinking strategy was employed as the optimization scheme to reconstruct source distributions. Simulation studies were conducted for single spherical sources with sizes from 0.5 to 3 mm radius at depth of 3–12 mm. The same configuration was also applied for the double source simulation with source separations varying from 3 to 9 mm. Experiments were performed in a standalone BLT/CBCT system. Two self-illuminated sources with 3 and 4.7 mm separations placed inside a tissue-mimicking phantom were chosen as the test cases. Live mice implanted with single-source at 6 and 9 mm depth, two sources at 3 and 5 mm separation at depth of 5 mm, or three sources in the abdomen were also used to illustrate the localization capability of the BLT system for multiple targets in vivo. Results: For simulation study, approximate 1 mm accuracy can be achieved at localizing center of mass (CoM) for single-source and grouped CoM for double source cases. For the case of 1.5 mm radius source, a common tumor size used in preclinical study, their simulation shows that for all the source separations considered, except for the 3 mm separation at 9 and 12 mm depth, the two neighboring sources can be resolved at depths from 3 to 12 mm. Phantom experiments illustrated that 2D bioluminescence imaging failed to distinguish two sources, but BLT can provide 3D source localization with approximately 1 mm accuracy. The in vivo results are encouraging that 1 and 1.7 mm accuracy can be attained for the single-source case at 6 and 9 mm depth, respectively. For the 2 sources in vivo study, both sources can be distinguished at 3 and 5 mm separations, and approximately 1 mm localization accuracy can also be achieved. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that their multispectral BLT/CBCT system could be potentially applied to localize and resolve multiple sources at wide range of source sizes, depths, and separations. The average accuracy of localizing CoM for single-source and grouped CoM for double sources is approximately 1 mm except deep-seated target. The information provided in this study can be instructive to devise treatment margins for BLT-guided irradiation. These results also suggest that the 3D BLT system could guide radiation for the situation with multiple targets, such as metastatic tumor models.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Toward the Development of a Cold Regions Regional-Scale Hydrologic Model, Final Project Report

This project improves meso-scale hydrologic modeling in the boreal forest by: (1) demonstrating the importance of capturing the heterogeneity of the landscape using small scale datasets for parameterization for both small and large basins; (2) demonstrating that in drier parts of the landscape and as the boreal forest dries with climate change, modeling approaches must consider the sensitivity of simulations to soil hydraulic parameters - such as residual water content - that are usually held constant. Thus, variability / flexibility in residual water content must be considered for accurate simulation of hydrologic processes in the boreal forest; (3) demonstrating that assessing climate change impacts on boreal forest hydrology through multiple model integration must account for direct effects of climate change (temperature and precipitation), and indirect effects from climate impacts on landscape characteristics (permafrost and vegetation distribution). Simulations demonstrated that climate change will increase runoff, but will increase ET to a greater extent and result in a drying of the landscape; and (4) vegetation plays a significant role in boreal hydrologic processes in permafrost free areas that have deciduous trees. This landscape type results in a decoupling of ET and precipitation, a tight coupling of ET and temperature, low runoff, and overall soil drying.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS2016

Climatology of the Aerosol Optical Depth by Components from the Multi-Angle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) and Chemistry Transport Models

The Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) Joint Aerosol (JOINT_AS) Level 3 product has provided a global, descriptive summary of MISR Level 2 aerosol optical depth (AOD) and aerosol type information for each month over 16+ years since March 2000. Using Version 1 of JOINT_AS, which is based on the operational (Version 22) MISR Level 2 aerosol product, this study analyzes, for the first time, characteristics of observed and simulated distributions of AOD for three broad classes of aerosols: spherical nonabsorbing, spherical absorbing, and nonspherical - near or downwind of their major source regions. The statistical moments (means, standard deviations, and skew-nesses) and distributions of AOD by components derived from the JOINT_AS are compared with results from two chemistry transport models (CTMs), the Goddard Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport (GOCART) and SPectral RadIatioN-TrAnSport (SPRINTARS). Overall, the AOD distributions retrieved from MISR and modeled by GOCART and SPRINTARS agree with each other in a qualitative sense. Marginal distributions of AOD for each aerosol type in both MISR and models show considerable high positive skewness, which indicates the importance of including extreme AOD events when comparing satellite retrievals with models. The MISR JOINT_AS product will greatly facilitate comparisons between satellite observations and model simulations of aerosols by type.

SPRINTARS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Performance Evaluation of a Novel Sequence-Based Directional Detection Strategy for Protection of Active Distribution Networks

Directional elements are relied on to achieve selectivity in fault detection in power systems. Although such elements have been deployed successfully for many years, there is an increased need for novel methods to deal with the unique challenges of directional protection in modern distribution networks. This article analyzes the impact of inverter-based resources (IBRs) on existing directional protection methods in distribution systems. It identifies parts of such elements that pose a risk of misoperation when IBRs are used in distribution networks. The authors have developed a new directional detection method for unbalanced faults in such networks using superimposed symmetrical sequence quantities. The phase angle of the superimposed negative sequence admittance is used to determine fault direction. The paper also presents a real-time co-simulation platform between a simulated distribution system and physical protection relay, using OPAL-RT. An SEL-411L relay is used to program the detection algorithm. This hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) setup is used to verify the performance of the method and the results are compared with existing directional methods

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2019

Load Modeling with Smart Meter Data for Advanced Volt-VAR Optimization Applications

This paper demonstrates the creation of time-varying, end-use electric load models with electric meter data for use by advanced, model-based volt-VAR optimization (VVO) control schemes. VVO has been shown to reduce energy consumption and peak demand in the electric distribution system. Modern VVO systems use power flow models to make control decisions. In order to make optimal decisions, these models must contain accurate load models. To improve these load models, this work uses active power, reactive power, and voltage magnitude measurements from advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) in a simulated distribution feeder to create electric load models for each customer meter. Three different modeling approaches are discussed, and their effectiveness is measured by comparing the optimality of VVO solutions with a base case. The results show that the models derived from AMI data can accurately represent some end-use load behavior like total energy costs, but lose accuracy when considering more dynamic system behavior like voltage violations over small time intervals. This work helps to advance state-of-the-art, model-based VVO by providing a data-driven modeling technique which acknowledges that optimal distribution system control requires a treatment of the system which is dependent on time, voltage, and system conditions.

Thayer, Brandon L.↗
NASA NTRS1996

Phase Distribution Phenomena for Simulated Microgravity Conditions: Experimental Work

This report summarizes the work accomplished at Rensselaer to study phase distribution phenomenon under simulated microgravity conditions. Our group at Rensselaer has been able to develop sophisticated analytical models to predict phase distribution in two-phase flows under variety of conditions. These models are based on physics and data obtained from carefully controlled experiments that are being conducted here. These experiments also serve to verify the models developed.

Singhal, Maneesh↗
NASA NTRS1996

Phase Distribution Phenomena for Simulated Microgravity Conditions: Experimental Work

This report summarizes the work accomplished at Rensselaer to study phase distribution phenomenon under simulated microgravity conditions. Our group at Rensselaer has been able to develop sophisticated analytical models to predict phase distribution in two-phase flows under a variety of conditions. These models are based on physics and data obtained from carefully controlled experiments that are being conducted here. These experiments also serve to verify the models developed.

Singhal, Maneesh↗
DOE OSTI2017

SIDSIM (Sub-Interval Distribution-function in Simulation) [SWR-17-22]

Time-series simulation is a technique used to estimate the energy delivery of a power generation system with output that changes under changing conditions. Such variable resources include photovoltaic energy systems that experience different levels of sunlight or wind farms with changing wind patterns. As distributed generation from these variable resources continues to flourish, having improved software tools to accurately measure, model, and estimate phenomena of interest to grid integration, in addition to energy output, will be crucial for safeguarding smooth integration and operation of these energy systems. Currently, time-series simulations assume conditions and power output are constant over the duration of a time-step (steady-state assumption). NREL researchers improve the accuracy with a new simulation software called SIDSIM (Sub-Interval Distribution Simulation) that replaces this steady value (solar or wind resource) with a distribution function that has a maximum value, a minimum value, and a shape to the curve within each time-step. The distribution function used for modeling varying values in the SIDSIM software is a novel equation and presents advantageous new benefits over the conventional methods. The first advantage comes in the ability to determine maximum instantaneous power within a time-step. This enables better protection of a system from overcurrent issues and it also allows for better forecasting and reservation of transmission capacity; such capabilities are essential for energy system integration. Second, a distribution function helps to determine the amount of energy loss due to “clipping” in cases where the photovoltaic direct current (DC) system capacity exceeds the inverter capacity, the AC interconnect capacity, or any other limiting component or threshold value. It improves estimates of battery throughput by allowing both charge and discharge of a battery within the duration of a time-step. Third, it provides a more refined estimate of utility-bill impacts by considering the delivered power may be higher than the site load or lower than the regular average power estimates that are made using a quasi-steady-state assumption. SEE ALSO OSTI ID 1,361,018

Walker, Andy↗
DOE OSTI2022

E-Beam Irradiation Beamline at Jefferson Lab for Wastewater Treatment

Electron beam (e-beam) irradiation is an advanced method for removing the emerging organic contaminants in wastewater, such as 1,4-dioxane, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl sub?stances (PFAS), which have the potential to be regulated in the near future but are difficult to degrade by conventional treatment methods. This dissertation was based on a collabo?rating study between Jefferson Lab (Jlab) and Hampton Roads Sanitation District (HRSD) to evaluate the impacts of e-beam irradiation on the degradation of 1,4-dioxane and PFAS. It presents the detailed design of an e-beam irradiation beamline, the beamline simulation using general particle tracer (GPT), the installation, and the successful commissioning. The beamline is an extended section to the Upgraded Injector Test Facility (UITF) at Jlab, which is a continuous wave (CW), superconducting radio frequency (SRF) linear accelerator with an energy up to 10 MeV. To let the sample volume receive a significant and uniform dose distribution, the sample target was designed by investigating the dose distribution simulated with a Monte-Carlo code, FLUKA. The optimized beam energy was 8 MeV and the beam current for irradiation was ? 100 nA. With the use of a solenoid and a raster, the electron beam was expanded to the optimized size, 1? ? 15 mm, at the sample target. This dis?sertation also presents the irradiation experiments for 64 1,4-dioxane samples and 48 PFAS samples in different water matrices, including real wastewater, which were prepared and an?alyzed by HRSD. The absorbed doses of samples were obtained by designing a new method that combines the FLUKA simulation and dose mapping experiments. The irradiation re?sults showed that around 95% of 1,4-dioxane was removed at a low dose of ? 2 kGy, and PFAS was possibly removed at a lower dose compared to similar research. This work is a first implementation of SRF technology for wastewater irradiation. It pro?vides a valuable new research platform for wastewater remediation. This will be in support of future industrial applications of advanced SRF technologies and better understanding of the effect of e-beam irradiation on wastewater or water treatment.

Li, Xi↗