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At least 253 records · Page 14
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1997

Parameter Estimation for Viscoplastic Material Modeling

A key ingredient in the design of engineering components and structures under general thermomechanical loading is the use of mathematical constitutive models (e.g. in finite element analysis) capable of accurate representation of short and long term stress/deformation responses. In addition to the ever-increasing complexity of recent viscoplastic models of this type, they often also require a large number of material constants to describe a host of (anticipated) physical phenomena and complicated deformation mechanisms. In turn, the experimental characterization of these material parameters constitutes the major factor in the successful and effective utilization of any given constitutive model; i.e., the problem of constitutive parameter estimation from experimental measurements.

Saleeb, Atef F.↗
NASA NTRS2005

Pressures in Tumuli: A Study of Tumuli Formation

Tumuli form via localized inflation in surface lava flows. These domed features have widths of 10-20 m, lengths of 10-150 m, and heights of 1-9 m. The axial fracture exposes a brittle crust overlying a ductilely deformed layer. The total crustal thickness is typically less than lm. Tumuli are observed on both terrestrial and martian lava flow surfaces, and provide insight on the flow formation processes and rates. Past studies have estimated the inflation pressure using a bending model for a circular, thin elastic plate, assuming small deflection (Rossi and Gudmundson, 1996). This formulation results in unrealistic pressures for some tumuli. We thus examine alternative models, including those with different shapes, bending of the ductile crust, large deflection, plastic deformation, and thick plate bending. Using the thickness of the ductile crust in the equations for thin, circular plates reduces most pressures to reasonable values. Alternative plate shapes do not cause a significant reduction in inflation pressure. Although the large deflection equations should be applicable based on the plate thickness to tumuli height ratios, they give even less realistic pressures. Tumuli with unrealistic pressures appear to have exceeded the critical bending moment, and have relatively thick crusts, requiring thick plate bending models.

Hansen, James E.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Non-Blind Deblurring for Fluorescence: A Deformable Latent Space Approach with Kernel Parameterization

We report N\non-blind deblurring (NBD) is a modeling method of the image deblurring problem in computer vision, where the blurring kernel is known or can be externally estimated. In this paper, we attempt to solve a parametric NBD problem, inspired by the simultaneous acquisition of ptychography and fluorescent imaging (FI). Ptychography is an imaging method that favors larger probes, i.e. convolutional kernels, while FI relies on a small probe for high resolution. Also, the kernel can be solved during ptychographic reconstruction. With Ptycho-FI using the same larger kernel, we can perform NBD on the blurred fluorescent images to achieve high-resolution FI, and thus speed up the experiments. To this end, we design a deep latent space deformation network that is directly parameterized by the kernel. The network consists of three components: encoder, deformer, and decoder, where the deformer is specifically meant to rectify the latent space representations of blurred images to a standard latent space, regardless of the kernel. The deformation network is trained with a two-stage training scheme. We conduct extensive experiments to confirm that our parametric model can adapt to drastically different blurring kernels and perform robust deblurring.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

An Assessment of Global Positioning System Velocity Uncertainty in California

We analyze data from 580 continuous global positioning system (GPS) stations in California to quantify differences in published velocity estimates from five analysis centers. Horizontal and vertical rates for individual stations can differ up to 5 mm/yr, with systematic differences in some areas comparable to deformation rates. Published velocity uncertainties vary between analysis centers and are systematically underreported in the horizontal relative to empirical uncertainties calculated from the scatter of analysis center velocities. In the vertical, published velocity uncertainties are both over and underreported and vary more widely between centers. An interpolated ensemble vertical velocity field shows high-subsidence regions in the Central Valley and Salton Trough have the largest empirical uncertainties, while station density has a modest impact on uncertainties. Applications that rely on subcentimeter GPS accuracy should consider the possibility that formal errors published with velocity rate estimates understate true velocity uncertainties in both the horizontal and vertical.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Analyzing Mechanical integrity of Microwave resonant Cavity flowmeter

The microwave resonant cavity flow sensor has been proposed to address the difficulties of measuring high-temperature molten salt flow in reactor vessels. The flow sensor consists of a metallic cylindrical cavity coupled to a microwave waveguide. The cylindrical cavity has one of the flat surfaces thin enough to undergo microscopic deflection due to dynamic pressure of the exerted by the flowing fluid. Deflection of the membrane causes a shift in the microwave resonant frequency. Fluid velocity can be estimated from the calibration curve. The objective of this report is to investigate mechanical integrity of the flowmeter’s membrane. The membrane is a thin stainless-steel circular plate with a clamped edge, subjected to uniform load. By calculating the stress on the plate due to deflection and, comparing the stress to the material ultimate tensile strength and yield strength, it can be estimated if the plate will fail. If the maximum stress is greater than the yield strength, the plate will undergo plastic deformation, and the sensor will be disabled. A stress greater than the ultimate tensile strength will cause the plate to fracture. The stress on the plate was calculated with an analytic closed form solution model, and with COMSOL Structural Mechanics Module which does not involve any approximations. Stresses in both the analytic model and COMSOL numerical model were calculated for stainless steel 316 thin circular plates under room temperature conditions, where the fluid is water. The diameter of the circular plate is approximately one inch, and thickness is 10mil. Fluid flow velocity is in the range from 0.5m/s to 1m/s. The results from the two models are similar. Both the analytic model and COMSOL model showed that maximum stresses on the plate, which are at the radial boundary of the plate, are three orders of magnitude smaller than the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength. This indicates that the sensor is at a low risk of mechanical failure.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
NASA NTRS1990

The shallow structure of the Martian lithosphere in the vicinity of the ridged plains

On Mars, the most prominent assemblage of regularly spaced plain ridges occurs in the plains of the Coprates and Lunae Planum regions. In this paper, a number of tectonic models is developed and quantitatively evaluated, that relate the regular spacing of these ridges to the shallow internal structure of Mars. It is shown that models with both rigid and deformable megaregolith-basement interface conditions can provide solutions which can explain the ridge spacing within the constraint provided by the estimated thickness of the smooth plains materials. Implications of the models for the structure and state of stress in the Tharsis region at the time of ridge formation are discussed.

Zuber, M. T.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Monitoring regional crustal deformation with horizontal geodetic data

The National Ocean Survey is developing an automated system to derive parameters of horizontal crustal motion from existing geodetic data by the process of least squares estimation. The estimated parameter will describe crustal motion as a function of geographic position. The system will first be tested in the Imperial Valley region of southern California, using data from 8 individual field projects spanning four decades of time.

Snay, R. A.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Interferometric SAR modelling of near surface data to improve geological model in the Surat Basin, Australia

Here we present a study on geophysical inverse modelling for subsurface structural properties of an unconventional hydrocarbon site that was monitored previously by Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technology for surface deformation. A static three-dimensional geomodel along with extracted property maps replicates the depth of each underlying stratigraphic unit and structural feature with the density of each geological layer. We examine the hypothesis that integration of elastic properties of each formation layer with InSAR observations in a stratified elastic medium will lead to a viscoelastic geophysical inverse problem that can be solved to estimate fractional volume change at the reservoir level. Moreover, we examine synthetic scenarios in which the elastic properties of the formations are perturbed before determining the resulting impact on the rate of surface deformation. The results show that although the slope of underlying formations, their density and depth can define the extent and pattern of a deformation signal, their properties have a marginal impact on volumetric change compared to the dense network of shallow depth Coal Seam Gas (CSG) mining wells. Besides, it is also demonstrated that the inversion of InSAR deformation maps can resolve the uncertainties associated with low-resolution seismic interpretation as well as filling the data gaps within seismic acquisitions. A significant contribution of this investigation to the geological basin modelling involves a) introducing a remote and non-invasive technology such as InSAR to improve geophysical mapping of subsurface structures such as faults in areas with sparse or no reflective seismic information, and b) applying a multi-layer viscoelastic geophysical source model for an unconventional hydrocarbon reservoir such as CSG.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS2007

Global Distortion of GPS Networks Associated with Satellite Antenna Model Errors

Recent studies of the GPS satellite phase center offsets (PCOs) suggest that these have been in error by approx.1 m. Previous studies had shown that PCO errors are absorbed mainly by parameters representing satellite clock and the radial components of site position. On the basis of the assumption that the radial errors are equal, PCO errors will therefore introduce an error in network scale. However, PCO errors also introduce distortions, or apparent deformations, within the network, primarily in the radial (vertical) component of site position that cannot be corrected via a Helmert transformation. Using numerical simulations to quantify the effects of PC0 errors, we found that these PCO errors lead to a vertical network distortion of 6-12 mm per meter of PCO error. The network distortion depends on the minimum elevation angle used in the analysis of the GPS phase observables, becoming larger as the minimum elevation angle increases. The steady evolution of the GPS constellation as new satellites are launched, age, and are decommissioned, leads to the effects of PCO errors varying with time that introduce an apparent global-scale rate change. We demonstrate here that current estimates for PCO errors result in a geographically variable error in the vertical rate at the 1-2 mm/yr level, which will impact high-precision crustal deformation studies.

Cardellach, E.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Non-linear elastic-plastic behavior of the invert glass lithium phosphorous oxynitride (LiPON)

Micro and nano-scale mechanical behavior of network/ionic glasses is dictated by their composition and the number of constraints per structural unit. From this perspective, the glass LiPON presents the opportunity for enhancement of the microscale ductility due to its rather unconstrained orthophosphate structure. Here, we use instrumented nanoindentation with different tip geometries to investigate the mechanical response of LiPON glass. The results reveal that the elastic modulus of LiPON is not constant and depends on pressure. With the method utilizing spherical nanoindentation and continuous stiffness measurement (CSM) we determine the yield point of LiPON. We propose the Drucker-Prager type of yield criterion for LiPON and estimate its yield stress in compression as 2.4 GPa. There exists another stress threshold, however, around 490 MPa, at which the elastic deformation becomes non-linear, and this can be mistaken for the yield stress.

Constitutive model↗
DOE OSTI2024

Material Characterization Study of Magnetite Nanocrystals for RF Sensing

Magnetite nanocrystals show promise for electrically small gigahertz frequency applications, which could lead to miniaturizing transformer cores and new sensing technologies. This work presents a rigorous radiofrequency characterization of these nanocrystals using vector network analyzer (VNA) ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) measurements. For the first time, two different average diameters of Fe 3 O 4 nanocrystals are investigated (7.3 and 20.2 nm). When the VNA–FMR results were compared to micromagnetic simulations, the magnetic anisotropy (K 1 ) deviated from the ideal mean orientation value of K 1 /2 to K 1 /80 for the 7.3 nm nanocrystal. In contrast, the obtained magnetic anisotropy in 20.2 nm nanocrystals slightly deviated to K 1 /11 due to less structural deformations. These findings resulted in a newly proposed methodology for an approximate simulation based on VNA–FMR measurements. In addition, this work estimates the approximate amount of nanocrystals needed to measure a useful VNA–FMR spectrum.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS1983

Temperature-time distribution and thermal stresses on the RTG fins and shell during water cooling

Radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) packages designed for space missions generally do not require active cooling. However, the heat they generate cannot remain inside of the launch vehicle bay and requires active removal. Therefore, before the Shuttle bay door is closed, the RTG coolant tubes attached to the heat rejection fins must be filled with water, which will circulate and remove most of the heat from the cargo bay. There is concern that charging a system at initial temperature around 200 C with water at 24 C can cause unacceptable thermal stresses in the RTG shell and fins. A computer model is developed to estimate the transient temperature distribution resulting from such charging. The thermal stresses resulting from the temperature gradients do not exceed the elastic deformation limit for the material. Since the simplified mathematical model for thermal stresses tends to overestimate stresses, it is concluded that the RTG can be cooled by introducing water at 24 C to the initially hot fin coolant tubes while the RTG is in the Shuttle cargo bay.

Turner, R. H.↗
NASA NTRS2004

Integrated Modeling Activities for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST): Structural-Thermal-Optical Analysis

This is a continuation of a series of papers on modeling activities for JWST. The structural-thermal- optical, often referred to as "STOP", analysis process is used to predict the effect of thermal distortion on optical performance. The benchmark STOP analysis for JWST assesses the effect of an observatory slew on wavefront error. The paper begins an overview of multi-disciplinary engineering analysis, or integrated modeling, which is a critical element of the JWST mission. The STOP analysis process is then described. This process consists of the following steps: thermal analysis, structural analysis, and optical analysis. Temperatures predicted using geometric and thermal math models are mapped to the structural finite element model in order to predict thermally-induced deformations. Motions and deformations at optical surfaces are input to optical models and optical performance is predicted using either an optical ray trace or WFE estimation techniques based on prior ray traces or first order optics. Following the discussion of the analysis process, results based on models representing the design at the time of the System Requirements Review. In addition to baseline performance predictions, sensitivity studies are performed to assess modeling uncertainties. Of particular interest is the sensitivity of optical performance to uncertainties in temperature predictions and variations in metal properties. The paper concludes with a discussion of modeling uncertainty as it pertains to STOP analysis.

Johnston, John D.↗
NASA NTRS2019

Improving UAVSAR results with GPS, radiometry, and QUAKES topographic imager

UAVSAR is NASA’s airborne interferometricsynthetic aperture radar (InSAR) platform. The instrument has been used to detect deformation from earthquakes, volcanoes, oil pumping, landslides, water withdrawal, landfill compaction, and glaciers. It has been used to detect scars from wildfires and damage from debris flows. The instrument performs well for large changes or for local small changes. Determining subtle changes over large areas requires improved instrumentation and processing. We are working to improve the utility of UAVSAR by including GPS station position results in the processing chain, and adding a topographic imager to improve estimates of topography, 3D change, and damage. We are also exploring the benefit of microwave radiometry to mitigating error from water vapor path delay. A goal is to determine 3D tectonic deformation to millimeters per year at ~100 km plate boundary scales and to understand surface processes in areas of decorrelated radar imagery.

Muellerschoen, Ronald↗
NASA NTRS1985

Geometry of miocene extensional deformation, lower Colorado River Region, Southeastern California and Southwestern Arizona: Evidence for the presence of a regional low-angle normal fault

The geometry of Miocene extensional deformation, which changes along a 120 km-long, northeast-trending transect from the southestern Chocolate Mountains, southeastern California, to the Trigo and southern Dome Rock Mountains, southwestern Arizona is discussed. Based upon regional differences in the structural response to extension and estimated extensional strain, the transet can be divided into three northwesterly-trending structural domains. From southwest to northeast, these domains are: (1) southestern Chocolate-southernmost Trigo Mountains; (2) central to northern Trigo Mountains; and (3) Trigo Peaks-southern Dome Rock Mountains. All structures formed during the deformation are brittle in style; fault rocks are composed of gouge, cohesive gouge, and local microbreccia. In each structural domain, exposed lithologic units are composed of Mesozoic crystalline rocks unconformably overlain by Oligocene to Early Miocene volcanic and minor interbedded sedimentary rocks. Breccia, conglomerate, and sandstone deposited synchronously with regional extension locally overlie the volcanic rocks. Extensional deformation largely postdated the main phase of volcanic activity, but rare rhyolitic tuff and flows interbedded with the syndeformational clastic rocks suggest that deformation began during the waning stages of valcanism. K-Ar isotopic ages indicate that deformation occurred in Miocene time, between about 22 and m.y. ago.

Tosdal, R. M.↗
NASA NTRS2007

Filter Function for Wavefront Sensing Over a Field of View

A filter function has been derived as a means of optimally weighting the wavefront estimates obtained in image-based phase retrieval performed at multiple points distributed over the field of view of a telescope or other optical system. When the data obtained in wavefront sensing and, more specifically, image-based phase retrieval, are used for controlling the shape of a deformable mirror or other optic used to correct the wavefront, the control law obtained by use of the filter function gives a more balanced optical performance over the field of view than does a wavefront-control law obtained by use of a wavefront estimate obtained from a single point in the field of view.

Dean, Bruce H.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Structural stability and artificial buckling modes in topology optimization

Abstract This paper demonstrates how a strain energy transition approach can be used to remove artificial buckling modes that often occur in stability constrained topology optimization problems. To simulate the structural response, a nonlinear large deformation hyperelastic simulation is performed, wherein the fundamental load path is traversed using Newton’s method and the critical buckling load levels are estimated by an eigenvalue analysis. The goal of the optimization is to minimize displacement, subject to constraints on the lowest critical buckling loads and maximum volume. The topology optimization problem is regularized via the Helmholtz PDE-filter and the method of moving asymptotes is used to update the design. The stability and sensitivity analyses are outlined in detail. The effectiveness of the energy transition scheme is demonstrated in numerical examples.

Dalklint, Anna (ORCID:0000000346195205)↗
NASA NTRS1994

UV-B radiation amplification factor determined based on the simultaneous observation of total ozone and global spectral irradiance

The Japan Meteorological Agency started the spectral observation of solar ultraviolet (UV) irradiance on 1 January 1990 at Tateno, Aerological Observatory in Tsukuba (35 deg N, 140 deg E). The observation has been carried out using the Brewer spectrophotometer for the wavelengths from 290 to 325 nm with a 0.5 nm interval every hour from 30 minutes before sunrise to 30 minutes after sunset throughout a year. Because of remarkable similarity within observed spectra, an observed spectrum can be expressed by a simple combination of a reference spectrum and two parameters expressing the deformation of the observed spectrum from the reference. By use of the relation between one of the deformation parameters and the total ozone simultaneously observed with the Dobson spectrophotometer, the possible increase of UV irradiance due to ozone depletion is estimated. For damaging UV, the irradiance possibly increases about 19 percent with the ozone depletion of 10 percent at noon throughout the year in the northern midlatitudes. DUV at noon on the summer solstice possibly increases about 5.6 percent with the ozone depletion of 10 m atm-cm for all latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere.

Ito, T.↗