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At least 253 records · Page 14
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Essence2.0 Development and Deployment (Final Report)

The objective of the project was to take two core technologies that have been developed under the Recipient’s solid laboratory products and integrate them into a single CyberPhysical awareness platform and complete development on current field-tested prototypes that will extend the integrated capability of the platform. During the final development phase, the Recipient development team and its selected industry partners tested and hardened the platform to ensure resilient and secure operation of the integrated platform. The team also executed substantial field testing and established the framework for defining the organization and/or commercial infrastructure needed to sustain operations and provide readiness for a national scale deployment. The focus of the project was (1) the improvement, refinement, and deployment of technology for the detection of cyber-attacks on utility operational technology (OT) and information technology (IT) networks and assets, including Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Systems (SCADA) systems; and (2) support for containment and remediation of adversarial threats and actions against those systems and environments.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Isokinetic Inlet Aboard Aircraft (INLETISOK-AIR) Instrument Handbook

Isokinetic Inlet aboard the aircraft designed by Brechtel (Hayward, California) and modified by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). Additional information can be found on the manufacturer’s website. An earlier model was used on the Gulfstream-159 (G-1) aircraft operated by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Aerial Facility (AAF) until 2019. A newer version of this instrument will be deployed on the replacement Challenger 850 aircraft. Modifications to the inlet involve making the software compatible with the aircraft’s data acquisition system.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2026

Intelligent experiments through real-time AI: Fast Data Processing and Autonomous Detector Control for sPHENIX and future EIC detectors (Phase-I)

With an ever increasing demand for high precision data from modern detectors for discovery science and precision measurements, all major high energy nuclear and particle experiments, current and future, are facing the challenge on how to deal with the large volume of raw data generated from sophisticated state-of-the-art detectors in high rate collisions. These goals need to be balanced with available hardware and cost limits on DAQ (Data AcQuisition system) bandwidth and offline computing resources to capture, store and process the signal events. Two prototypical examples are the upcoming sPHENIX experiment, the DOE next generation heavy ion physics experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at BNL, and the future EIC experiments that are planned to be online circa 2030.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Design of Ionization Profile Monitors at the Integrable Optics Test Accelerator Facility at Fermilab

The Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA) at Fermilab is transitioning from an electron beam facility to a proton beam facility for studies in nonlinear accelerator optics and space-charge dominated proton beams. This project involves the commissioning and fabrication of Ionization Profile Monitors (IPMs) to enable beam profile measurements at IOTA. In general, IPMs work on principle of residual gas ionization by the beam to generate beam profile. This work focuses on a mechanical design that leverages a controlled injection of noble gases, primarily Argon, as the ultra-high vacuum of the IOTA ring provides insufficient residual gas for ionization. Efforts to understand vacuum integration to ensure compatibility with the storage ring environment, the integration of real-time data acquisition systems and the commissioning of the IPMs will be discussed. This project provides a versatile diagnostic tool, supporting IOTA’s role as a testbed for larger-scale accelerator facilities and contributing to the broader understanding of beam physics in high-intensity, high-space-charge regimes.

Mwaniki, M. W. [IIT, Chicago] (ORCID:0000000169057↗
DOE OSTI2025

SRF cavity instability detection with machine learning at CEBAF

During the operation of the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF), one or more unstable superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavities often cause beam loss trips while the unstable cavities themselves do not necessarily trip off. The present RF controls for the legacy cavities report at only 1 Hz, which is too slow to detectfast transient instabilities during these trip events. These challenges make the identification of an unstable cavity out of the hundreds installed at CEBAF a difficult and time-consuming task. To tackle these issues, a fast data acquisition system (DAQ) for the legacy SRF cavities has been developed, which records the sample at 5 kHz. An unsupervised learning framework has been developed to identify anomalous SRF cavity behavior. We will discuss the present status of the DAQ system and our framework, along with recent successes in detecting anomalous cavity behavior. Overall, our method offers a practical solution for identifying unstable SRF cavities, contributing to increased beam availability and machine reliability.

Accelerator Physics↗
DOE OSTI2022

Slow control and data acquisition development in the Mu2e experiment

The muon campus program at Fermilab includes the Mu2e experiment that will search for a charged-lepton flavor violating processes where a negative muon converts into an electron in the field of an aluminum nucleus, improving by four orders of magnitude the search sensitivity reached so far.Mu2e’s Trigger and Data Acquisition System (TDAQ) uses {\it otsdaq} solution. Developed at Fermilab, {\it otsdaq} uses the {\it artdaq} DAQ framework and {\it art} analysis framework, for event transfer, filtering, and processing.{\it otsdaq} is an online DAQ software suite with a focus on flexibility and scalability, and provides a multi-user interface accessible through a web browser.A Detector Control System (DCS) for monitoring, controlling, alarming, and archiving has been developed using the Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System (EPICS) open source Platform. The DCS System has also been integrated into {\it otsdaq}, providing a GUI multi-user, web-based control, and monitoring dashboard.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2026

Low-latency Jet Tagging for HL-LHC Using Transformer Architectures

Transformers are the state-of-the-art model architectures and widely used in application areas of machine learning. However the performance of such architectures is less well explored in the ultra-low latency domains where deployment on FPGAs or ASICs is required. Such domains include the trigger and data acquisition systems of the LHC experiments. We present a transformer-based algorithm for jet tagging built with the HGQ2 framework, which is able to produce a model with heterogeneous bitwidths for fast inference on FPGAs, as required in the trigger systems at the LHC experiments. The bitwidths are acquired during training by minimizing the total bit operations as an additional parameter. By allowing a bitwidth of zero, the model is pruned in-situ during training. Using this quantization-aware approach, our algorithm achieves state-of-the-art performance while also retaining permutation invariance which is a key property for particle physics applications. Due to the strength of transformers in representation learning, our work also serves as a stepping stone for the development of a larger foundation model for trigger applications.

Laatu, Lauri [Imperial Coll., London]↗
DOE OSTI2025

Crystal Calorimetry for Charged Lepton Flavor Violation Searches

The Mu2e experiment at Fermilab aims to search for Charged Lepton Flavor Violation (CLFV) through the coherent conversion of a muon into an electron in the field of an aluminum nucleus. This process, highly suppressed in the Standard Model, would clearly indicate new physics if observed. A crucial component of Mu2e is its electromagnetic calorimeter, which enhances the identification and measurement of conversion electrons. The calorimeter consists of two disks of undoped CsI crystals read out by custom-designed SiPMs and fast front-end electronics. This paper presents an overview of the calorimeter’s design, its custom SiPM technology, the readout and data acquisition system, and the results from commissioning tests.Building on the experience from Mu2e, the proposed Mu2e-II upgrade aims to enhance further the experiment’s sensitivity by an order of magnitude. This requires significant advancements in calorimeter technology, particularly in crystal materials and photodetector performance. Studies on BaF$_2$ and LYSO crystals, as well as the development of radiation-hard Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs), are currently underway. Test beam results demonstrate promising improvements in energy resolution and timing capabilities, ensuring the feasibility of next-generation calorimetry solutions for Mu2e-II.

Atanov, N. [Dubna, JINR]↗
DOE OSTI2025

A Software/Hardware Framework for Efficient and Safe Emergency Response in Post-Crash Scenarios of Battery Electric Vehicles

The adoption rate of battery electric vehicles (EVs) is rapidly increasing. Electric vehicles differ significantly from conventional internal combustion engine vehicles and vary widely across different manufacturers. Emergency responders (ERs) and recovery personnel may have less experience with EVs and lack timely access to critical information such as the extent of the stranded energy present, high-voltage safety hazards, and post-crash handling procedures in a user-friendly manner. This paper presents a software/hardware interactive tool named Electric Vehicle Information for Incident Response Solutions (EVIRS) to aid in the quick access to emergency response and recovery information. The current prototype of EVIRS identifies EVs using the VIN or Make, Model, and Year, and offers several useful features for ERs and recovery personnel. These features include integration and easy access to emergency response procedures tailored to an identified EV, vehicle structural schematics, the quick identification of battery pack specifications, and more. For EVs that are not severely damaged, EVIRS can perform calculations to estimate stranded energy in the EV’s battery and discharge time for various power loads using either EV dashboard information or operational data accessed through the CAN interface. Knowledge of this information may be helpful in the post-crash handling, management, and storage of an EV. The functionality and accuracy of EVIRS were demonstrated through laboratory tests using a 2021 Ford Mach-E and associated data acquisition system. The results indicated that when the remaining driving range was used as an input, EVIRS was able to estimate the pack voltage with an error of less than 3 V. Conversely, when pack voltage was used as an input, the estimated state of charge (SOC) error was less than 5% within the range of 30–90% SOC. Additionally, other features, such as retrieving emergency response guides for identified EVs and accessing lessons learned from archived incidents, have been successfully demonstrated through EVIRS for quick access. EVIRS can be a valuable tool for emergency responders and recovery personnel, both in action and during offline training, by providing crucial information related to assessing EV/battery safety risks, appropriate handling, de-energizing, transport, and storage in an integrated and user-friendly manner.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Heavy Duty Natural Gas Single Cylinder Research Engine Installation, Commissioning, and Baseline Testing

Natural Gas (NG) Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) are a promising alternative to diesel engines for on-road heavy-duty applications to reduce greenhouse gas and harmful pollutant emissions. NG engines have not been widely adopted due to the lower thermal efficiency compared with diesel engine counterparts. To develop the base knowledge required to reach the desired efficiency, a Single Cylinder Engine (SCE) is the most effective platform to acquire reliable and repeatable data. A SCE test cell was developed using a Cummins 15-liter six-cylinder heavy-duty engine block modified to fire one cylinder (2.5-liter displacement). A Woodward Large Engine Control Module (LECM) is integrated to permit implementation of real-time advanced combustion control. Intake and exhaust characteristics, fuel composition, and exhaust gas recirculated substitution rate (EGR) are fully adjustable. A high-speed data acquisition system acquires in-cylinder, intake, and exhaust pressure for combustion analysis. The baseline testing shows reliable and consistent results for engine thermal efficiency, indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP), and coefficient of variance of the IMEP over a wide range of operating conditions while achieving effective control of all engine control and operation variables. This test cell will be used to conduct a research program to develop new and innovative control algorithms and CFD optimized combustion chamber designs, allowing ultra-high efficiency and low emissions for NG ICE heavy-duty on-road applications.

03 NATURAL GAS↗
DOE OSTI2025

The LSST Camera (LSSTCam)

The LSST Camera is the sole instrument for the NSF-DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory and consists of a 3.2 gigapixel focal plane mosaic with in-vacuum controllers, dedicated guider and wavefront CCDs, a three-element corrector whose largest lens is 1.55m in diameter, six optical interference filters covering a 320-1050nm band pass with an out-of-plane filter exchange mechanism, and camera slow control and data acquisition systems capable of digitizing each image in 2 seconds.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Design and Characterization of a Phonon-Mediated Cryogenic Particle Detector with an eV-Scale Threshold and 100 keV-Scale Dynamic Range

We present the design and characterization of a cryogenic phonon-sensitive Si detector exploiting the Neganov-Trofimov-Luke effect to detect single-charge excitations. This device achieved 2.65(2) eV phonon energy resolution when operated without a voltage bias across the crystal and a corresponding charge resolution of 0.03 electron-hole pairs at 100 V bias. With a continuous-readout data acquisition system and an offline optimum-filter trigger, we obtain a 9.2 eV threshold with a trigger rate of the order of 20 Hz. The detector's energy scale is calibrated up to 120 keV using an energy estimator based on the pulse area. The high performance of this device allows its application to different fields where excellent energy resolution, low threshold, and large dynamic range are required, including dark matter searches, precision measurements of coherent neutrino-nucleus scattering, and ionization yield measurements.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2021

Interoffice Memorandum RE-04-21 "Advanced Test Reactor Power History Through Cycle 169A-1"

Table 1 lists the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) N-16 constrained power history data since the Beryllium VI Core Internals Changeout (CIC) Cycle 134A-1 through Cycle 169A-1. The powers tabulated for Cycles 159A-1, 163A-1, and 167A-1 are higher than powers observed during operation, because powers are computed from cycle exposure, which for these cycles includes operation during the low-power “soak” portion of each cycle; whereas cycle length in Effective Full Power Days (EFPD) includes only the high-power “casualty” portion occurring after NF is established. Table 2 lists the accumulated N-16 lobe and total core exposure, as obtained from the ATR Data Acquisition System (RDAS) for Cycles 134A-1 through 169A-1. Table 3 lists the startup and shutdown dates and times, as obtained from logbooks or RDAS, depending on availability. The ATR power history prior to Cycle 134A 1 is presented in references (a) through (d).

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Convolutional Neural Networks for the CHIPS Neutrino Detector R&D Project.

The CHerenkov detectors In mine PitS (Chips) neutrino detector R&D project aims to develop novel strategies and technologies for very large yet ‘cheap as chips’ water Cherenkov neutrino detectors. Via deployment in a body of water, use of commercially available components, and instrumentation coverage optimisation for the study of exclusively accelerator beam neutrinos, Chips will enable megaton scale detectors to become a reality at the cost of $200k-$300k per kt of sensitive mass. During the summer of 2019 a prototype Chips detector, Chips-5, was deployed into the Wentworth 2W disused mine pit in northern Minnesota, 7 mrad off the NuMI beam axis. A novel data acquisition system was introduced using cheap single-board computers and open-source software. This work presents a novel approach to water Cherenkov neutrino detector event reconstruction and classification. Three forms of a Convolutional Neural Network, a type of deep learning algorithm, have been trained to reject cosmic muon events, classify beam events, and estimate neutrino energies, all using only the raw detector event as input. When evaluated on the expected distribution of Chips-5 events, this new approach is shown to be robust and explainable as well as providing a significant performance increase over the standard likelihood-based reconstruction and simple neural network classification. Promisingly, the performance presented here is comparable to the more complex (and expensive) neutrino oscillation experiments within the field.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2021

Design and Performance of a Smartphone-based Cosmic Ray Observatory

This dissertation examines the feasibility of appropriating the global network of smartphones as an observatory for ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. An application and cloud-based data-acquisition system are first proposed for such an observatory, in which heterogenous devices self-calibrate and server feedback optimizes individual device triggers. Methods of monitoring and manually controlling this network are also examined. Detection efficiencies for cosmic muons, MeV-scale gamma rays, and 120 GeV protons are then measured for this trigger, with which a Monte Carlo pixel model is fine-tuned. Extending this model to cosmic ray showers, the effective area of the observatory for super-GZK primaries is shown to equal that of the Pierre Auger Observatory with a global participation rate under 0.1%, far below initial estimates presented in Ref. [83]. A vastly improved sensitivity to photons and more precise modeling of electrons are primarily responsible for this discrepancy, though more refined models of the combinatorial background may yet lead to more stringent requirements.

Swaney, Jeff↗
DOE OSTI2022

Application of Frequency Division Multiplexing and Neural Networks in the Operation and Diagnosis of the Stator Current and Shaft Position Sensors Used in Electric/Hybrid Vehicles

Fast, precise and robust sensing of currents and motor shaft angle is essential for the excellent performance of electric and hybrid vehicles (EV/HEV). Multiplexing techniques are commonly applied in data acquisition systems (DAQs) to digitize the signals sensed in EV/HEV drives. Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) applied to get the signals from current sensors and resolver angular position sensor has advantages over conventional multiplexing approaches. However, problems such as aging and mechanical imperfections distort the outputs of those sensors, producing measurement errors of the angular position and currents. Conventional techniques designed to compensate for those errors cannot be applied in signals multiplexed in frequency. This paper proposes online techniques to detect and compensate for the distortions in the resolver sensor and current sensors. The demultiplexing process was adjusted to allow distortion detection and compensation. An auto-associative neural network (ANN) compensates for the current measurement error, while an energy-based technique is applied to compensate for the distortions in the resolver outputs. The obtained results show that the distortions were compensated, allowing a more accurate estimation of stator currents and angular position when FDM is applied in EV/HEV DAQs.

Pereira Pinto, Joao↗
DOE OSTI2023

µRWELL-PICOSEC: The Development of Fast Timing Resistive Micro-WELL Detector Technology.

We present the development of a new concept of fast timing gaseous detector, the ?RWELL-PICOSEC detector based on Resistive Micro-Well (?RWELL) technology to provide timing resolution in the tens of picosecond range for application as time-of-flight (TOF) technology in the particle physics and medical instrumentation fields. The ?RWELL-PICOSEC technology combined a Cerenkov radiator for the generation of Cerenkov photons from high energy charged particles, a photocathode for the conversion of the produced photons into primary electrons and the ?RWELL foil for the multiplication of the electron to produce large signal on pad segmentation readout. The proof of concept of ?RWELL-PICOSEC is demonstrated with a small single-channel prototype and preliminary timing performance of 90 ps has been measured. Optimization study the amplification structure of ?RWELL-PICOSEC for the improvement of timing resolution is discussed and results on timing performance studies in beam at CERN are presented. The development of large area (100 mm × 100 mm) ?RWELL-PICOSEC and associated multichannel fast readout electronics and data acquisition system are also reported

Weisenberger, Andrew↗