Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “configurable”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 253 records · Page 14

MHD simulation on magnetic compression of field reversed configurations with NIMROD

Abstract Magnetic compression has long been proposed a promising method for plasma heating in a field reversed configuration (FRC). However, it remains a challenge to fully understand the physical mechanisms underlying the compression process, due to its highly dynamic nature beyond the one-dimensional (1D) adiabatic theory model (Spencer et al 1983 Phys. Fluids 26 1564). In this work, magnetohydrodynamics simulations on the magnetic compression of FRCs using the NIMROD code (Sovinec et al 2004 J. Comput. Phys. 195 355) and their comparisons with the 1D theory have been performed. The effects of the assumptions of the theory on the compression process have been explored, and the detailed profiles of the FRC during compression have been investigated. The pressure evolution agrees with the theoretical prediction under various initial conditions. The axial contraction of the FRC can be affected by the initial density profile and the ramping rate of the compression magnetic field, but the theoretical predictions on the FRC’s length in general and the relation r s = 2 r o in particular hold approximately well during the whole compression process, where r s is the major radius of FRC separatrix and r o is that of the magnetic axis. The evolutions of the density and temperature can be affected significantly by the initial equilibrium profile and the ramping rate of the compression magnetic field. During the compression, the major radius of the FRC is another parameter that is susceptible to the ramping rate of the compression field. Basically, for the same magnetic compression ratio, the peak density is higher and the FRC’s radius r s is smaller than the theoretical predictions.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Quasi-static magnetic compression of field-reversed configuration plasma: amended scalings and limits from two-dimensional MHD equilibrium

In this work, several key scaling laws of the quasi-static magnetic compression of field reversed configuration (FRC) plasma (Spencer et al 1983 Phys. Fluids 26 1564) are amended from a series of two-dimensional FRC MHD equilibriums numerically obtained using the Grad–Shafranov equation solver NIMEQ. Based on the new scaling for the elongation and the magnetic fields at the separatrix and the wall, the empirically stable limits for the compression ratio, the fusion gain, and the neutron yield are evaluated, which may serve as a more accurate estimate for the upper ceiling of performance from the magnetic compression of FRC plasma as a potential fusion energy as well as neutron source devices.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

A Configuration Based Pumped Storage Hydro Model in the MISO Day-Ahead Market

Pumped storage hydro units (PSHU) can provide flexibility to power systems. This becomes particularly valuable in recent years with the increasing shares of intermittent renewable resources. However, due to emphasis on thermal generation in the current market practices, the flexibility from PSHUs have not been fully explored and utilized. This paper proposes a configuration based pumped storage hydro (PSH) model for the day-ahead market, in order to enhance the use of PSH resources in the system. A strategic design of incorporating and fully optimizing PSHUs in the day-ahead market is presented. Here, we show the compactness of the proposed model. Numerical studies are presented in an illustrative test system and the Midcontinent Independent System Operator (MISO) system.

13 HYDRO ENERGY↗

HERO WEC 2024 - Electrical Configuration Deployment Data

The following submission includes raw and processed electrical configuration deployment data from the in water deployment of NREL's Hydraulic and Electric Reverse Osmosis Wave Energy Converter (HERO WEC), in the form of parquet files, TDMS files, CSV files, bag files, and MATLAB workspaces. This dataset was collected in April 2024 at the Jennette's pier test site in North Carolina. Raw data as TDMS, CSV, and bag files are provided here alongside processed data in the form of MATLAB workspaces and Parquet files. This dataset includes the Python code used to process the data and MATLAB scripts to visualize the processed data. All data types, calculations, and processing is described in the included "Data Descriptions" document. All files in this dataset are described in detail in the included README. This data set has been developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, operated by Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308. Funding provided by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Water Power Technologies Office.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗

Laboratory and Field Characterization of the Electrical Response of Modules Containing Configurable Current Cells (C3) Under Non-Optimal Conditions Such as Shading (Final Report)

This work is to be conducted in support of the American Made Challenges Solar Prize. The intent is to connect competitor teams with national laboratories that can help accelerate the development of innovative solutions and products. Teams who have won the Set! and Go! Contests are eligible to utilize vouchers at national laboratories to advance their ideas. Laboratory and field characterization of the electrical response of modules containing Configurable Current Cells (C3) under non-optimal conditions such as shading.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Relativistic Configuration-Interaction and Perturbation Theory Calculations of the Sn XV Emission Spectrum

Recently, there has been increased interest in developing advanced bright sources for lithography. Sn ions are particularly promising due to their bright emission spectrum in the required wavelength range. Cowan’s code has been used to model the emission; however, it has adjustable parameters, which limit its predictive power, and it has limited relativistic treatment. Here, we present calculations based on ab initio relativistic configuration-interaction many-body perturbation theory (CI-MBPT), with relativistic corrections included at the Dirac-Fock level and core-polarization effects with the second-order MBPT. As a proof of principle that the theory is generally applicable to other Sn ions with proper development, we focused on one ion where direct comparison with experimental observations is possible. The theory can also be used for ions of other elements to predict emissions for optimization of plasma-based bright sources.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗

Relativistic Configuration-Interaction and Perturbation Theory Calculations for Heavy Atoms

Heavy atoms present challenges to atomic theory calculations due to the large number of electrons and their complicated interactions. Conventional approaches such as calculations based on Cowan’s code are limited and require a large number of parameters for energy agreement. One promising approach is relativistic configuration-interaction and many-body perturbation theory (CI-MBPT) methods. We present CI-MBPT results for various atomic systems where this approach can lead to reasonable agreement: La I, La II, Th I, Th II, U I, Pu II. Among atomic properties, energies, g-factors, electric dipole moments, lifetimes, hyperfine structure constants, and isotopic shifts are discussed. While in La I and La II accuracy for transitions is better than that obtained with other methods, more work is needed for actinides.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗

Templated Growth and Passivation of Vertically Oriented Antimony Selenide Thin Films for High-Efficiency Solar Cells in Substrate Configuration

Antimony selenide (Sb 2 Se 3 ) is a promising low-cost photovoltaic material with a 1D crystal structure. The grain orientation and defect passivation play a critical role in determining the performance of polycrystalline Sb 2 Se 3 thin-film solar cells. In this work, a seed layer is introduced on a molybdenum (Mo) substrate to template the growth of a vertically oriented, columnar Sb 2 Se 3 absorber layer by closed space sublimation. By controlling the grain orientation and compactness of the Sb 2 Se 3 seeds, obtain high-quality Sb 2 Se 3 absorber layers with passive Sb 2 Se 3 /Mo interfaces is obtained, which in turn improve the transport of photoexcited charge carriers through the absorber layer and its interfaces. Post-deposition annealing of absorber layers in ambient air is further utilized to passivate the defects in Sb 2 Se 3 and enhance the quality of the front heterojunction. As a result of systematic processing optimization, Sb 2 Se 3 planar heterojunction solar cells are fabricated in substrate configuration with a champion power conversion efficiency of 8.5%.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Tracking the Light-Induced Excited-State Dynamics and Structural Configurations of an Extraordinarily Long-Lived Metastable State at Room Temperature

Time-resolved X-ray (Tr-XAS) and optical transient absorption (OTA) spectroscopy in the pico-microsecond time scale coupled with Density Functional theory calculations are applied to study the light-induced spin crossover processes of a Fe-based macrocyclic complex in solution. Tr-XAS analysis after light illumination shows the formation of a seven-coordinated high spin quintet metastable state which relaxes to a six-coordinated high spin configuration before decaying to ground state. Kinetic analysis of the macrocyclic complex reveals an unprecedented long-lived decay lifetime of ~42.6 µs. Comparative studies with a non-macrocyclic counterpart illustrate a significantly shortened ~568-old decay lifetime of ~75 ns, and highlight the importance of the ligand arrangement in stabilizing the reactivity of the excited state. Lastly, OTA analysis shows the seven-coordinated high spin state to be formed within ~6.2 ps. Finally, these findings provide a complete understanding of the spin crossover reaction and relaxation pathways of the macrocyclic complex, and reveal the importance of a flexible coordination environment for their rational design.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Modeling ExB drift transport in conceptual slot divertor configurations

At DIII-D, a slot divertor concept, called small-angle-slot (SAS), is under development, aiming to enable detachment at relatively low plasma edge density. We report on simulations using the SOLPS-ITER two-dimensional edge code to examine the performance of conceptual “SAS 2” slot configurations. The focus of the analysis is on E × B drift effects on upstream density at detachment (UDD), with detachment marked by electron temperature T e ≤ 3 eV at the outer strike point (OSP). With toroidal field such that radial E × B drift carries particles from the OSP towards the private flux region (PFR), placing the OSP near the inner slot wall gives ≈20% lower UDD than having the OSP near the outer wall. The inner wall effectively traps the radial E × B drift flux, resulting in low T e and associated radial electric field in the PFR, and thus small losses from the slot to the inner target via poloidal E × B drift flux. With toroidal field reversed such that radial E × B drift is reversed, OSP placement near the inner wall gives ≈10% lower UDD than OSP placement near the outer wall. Although radial E × B flux is from the OSP towards the outer wall, this flux largely escapes the slot, raising the UDD. Finally, a change in the slot shaping is suggested with the goal of eliminating such E × B-driven particle losses from the slot.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

Measurement of temperature of a dusty plasma from its configuration

A new concept called “configurational temperature” is introduced in the context of dusty plasma, where the temperature of the dust particles submerged in the plasma can be measured directly from the positional information of the individual dust particles and the interaction potential between the dust grains. This method does not require the velocity information of individual particles, which is a key parameter to measure the dust temperature in the conventional method. The technique is initially tested using two-dimensional (2D) OpenMP parallel molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulation and then compared with the temperature evaluated from experimental data. The experiment have been carried out in the Dusty Plasma Experimental (DPEx) device, where a 2D stationary plasma crystal of melamine formaldehyde particles is formed in the cathode sheath of a DC glow discharge argon plasma. The kinetic temperature of the dust is calculated using the standard particle image velocimetry technique at different pressures. An extended simulation result for the three-dimensional case is also presented, which can be employed for the temperature measurement of a three-dimensional dust crystal in laboratory devices.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Tuning Structural and Electronic Configuration of FeN 4 via External S for Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Reaction

The Fe–N–C material represents an attractive oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalyst, and the FeN 4 moiety has been identified as a very competitive catalytic active site. Fine tuning of the coordination structure of FeN 4 has an essential impact on the catalytic performance. Herein, we construct a sulfur‐modified Fe–N–C catalyst with controllable local coordination environment, where the Fe is coordinated with four in‐plane N and an axial external S. The external S atom affects not only the electron distribution but also the spin state of Fe in the FeN 4 active site. The appearance of higher valence states and spin states for Fe demonstrates the increase in unpaired electrons. With the above characteristics, the adsorption and desorption of the reactants at FeN 4 active sites are optimized, thus promoting the oxygen reduction reaction activity. This work explores the key point in electronic configuration and coordination environment tuning of FeN 4 through S doping and provides new insight into the construction of M–N–C‐based oxygen reduction reaction catalysts.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

Preliminary Insights Into the Feasibility of Determining the Purification Date of Enriched Uranium by Direct Measurement of the 230 Th/ 234 U Ratio Using an All-Faraday Detector Configuration on the Neoma MC-ICP-MS

Rationale: Mass spectrometric measurement of the 230 Th/ 234 U ratio to calculate the purification age of enriched uranium is typically conducted via a combination of ion counters and faraday detectors, thus requiring an inter-detector calibration scheme. Here, our aim is to understand whether the pursuit of a simplified measurement scheme involving only faraday detectors is feasible. Methods: We investigate the possibility of determining U-Th model ages for two enriched uranium standards (NBL U630 and U850) by direct measurement of the 230 Th/ 234 U ratio (without chromatographic separation or isotope dilution) on a ThermoFisher Scientific Neoma MC-ICP-MS utilizing both solution and laser ablation (LA)-based sampling techniques and an all-faraday detector configuration. Results: For the solution mode analyses conducted on aliquots containing sub μg/mL total U, we produce composite average 230 Th/ 234 U model dates of May 19, 1988 (± 351 days), and March 26, 1961 (± 2.5 years) using the directly measured 230 Th/ 234 U ratios for the NBL U630 and U850 uranium standards, which have certified purification dates of June 6, 1988 (± 190 days), and December 31, 1957 (± 36.5 days), respectively. The ages produced by LA-based sampling of dried residues of the same standards deposited onto cotton TexWipes are less accurate and of poorer precision (June 23, 2004 ± 8.7 years for U630 and December 21, 1965 ± 7.9 years for U850) but still yield meaningful information in regards to the purification date. Conclusions: We believe that further refinement of the all faraday detector measurement approach to include development of a more robust Th/U relative sensitivity factor determination, signal cutoff selection, and data processing protocols will allow for this approach to be confidently applied to enriched uranium materials with unknown purification histories. Potential advantages of the method include the reduced sample handling and infrastructure requirements as well as the ability to simultaneously generate a broad picture of the uranium isotopic composition in tandem with the U-Th age determination.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Emergent Epitaxial Configuration of Pr 3 IrO 7 Domains via YSZ (111) Substrate

The 5d rare Earth iridate is an intriguing material with exhibiting exotic electronic and magnetic phases due to spin-orbit coupled states. Ternary iridium oxides Ln 3 IrO 7 contain an unusual Ir 5+ (5d 4 ) system, which remain a subject of active research. Fabricating epitaxial Ln 3 IrO 7 films is challenging due to substrate compatibility, but it offers a valuable platform to explore electronic and magnetic behaviors under reduced dimensionality and substrate interactions, revealing novel phenomena based on Ir 5+ (5d 4 ). In this regard, this demonstrates that Pr 3 IrO 7 with its highly anisotropic orthorhombic structure can be epitaxially grown on a cubic (111)-oriented yttrium-stabilized ZrO 2 (YSZ) substrate. Pr 3 IrO 7 film exhibits six epitaxial domains, where the (220) and (202) planes aligning epitaxially to YSZ (111) with the threefold symmetry. This diverse domain configuration in Pr 3 IrO 7 film leads to unique magnetic properties, exhibiting spin-glass-like behavior. Pr 3 IrO 7 thin film offers a platform for exploring unconventional magnetic states, and their successful heteroepitaxy on YSZ substrates opens new avenues for discovering novel physical phenomena.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Analysis of controls for integrated energy storage system in energy arbitrage configuration with concrete thermal energy storage

Novel highly detailed NuScale reactor and turbo-generator models have been built in Modelica to analyze potential controls for an integrated energy system (IES) configuration combining a nuclear reactor and concrete thermal energy storage (CTES) operating in energy arbitrage. A shakedown test demonstrates the viability of the control schemes to operate across expected operating conditions while maintaining safety limits and buffers. A five-day data set from Idaho is used to show a load-following application of this system that increases the average reactor power level by 20% over the data set and matching demand at nearly all points. Here, by integrating these models, feedback mechanisms across the primary and secondary sides of the nuclear reactor are integrated, and realistic control evaluation is done. All models are consistent with the Hybrid repository, a suite of Modelica models, maintained at Idaho National Laboratory.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

Pool boiling heat transfer characteristics of low-GWP refrigerants in a horizontal tube bundle configuration

Heat transfer enhancement techniques have been adapted on the shell side to improve the overall performance of the flooded evaporators, such as finned tubes. In recent years, it has been demonstrated that the metal foam structure can offer enhanced heat transfer performance under pool boiling conditions. However, there are not much research in the open literature that examine the feasibility of metal foam embedded tubes in horizontal tube bundle configurations. Therefore, this paper proposed a novel metal foam embedded tube (i.e., foam embedded outside the tube) to improve the heat transfer behavior of flooded evaporators. Further, the experiments were performed on a horizontal tube bundle with a staggered arrangement. Moreover, the performance of low global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants (R-1234yf and R-1234ze(E)) is compared against R-134a for both plain tubes and metal foam tubes with porosities of 81%, 75%, and 62%. The results showed that a metal foam tube with a porosity of 62% showed a maximum heat transfer coefficient (HTC) enhancement of 291% compared to the plain tube. As compared with R-134a, the HTCs of R-1234yf and R-1234ze(E) are nearly 10% higher and 5% lower, respectively.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Nuclear—thermal energy storage configurations for industrial combined heat and power supply—conceptual and thermodynamic study with high temperature gas-cooled reactor

Nuclear systems are promising candidates for delivering resilient heat and power for future energy security and independence. Traditionally, nuclear plants have been used for baseload electricity production and cogeneration of heat has seen relatively limited application utilizing typically only small portion of a reactor's thermal output. This paradigm may shift due to the increasing penetration of intermittent renewables and need for resource flexibility, various decarbonization efforts aimed at both electricity and heat demands, along with the perspective of small modular nuclear reactor applications, which can be sized based on local industrial needs. Here, this study provides a comprehensive guide for the nuclear and industrial sectors, emphasizing controllability in the combined heat and power configuration options for high temperature gas-cooled reactor and process steam supply. It investigates the integration of thermal energy storage to improve nuclear energy's responsiveness to varying industrial demands. The study emphasizes placing thermal energy storage between the nuclear primary loop and steam cycle to achieve greater efficiency and flexibility in power and heat output, surpassing traditional combined heat and power systems and avoiding efficiency losses seen in other thermal energy storage integration approaches.

combined heat and power (CHP)↗