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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1975

Accuracy, resolution, and cost comparisons between small format and mapping cameras for environmental mapping

Successful aerial photography depends on aerial cameras providing acceptable photographs within cost restrictions of the job. For topographic mapping where ultimate accuracy is required only large format mapping cameras will suffice. For mapping environmental patterns of vegetation, soils, or water pollution, 9-inch cameras often exceed accuracy and cost requirements, and small formats may be better. In choosing the best camera for environmental mapping, relative capabilities and costs must be understood. This study compares resolution, photo interpretation potential, metric accuracy, and cost of 9-inch, 70mm, and 35mm cameras for obtaining simultaneous color and color infrared photography for environmental mapping purposes.

Clegg, R. H.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Michigan resource inventories: Characteristics and costs of selected projects using high altitude color infrared imagery. Remote Sensing Project

The procedures and costs associated with mapping land cover/use and forest resources from high altitude color infrared (CIR) imagery are documented through an evaluation of several inventory efforts. CIR photos (1:36,000) were used to classify the forests of Mason County, Michigan into six species groups, three stocking levels, and three maturity classes at a cost of $4.58/sq. km. The forest data allow the pinpointing of marketable concentrations of selected timber types, and facilitate the establishment of new forest management cooperatives. Land cover/use maps and area tabulations were prepared from small scale CIR photography at a cost of $4.28/sq. km. and $3.03/sq. km. to support regional planning programs of two Michigan agencies. procedures were also developed to facilitate analysis of this data with other natural resource information. Eleven thematic maps were generated from Windsor Township, Michigan at a cost of $1,500 by integrating grid-geocoded land cover/use, soils, topographic, and well log data using an analytical computer program.

Enslin, W. R.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Satellite ocean color measurements

The application of pattern recognition to ocean color data analysis is considered. Due to weight, cost, and data transmission rate limitations, any mapping type remote sensor of ocean color must necessarily collect light from the sea in a finite number of channels. The optical properties of the sea are discussed together with the remote sensing of ocean color, an optical model of natural water, the microscopic optical model, the macroscopic optical model, multiple scattering theory, measurements of subsurface oceanographic parameters, measurements of bulk absorption and scattering properties, measurements of the up- and down-welling light field, and the techniques for ocean color data analysis.

Mccluney, W. R.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Satellite Earth resources data, module U-3

Satellite data image products potentially useful in solving Earth resource and environmental problems are described. Sources for satellite data and user information are given. Recommendations for suitability of use of data from each satellite are presented. Satellite sources of Earth resources data are summarized for satellites launched since 1965 and those projected for launch through the late 1980s. The sensors of interest on each satellite, the wavelength or frequency of operation, and the resolution are given. Color ranges are illustrated and compared. The form and utility of aircraft and LANDSAT images are compared. Data from the Gemini-Apollo photography, Skylab, meteorological satellites, the Heat Capacity Mapping Mission, the Coastal Zone Color Scanner, Seasat, LANDSAT, and projected future satellites are briefly described.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1975

A comparison of 9-inch, 70mm, and 35mm cameras

Successful aerial photography depends on aerial cameras that provide acceptable photographs within the cost restrictions of the job. For topographic mapping where ultimate accuracy is required, only large-format mapping cameras will suffice. For mapping environmental patterns of vegetation, soils, or water pollution, 9-inch cameras often exceed accuracy and cost requirements, and small formats may be an overall better choice. In choosing the best camera for environmental mapping, relative capabilities and costs must be understood. This study compares resolution, photo interpretation potential, metric accuracy, and cost of 9-inch, 70 mm, and 35 mm cameras for obtaining simultaneous color and color-infrared photography for environmental mapping purposes.

Clegg, R. H.↗
NASA NTRS1972

General soil map Lower Pantano wash area, Pima County, Arizona

High altitude color photography was used to determine soil type variation over large areas at a contact print scale of 1:125,000. It was found that color variation and land form could be used as a basis for assigning seven soil mapping units to the area as depicted on stereoscopic pairs of the color photography. A unit is assigned by soil scientists on the basis of similarity of soil features in the area to predetermined physical and chemical characteristics of the same soil type.

Richardson, M. L.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Mapping Delaware's coastal vegetation and land use from aircraft and satellites

It is pointed out that coastal wetlands of the type found along the entire East Coast of the U.S. are well suited to remote sensing techniques, particularly multispectral analysis. Use of high altitude RB-57 and U-2 color-infrared imagery in the mapping of vegetation in Delaware's saline marshes was highly successful. Details of the mapping approach are discussed together with the use of automated multispectral analysis and the correlation of ERTS imagery.

Klemas, V.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Identification, definition and mapping of terrestrial ecosystems in interior Alaska

The author has identified the following significant results. A reconstituted color infrared image covering the western Seward Peninsula was used for identifying vegetation types by simple visual examination. The image was taken by ERTS-1 approximately 1120 hours on August 1, 1972. Seven major colors were identified. Four of these were matched with four units on existing vegetation maps: bright red - shrub thicket; light gray-red - upland tundra; medium gray-red - coastal wet tundra; gray - alpine barrens. In the bright red color, two phases, violet and orange, were recognized and tentatively ascribed to differences in species composition in the shrub thicket type. The three colors which had no map unit equivalents were interpreted as follows: pink - grassland tundra; dark gray-red - burn scars; light orange-red - senescent vegetation. It was concluded that the image provides a considerable amount of information regarding the distribution of vegetation types, even at so simple a leval of analysis. It was also concluded that sequential imagery of this type could provide useful information on vegetation fires and phenologic events.

Anderson, J. H.↗
NASA NTRS2019

Mapping the Interstellar Reddening and Extinction toward Baade's Window Using Minimum Light Colors of ab-type RR Lyrae Stars: Revelations from the De-reddened Color–Magnitude Diagrams

We have obtained repeated images of six fields toward the Galactic bulge in five passbands (u, g, r, i, z) with the DECam imager on the Blanco 4 m telescope at CTIO. From more than 1.6 billion individual photometric measurements in the field centered on Baade’s window, we have detected 4877 putative variable stars. A total of 474 of these have been confirmed as fundamental mode RR Lyrae stars, whose colors at minimum light yield line-of- sight reddening determinations, as well as a reddenning law toward the Galactic Bulge, which differs significantly from the standard R(V) = 3.1 formulation. Assuming that the stellar mix is invariant over the 3 square-degree field, we are able to derive a line-of-sight reddening map with sub-arcminute resolution, enabling us to obtain de-reddened and extinction corrected color–magnitude diagrams (CMDs) of this bulge field using up to 2.5 million well-measured stars. The corrected CMDs show unprecedented detail and expose sparsely populated sequences: for example, delineation of the very wide red giant branch, structure within the red giant clump, the full extent of the horizontal branch, and a surprising bright feature that is likely due to stars with ages younger than 1 Gyr. We use the RR Lyrae stars to trace the spatial structure of the ancient stars and find an exponential decline in density with Galactocentric distance. We discuss ways in which our data products can be used to explore the age and metallicity properties of the bulge, and how our larger list of all variables is useful for learning to interpret future LSST alerts.

Abhijit Saha↗
NASA NTRS1982

Aircraft geometry verification with enhanced computer generated displays

A method for visual verification of aerodynamic geometries using computer generated, color shaded images is described. The mathematical models representing aircraft geometries are created for use in theoretical aerodynamic analyses and in computer aided manufacturing. The aerodynamic shapes are defined using parametric bi-cubic splined patches. This mathematical representation is then used as input to an algorithm that generates a color shaded image of the geometry. A discussion of the techniques used in the mathematical representation of the geometry and in the rendering of the color shaded display is presented. The results include examples of color shaded displays, which are contrasted with wire frame type displays. The examples also show the use of mapped surface pressures in terms of color shaded images of V/STOL fighter/attack aircraft and advanced turboprop aircraft.

Cozzolongo, J. V.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Satellite geological and geophysical remote sensing of Iceland: Preliminary results of geologic, hydrologic, oceanographic, and agricultural studies with ERTS-1 imagery

The author has identified the following significant results. The wide variety of geological and geophysical phenomena which can be observed in Iceland, and particularly their very direct relation to the management of the country's natural resources, has provided great impetus to the use of ERTS-1 imagery to measure and map the dynamic natural phenomena in Iceland. MSS imagery is being used to study a large variety of geological and geophysical eruptive products, geologic structure, volcanic geomorphology, hydrologic, oceanographic, and agricultural phenomena of Iceland. Some of the preliminary results from this research projects are: (1) a large number of geological and volcanic features can be studied from ERTS-1 imagery, particularly imagery acquired at low sun angle, which had not previously been recognized; (2) under optimum conditions the ERTS-1 satellite can discern geothermal areas by their snow melt pattern or warm spring discharge into frozen lakes; (3) various maps at scales of 1:1 million and 1:500,000 can be updated and made more accurate with ERTS-1 imagery; (4) the correlation of water reserves with snowcover can improve the basis for planning electrical production in the management of water resources; (5) false-color composites (MSS) permitted the mapping of four types of vegetation: forested; grasslands, reclaimed, and cultivated areas, and the seasonal change of the vegetation, all of high value to rangeland management.

Williams, R. S., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Satellite geological and geophysical remote sensing of Iceland

The author has identified the following significant results. Under a binational, multidisciplinary experiment ERTS-1 imagery is being used to measure and map dynamic natural phenomena in Iceland. A few of the initial results from the project are: (1) a large variety of geological and volcanic features can be studied, particularly on imagery acquired at low sun angle ( 10 deg), which have not been previously recognized; (2) under optimum snow cover conditions, geothermal areas can be discerned by their snowmelt pattern or by warm spring discharge into frozen lakes; (3) a variety of map types at scale of 1:1,000,000 and 1:500,000, can be compiled, made more accurate, or updated (changes in coastline, glaciers, lakes, etc.); (4) the persistence of snow in the highland areas, during the summer months, has important ramifications to rangeland management; (5) false color composites (MSS) permitted the mapping of four types of vegetation; forested, reclaimed, cultivated areas and grasslands, and the mapping of the seasonal change of the vegetation, all of high value to rangeland management when complete, repetitive coverage of Iceland becomes a reality with an operational satellite; and (6) the volcanic eruption on Heimaey was recorded.

Williams, R. S., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1995

Simulated cosmic microwave background maps at 0.5 deg resolution: Basic results

We have simulated full-sky maps of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy expected from cold dark matter (CDM) models at 0.5 deg and 1.0 deg angular resolution. Statistical properties of the maps are presented as a function of sky coverage, angular resolution, and instrument noise, and the implications of these results for observability of the Doppler peak are discussed. The rms fluctuations in a map are not a particularly robust probe of the existence of a Doppler peak; however, a full correlation analysis can provide reasonable sensitivity. We find that sensitivity to the Doppler peak depends primarily on the fraction of sky covered, and only secondarily on the angular resolution and noise level. Color plates of the simulated maps are presented to illustrate the anisotropies.

Hinshaw, G.↗
NASA NTRS1983

An integrated remote sensing approach for identifying ecological range sites

A model approach for identifying ecological range sites was applied to high elevation sagebrush-dominated rangelands on Parker Mountain, in south-central Utah. The approach utilizes map information derived from both high altitude color infrared photography and LANDSAT digital data, integrated with soils, geological, and precipitation maps. Identification of the ecological range site for a given area requires an evaluation of all relevant environmental factors which combine to give that site the potential to produce characteristic types and amounts of vegetation. A table is presented which allows the user to determine ecological range site based upon an integrated use of the maps which were prepared. The advantages of identifying ecological range sites through an integrated photo interpretation/LANDSAT analysis are discussed.

Jaynes, R. A.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Investigations of the lunar surface

Scientific programs concerned with investigations of the lunar surface are described along with some results. These include lunar photographs and map collection program, crater measuring and depth calculation (earthside and farside), Schroeter's valley model, and the 61-inch color filter photography. Several graphs and maps of the lunar surface are present along with a method used for depth calculation.

Strom, R. G.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Europa - Characterization and interpretation of global spectral surface units

In the present analysis of the Voyager global multispectral mosaic of the Galilean satellite Europa, which was conducted to map surface units with similar optical properties, color assignments are indicative of the spectral nature of the given unit. The unit maps are noted to exhibit a marked hemispheric asymmetry which is most clearly seen in the UV/violet albedo ratio image. It appears as if the surface has been most darkened at the center of the trailing hemisphere, with a gradual decrease to a minimum at the center of the leading hemisphere as the cosine of the angle from the antapex of motion; this cosine pattern suggests that the darkening is exogenic in origin, and is interpreted as evidence of surface alteration by in bombardment from the Jovian magnetosphere.

Nelson, M. L.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Management of natural resources through automatic cartographic inventory

The author has identified the following significant results. Significant correspondence codes relating ERTS imagery to ground truth from vegetation and geology maps have been established. The use of color equidensity and color composite methods for selecting zones of equal densitometric value on ERTS imagery was perfected. Primary interest of temporal color composite is stressed. A chain of transfer operations from ERTS imagery to the automatic mapping of natural resources was developed.

Rey, P. A.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Overview of NASA's Ocean Color Instrument Solar Calibration Architecture, Pre-Launch Tests and Preliminary On-Orbit Results

Launched in February 2024, the PACE mission represents NASA’s next investment in ocean biology, clouds, and aerosol data records. A key feature of PACE is the inclusion of an advanced satellite radiometer known as the Ocean Color Instrument (OCI), a global mapping radiometer that combines multispectral and hyperspectral remote sensing. Like its predecessors, OCI will provide two day global coverage of TOA radiances. Unlike its predecessors, OCI will cover a spectral range from 340nm to 2260nm. Below 900nm, OCI will include two spectrometers that continuously span the ultraviolet to 600nm and 600nm to near-infrared spectral regions to provide hyperspectral radiances sampled every 2.5 nm, with a bandwidth of 5 nm for each channel. Wavelengths above 900nm are measured in seven discrete multispectral bands of varying bandwidths, six of which are at similar wavelengths to those on heritage missions to support both atmospheric and ocean color applications. Nominal spatial resolution is similar to the SeaWiFS instrument with 1050 m at nadir. As for SeaWiFS, the pixel size increases due to a ~20 degree tilt and as a function of scan angle. Variations in the radiometric sensitivity of each OCI channel over time will be monitored by solar diffuser measurements for short term instrument gain adjustments and independent lunar measurements for trend adjustments of long time periods, similar to the approach employed for the VIIRS instrument [4]. The OCI flight-unit was built at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. At the time of this writing, OCI has completed on-orbit commissioning activities and normal science operations have begun. A key aspect of the OCI architecture is the capability to trend absolute and relative calibration changes over the course of mission life with solar calibration. Every 24 hours, the PACE spacecraft performs an inertial hold as the ground track nears the North Pole which orients a Quasi-Volume Diffuser (QVD) mounted on OCI towards the sun. By knowing the irradiance of the sun and the reflectivity of the target, the absolute radiance at the input to the OCI aperture can be computed as OCI scans the target. The allowable absolute uncertainty budget for each solar calibration measurement is 1.6% 1-sigma below 900nm at beginning of life (BOL) and the allowable relative uncertainty budget is ~0.26% 1-sigma. The Solar Calibration Assembly (SCA) consists of three targets selectable via a single mechanism which also opens a door. The targets consist of a Daily Bright Target (DBT), Monthly Bright Target (MBT), and Daily Dim Target (DDT). The bright targets are quartz QVDs with the monthly target being used to track the degradation of the daily target. The dim target is used to track CCD linearity using Progressive Time-Delay Integration (PTDI). A composite baffle is attached to the SCA housing aperture to block Earth shine and stray light from the spacecraft. The SCA assembly is mounted to a view port ~90° from OCI nadir. This paper provides an overview of driving solar calibration requirements, error-budgets and early trade studies which drove the solar calibration assembly (SCA) architecture and on-orbit maneuver. Measurements of the diffuser Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) at TNO, Netherlands and GSFC are briefly described. Optical modelling and test results at the sub-system and instrument level are included. Finally, preliminary measurements on-orbit are compared to pre-launch predictions.

Joseph J Knuble↗