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At least 253 records · Page 14
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

MicroRNAs as disease progression biomarkers and therapeutic targets in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model of multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by pronounced inflammatory infiltrates entering the brain, spinal cord and optic nerve leading to demyelination. Focal demyelination is associated with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, while progressive forms of the disease show axonal degeneration and neuronal loss. The tests currently used in the clinical diagnosis and management of multiple sclerosis have limitations due to specificity and sensitivity. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are dysregulated in many diseases and disorders including demyelinating and neuroinflammatory diseases. A review of recent studies with the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis animal model (mostly female mice 6–12 weeks of age) has confirmed miRNAs as biomarkers of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis disease and importantly at the pre-onset (asymptomatic) stage when assessed in blood plasma and urine exosomes, and spinal cord tissue. The expression of certain miRNAs was also dysregulated at the onset and peak of disease in blood plasma and urine exosomes, brain and spinal cord tissue, and at the post-peak (chronic) stage of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis disease in spinal cord tissue. Therapies using miRNA mimics or inhibitors were found to delay the induction and alleviate the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis disease. Interestingly, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis disease severity was reduced by overexpression of miR-146a, miR-23b, miR-497, miR-26a, and miR-20b, or by suppression of miR-182, miR-181c, miR-223, miR-155, and miR873. Further studies are warranted on determining more fully miRNA profiles in blood plasma and urine exosomes of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis animals since they could serve as biomarkers of asymptomatic multiple sclerosis and disease course. Additionally, studies should be performed with male mice of a similar age, and with aged male and female mice.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1964

Neurophysiology

Neurophysiology - theory of central nervous system function, and optical phenomena

NEUROPHYSIOLOGY↗
NASA NTRS1972

Neuropathological evaluation of monkeys exposed to body-alone X-radiation.

Investigation of the problem of whether morphological changes occurring in the central nervous system (CNS) following whole-body irradiation are attributable in part to abscopal factors. The 12 monkeys irradiated and the 6 that served as controls were chosen from a pool of 25 young monkeys. Over the postirradiation survival period of 14 days the hematocrit and hemoglobin values varied only slightly from the baseline values and from the values in the 6 control animals. White cell fractions were reduced in quantity but tended to recover relatively soon after irradiation. The design of this experiment was regarded as adequate to allow a conclusion whether pathological changes in the CNS of the irradiated animals differed from or exceeded those observed in the control animals. That such occurred on both counts in 3 of the 12 irradiated animals was evident. It appears that all the lesions must have been abscopally induced.

Haymaker, W.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Effects of weightlessness in man.

The program for the Apollo 16 flight was designed to include both safeguards against and investigations of the physiological problems arising from increase in the period of manned space flight. Precautions included the provision of a controlled diet with high potassium content, carefully controlled work loads and work-rest cycles, and an emergency cardiology consultation service, and investigations were made to enable preflight vs postflight comparisons of metabolic, cardiovascular, and central nervous system data. Results of these investigations indicate that adjustment to weightlessness can be satisfactorily assisted by appropriate countermeasures, including attention to diet.

Berry, C. A.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Periodicity of high-order neural functions

The results of recent studies on higher order, integrative processes in the central nervous system are reported. Attempts were made to determine whether these processes exhibit any ongoing rhythmicity which might manifest itself in alterations of attention and alertness. Experiments were also designed to determine if a periodicity approximating that of the REM could be detected in various parameters of brain electrical activity.

Kellaway, P.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Human radiation tolerance

The acute radiation syndrome in man is clinically bounded by death at high dose levels and by the prodromal syndrome of untoward physiological effects at minimal levels of clinically effective exposure. As in lower animals, man experiences principally three acute modes of death from radiation exposure (Bond et al., 1965). These are known collectively as the lethal radiation syndromes: central nervous system death, gastrointestinal death, and hematopoietic death. The effect of multiple exposure on lethality, the effect of multiple exposure on hematopoietic recovery, and quantitative aspects of cell and tissue repair are discussed.

Lushbaugh, C. C.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Operational calm and the optimum regulation of human working capacity

Muscle hardness measurements in a squeezing dynamometer test are interpreted for expressions of adjustment effects of the central nervous system in rapid response to a starting signal. It is shown that preliminary muscle tension leads to the transmission of inhibiting proprioceptive impulses to the nervous system centers and that the degree of pre-working changes depends on the individual's typological personality characteristics. Concentration of attention during the pre-working adjustment is considered the primary emotional factor that controls sensorimotor performance.

Ilin, Y. P.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Physiological mechanisms of the effect of weightlessness on the body

Experimental data show that physiological reactions observed under weightlessness conditions are caused by: (1) The direct effect of weightlessness, as a consequence of decrease (""disappearance'') of the weight of body tissues and organs; and (2) the mediated effect of weightlessness, as a result of changes in the functional state of the central nervous system and the cooperative work of the analyzers. The human body adopts to weightless conditions under the prolonged effects of it. In this case, four periods can be distinguished: The first period, a transitional process lasting from 1 to 24 hours; second period, initial adaptation to conditions of weightlessness and readjustment of all functional systems of the body; the third period, adaptation to the unusual mechanical conditions of the external environment, lasting from 3 to 8 days and more; and the fourth period, the stage of possible imbalance of the functions and the systems of some astronauts, as a result of the prolonged effect of weightlessness.

Kasyan, I. I.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Neural models on temperature regulation for cold-stressed animals

The present review evaluates several assumptions common to a variety of current models for thermoregulation in cold-stressed animals. Three areas covered by the models are discussed: signals to and from the central nervous system (CNS), portions of the CNS involved, and the arrangement of neurons within networks. Assumptions in each of these categories are considered. The evaluation of the models is based on the experimental foundations of the assumptions. Regions of the nervous system concerned here include the hypothalamus, the skin, the spinal cord, the hippocampus, and the septal area of the brain.

Horowitz, J. M.↗
NASA NTRS1978

The effect of various drugs on experimentally induced ulcers in immobilized rats

Experiments related to the importance of functional disorders in the central nervous system in connection with stomach diseases were performed on Wistar rats. Assuming that severe mental strains may be triggering factors for such disorders, testing of the effects of different drugs on experimentally induced ulcers in these rats was done. The immobilization method described by Bonfils was used. Particular importance was placed on the sex related difference which appeared.

Schramm, H.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Rat reaction to hypokinesia after prior adaptation to hypoxia

The effect of prior hypoxia adaptation on body tolerance to hypokinesia was investigated. Rats trained to a 50 day period of hypokinesia and hypoxia with a preliminary month of adaptation to hypoxia showed less weight loss, higher indices for red blood content, heightened reactivity of the overall organism and the central nervous system to acute hypoxia, and decreased modification of the skeletal muscles compared to rats subjected to hypokinesia alone.

Barashova, Z. I.↗