Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “activation potential”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 253 records · Page 14
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Hydromechanical Modeling of Fault Rupture in Geologic CO 2 Sequestration: A Comparison of Two Failure Criteria

Abstract The large‐scale implementation of geological carbon sequestration has raised concerns about potential fault activation and induced seismicity, which could compromise storage integrity and pose seismic risks. We theoretically compared two failure criteria, Mohr‐Coulomb (MC) and Modified Cam‐Clay criteria (MCC), to assess fault rupture during CO 2 storage. Both criteria characterize fault behavior in a specific stress regime but differ in reducing the complexity of fault rupture to a few key mechanisms. Using a coupled hydromechanical model, we demonstrate that the choice of a failure criterion and the physics of fault weakening associated with these criteria strongly condition fault response to a given fluid injection. MC mainly relates rupture to friction, while MCC relates rupture to fault poro‐plasticity. Our findings highlight that the selection of a failure criterion, being inherently subjective, can significantly alter the predicted fault behavior during CO 2 storage, thereby impacting the reliability of geomechanical risk assessments.

Cao, M. [Energy Geosciences Division Lawrence Berk↗
DOE OSTI2020

Using metacommunity ecology to understand environmental metabolomes

Abstract Environmental metabolomes are fundamentally coupled to microbially-linked biogeochemical processes within ecosystems. However, significant gaps exist in our understanding of their spatiotemporal organization, limiting our ability to uncover transferrable principles and predict ecosystem function. We propose that a theoretical paradigm, which integrates concepts from metacommunity ecology, is necessary to reveal underlying mechanisms governing metabolomes. We call this synthesis between ecology and metabolomics ‘meta-metabolome ecology’ and demonstrate its utility using a mass spectrometry dataset. We developed three relational metabolite dendrograms using molecular properties and putative biochemical transformations and performed ecological null modeling. Based upon null modeling results, we show that stochastic processes drove molecular properties while biochemical transformations were structured deterministically. We further suggest that potentially biochemically active metabolites were more deterministically assembled than less active metabolites. Understanding variation in the influences of stochasticity and determinism provides a way to focus attention on which meta-metabolomes and which parts of meta-metabolomes are most likely to be important to consider in mechanistic models. We propose that this paradigm will allow researchers to study the connections between ecological systems and their molecular processes in previously inaccessible detail.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

The little skate genome and the evolutionary emergence of wing-like fins

Skates are cartilaginous fish whose body plan features enlarged wing-like pectoral fins, enabling them to thrive in benthic environments. However, the molecular underpinnings of this unique trait remain unclear. Here we investigate the origin of this phenotypic innovation by developing the little skate Leucoraja erinacea as a genomically enabled model. Analysis of a high-quality chromosome-scale genome sequence for the little skate shows that it preserves many ancestral jawed vertebrate features compared with other sequenced genomes, including numerous ancient microchromosomes. Combining genome comparisons with extensive regulatory datasets in developing fins—including gene expression, chromatin occupancy and three-dimensional conformation—we find skate-specific genomic rearrangements that alter the three-dimensional regulatory landscape of genes that are involved in the planar cell polarity pathway. Functional inhibition of planar cell polarity signalling resulted in a reduction in anterior fin size, confirming that this pathway is a major contributor to batoid fin morphology. We also identified a fin-specific enhancer that interacts with several hoxa genes, consistent with the redeployment of hox gene expression in anterior pectoral fins, and confirmed its potential to activate transcription in the anterior fin using zebrafish reporter assays. Our findings underscore the central role of genome reorganization and regulatory variation in the evolution of phenotypes, shedding light on the molecular origin of an enigmatic trait.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Ultra-low binder content 3D printed calcium phosphate graphene scaffolds as resorbable, osteoinductive matrices that support bone formation in vivo

Bone regenerative engineering could replace autografts; however, no synthetic material fulfills all design criteria. Nanocarbons incorporated into three-dimensional printed (3DP) matrices can improve properties, but incorporation is constrained to low wt%. Further, unmodified nanocarbons have limited osteogenic potential. Functionalization to calcium phosphate graphene (CaPG) imparts osteoinductivity and osteoconductivity, but loading into matrices remained limited. This work presents ultra-high content (90%), 3DP-CaPG matrices. 3DP-CaPG matrices are highly porous (95%), moderately stiff (3 MPa), and mechanically robust. In vitro, they are cytocompatible and induce osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), indicated by alkaline phosphatase, mineralization, and COL1α1 expression. In vivo, bone regeneration was studied using a transgenic fluorescent-reporter mouse non-union calvarial defect model. 3DP-CaPG stimulates cellular ingrowth, retains donor cells, and induces osteogenic differentiation. Histology shows TRAP staining around struts, suggesting potential osteoclast activity. Apparent resorption of 3DP-CaPG was observed and presented no toxicity. 3DP-CaPG represents an advancement towards a synthetic bone regeneration matrix.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Moisture modulates soil reservoirs of active DNA and RNA viruses

Abstract Soil is known to harbor viruses, but the majority are uncharacterized and their responses to environmental changes are unknown. Here, we used a multi-omics approach (metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics) to detect active DNA viruses and RNA viruses in a native prairie soil and to determine their responses to extremes in soil moisture. The majority of transcribed DNA viruses were bacteriophage, but some were assigned to eukaryotic hosts, mainly insects. We also demonstrated that higher soil moisture increased transcription of a subset of DNA viruses. Metaproteome data validated that the specific viral transcripts were translated into proteins, including chaperonins known to be essential for virion replication and assembly. The soil viral chaperonins were phylogenetically distinct from previously described marine viral chaperonins. The soil also had a high abundance of RNA viruses, with highest representation of Reoviridae . Leviviridae were the most diverse RNA viruses in the samples, with higher amounts in wet soil. This study demonstrates that extreme shifts in soil moisture have dramatic impacts on the composition, activity and potential functions of both DNA and RNA soil viruses.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Controlling the toxicity of biomass-derived difunctional molecules as potential pharmaceutical ingredients for specific activity toward microorganisms and mammalian cells

A biomass-derived difuran compound, denoted as HAH (HMF–acetone–HMF), synthesized by aldol-condensation of 5-hydroxyfurfural (HMF) and acetone, can be partially hydrogenated to provide an electron-rich difuran compound (PHAH) for Diels–Alder reactions with maleimide derivatives. The nitrogen (N) site in the maleimide can be substituted by imidation with amine-containing compounds to control the hydrophobicity of the maleimide moiety in adducts of furans and maleimide by Diels–Alder reaction, denoted as norcantharimides (Diels–Alder adducts). The structural effects on the toxicity of various biomass-derived small molecules synthesized in this manner to regulate biological processes, defined as low molecular weight (≤1000 g mol -1 ) organic compounds, were investigated against diverse microbial and mammalian cell types. The biological toxicity increased when hydrophobic N-substitutions and C[double bond, length as m-dash]C bonds were introduced into the molecular structure. Among the synthesized norcantharamide derivatives, some compounds demonstrated pH-dependent toxicities against specific cell types. Reaction kinetics analyses of the norcantharimides in biological conditions suggest that this pH-dependent toxicity of norcantharimides could arise from retro Diels–Alder reactions in the presence of a Brønsted acid that catalyzes the release of an N-substituted maleimide, which has higher toxicity against fungal cells than the toxicity of the Diels–Alder adduct. These synthetic approaches can be used to design biologically-active small molecules that exhibit selective toxicity against various cell types (e.g., fungal, cancer cells) and provide a sustainable platform for production of prodrugs that could actively or passively affect the viability of infectious cells.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Disruption event characterization and forecasting in tokamaks

Disruption prediction and avoidance is a critical need for next-step tokamaks, such as ITER. Disruption Event Characterization and Forecasting (DECAF) research fully automates analysis of tokamak data to determine chains of events that lead to disruptions and to forecast their evolution allowing sufficient time for mitigation or complete avoidance of the disruption. Disruption event chains related to local rotating or global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) modes and vertical instability are examined with warnings issued for many off-normal physics events, including density limits, plasma dynamics, confinement transitions, and profile variations. Along with Greenwald density limit evaluation, a local radiative island power balance theory is evaluated and compared to the observation of island growth. Automated decomposition and analysis of rotating tearing modes produce physical event chains leading to disruptions. A total MHD state warning model comprised of 15 separate criteria produces a disruption forecast about 180 ms before a standard locked mode detector warning. Single DECAF event analyses have begun on KSTAR, MAST, and NSTX/-U databases with thousands of shot seconds of device operation using from 0.5 to 1 × 10 6 tested sample times per device. An initial multi-device database comparison illustrates a highly important result that plasma disruptivity does not need to increase as βN increases. Global MHD instabilities, such as resistive wall modes (RWMs), can give the briefest time period of warning before disruption compared to other physics events. In an NSTX database with unstable RWMs, the mode onset, loss of boundary and current control, and disruption event warnings are found in all cases and vertical displacement events are found in 91% of cases. An initial time-dependent reduced physics model of kinetic RWM stabilization created to forecast the disruption chain predicts instability 84% of the time for experimentally unstable cases with a relatively low false positive rate. Instances of the disruption event chain analysis illustrate dynamics including H–L back transitions for rotating MHD and global RWM triggering events. Furthermore, disruption warnings are issued with sufficient time before the disruption (on transport timescales) to potentially allow active profile control for disruption avoidance, active mode control, or mitigation.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

A designed Copper Histidine-brace enzyme for oxidative depolymerization of polysaccharides as a model of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase

The “Histidine-brace” (His-brace) copper-binding site, composed of Cu(His) 2 with a backbone amine, is found in metalloproteins with diverse functions. A primary example is lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO), a class of enzymes that catalyze the oxidative depolymerization of polysaccharides, providing not only an energy source for native microorganisms but also a route to more effective industrial biomass conversion. Despite its importance, how the Cu His-brace site performs this unique and challenging oxidative depolymerization reaction remains to be understood. To answer this question, we have designed a biosynthetic model of LPMO by incorporating the Cu His-brace motif into azurin, an electron transfer protein. Spectroscopic studies, including ultraviolet-visible (UV–Vis) absorption and electron paramagnetic resonance, confirm copper binding at the designed His-brace site. Moreover, the designed protein is catalytically active towards both cellulose and starch, the native substrates of LPMO, generating degraded oligosaccharides with multiturnovers by C1 oxidation. It also performs oxidative cleavage of the model substrate 4-nitrophenyl-D-glucopyranoside, achieving a turnover number ~9% of that of a native LPMO assayed under identical conditions. This work presents a rationally designed artificial metalloenzyme that acts as a structural and functional mimic of LPMO, which provides a promising system for understanding the role of the Cu His-brace site in LPMO activity and potential application in polysaccharide degradation.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Salt marsh soil organic carbon is regulated by drivers of microbial activity

Abstract Soil organic carbon is the foundation for soil health and a livable climate. Organic carbon is concentrated in coastal wetland soils, but dynamics that govern carbon persistence in coastal ecosystems remain incompletely understood. Whether microbial activity results in a gain or loss of carbon depends on environmental conditions that regulate microbial community attributes. We sought to identify which drivers of microbial activity have the greatest impact on organic carbon content in salt marsh soils. To address this question, we used the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-analyses) statement to compile data on soil and ecosystem characteristics from 50 studies of over 60 salt marshes located around the world. We conducted a meta-analysis with structural equation modeling, including mediation and moderation analyses, to identify environmental drivers of salt marsh soil organic carbon content. High salinity, pH, nitrogen, and phosphorus were associated with increased microbial biomass carbon and soil organic carbon. Correlations between microbial biomass and organic carbon were strengthened by soil salinity and nitrogen, and weakened by soil water content. These results suggest that environmental conditions that control microbial growth and activity have potential to preserve or degrade organic carbon in salt marsh soils.

Erb, Hailey (ORCID:0000000337295634)↗
DOE OSTI2023

Fuel Cell Stack Model for Real-Time Simulation of Grid-Connected Applications

Fuel cell stacks coupled with electrolyzers and hydrogen storage sites can be a promising category of distributed energy resources for both grid-connected and stand-alone power systems. However, because of high costs, at-scale hardware testing of fuel cell stacks for grid-connected applications is not economically viable at present. A model-based system that can accurately captures the steady-state and dynamic response of fuel cell stacks over long time periods (hours), is needed. This paper demonstrate a real-time electromagnetic transient model of a megawatt-scale, grid-connected proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack, coupled with a mass-based hydrogen storage system. This model can emulate the electrical steady-state and dynamic response of grid-connected fuel cell stacks. We validate the model using the response of commercial hardware fuel cell stacks and analytical models in the literature - using a digital real-time simulator (RSCAD). The proposed real-time model is then used to simulate cases spanning different time horizons and to design controller-hardware-in-the-loop experiments to evaluate controllers for hydrogen stations.

activation potential↗
DOE OSTI2021

Inducing thermodynamically blocked atomic ordering via strongly driven nonequilibrium kinetics

Ultrafast light-matter interactions enable inducing exotic material phases by promoting access to kinetic processes blocked in equilibrium. Despite potential opportunities, actively using nonequilibrium kinetics for material discovery is limited by the poor understanding on intermediate states of driven systems. Here, using single-pulse time-resolved imaging with x-ray free-electron lasers, we found intermediate states of photoexcited bismuth nanoparticles that showed kinetically reversed surface ordering during ultrafast melting. This entropy-lowering reaction was further investigated by molecular dynamics simulations to reveal that observed kinetics were thermodynamically buried in equilibrium, which emphasized the critical role of electron-mediated ultrafast free-energy modification in inducing exotic material phases. This study demonstrated that ultrafast photoexcitations of electrons provide an efficient strategy to induce hidden material phases by overcoming thermodynamic barriers via nonequilibrium reaction pathways.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Mutations in the proximal binding site and F-loop of AdeJ confer resistance to efflux pump inhibitors

Multidrug efflux is one of the major mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in gram-negative bacteria. Inhibitors of efflux pumps potentiate the activities of antibiotics, and their discovery could lead to new therapeutic options. The AdeIJK pump in Acinetobacter baumannii is a promising target for efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) due to its high clinical importance and conservation, and several classes of EPIs targeting this and other A. baumannii efflux transporters have been recently reported. However, the mechanisms of action of these EPIs and their resistance liability remain underexplored. Here, we analyzed the impact of site-specific substitutions in the substrate/EPI translocation path of the inner membrane transporter AdeJ on efflux of substrate antibiotics and fluorescent probes and activities of substituted 4,6-diaminoquinoline EPIs. We found that substitutions in amino acid residues located in the entrance cleft (R701) and the flexible loop (E675) of AdeJ lead to resistance specifically against biphenyl-substituted EPIs, whereas the substitution of F178 in the distal binding pocket increased AdeJ sensitivity to certain naphthyl- and biphenyl-substituted EPIs. No major differences in docking scores and poses of substrates and EPIs were observed between the wild type and corresponding AdeJ variants for any of the mutations considered. This study concludes that substrates and EPIs bound along the translocation path of AdeJ participate in its conformational transitions and can either increase or decrease the rate of transport and therefore the efficiency of EPIs.

Acinetobacter↗
DOE OSTI2022

Network upgrade exploiting multi band: S- or E-band?

Nowadays, the fiber spectrum is only partially exploited, i.e., mainly in the C-band and more recently in the C + L-band, where the fiber attenuation profile experiences the minimum. Thus, fiber communications technology—amplifiers, switching, transceivers, etc.—and networking solutions are mature for those spectrum bands. However, the continuous increase in traffic means that capacity saturation of the current infrastructure is looming. Taking advantage of the unused portions of the spectrum (e.g., the S- and E-bands) may be an efficient solution to accommodate an increase in traffic without installing new fibers. Research is thus investigating multi-band transmission and networking to evaluate and enable such network upgrades. Some issues need to be solved or taken into account, from the enabling technology (e.g., amplifiers in the S- or E-band are still under development) to physical layer effects previously neglected, such as stimulated Raman scattering (SRS). SRS affects wideband transmission, potentially degrading active channels. The contribution of this paper is the investigation of network upgrades for C + L-band systems. In particular, upgrades exploiting the E- and S-bands are compared taking into account each band capacity and the effects of SRS on both new and already deployed channels (in both the C- and L-bands). A detailed analysis of the physical layer is provided also in the presence of guard bands between previously exploited bands and the bands used for upgrade. By leveraging the physical layer assessment, a networking analysis is carried out to evaluate the supported traffic increase and also the signal quality degradation due to SRS on active channels. Overall, the results suggest that upgrades to the E- and S-bands support a comparable increase in traffic. However, the exploitation of the E-band with 14 THz of guard band between the C- and E-bands may avoid detrimental effects to already active channels in the C + L-band, suggesting this upgrade strategy can be the most effective of the two.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2023

Genome-wide fitness profiling reveals molecular mechanisms that bacteria use to interact with Trichoderma atroviride exometabolites

Trichoderma spp. are ubiquitous rhizosphere fungi capable of producing several classes of secondary metabolites that can modify the dynamics of the plant-associated microbiome. However, the bacterial-fungal mechanisms that mediate these interactions have not been fully characterized. Here, a random barcode transposon-site sequencing (RB-TnSeq) approach was employed to identify bacterial genes important for fitness in the presence of Trichoderma atroviride exudates. We selected three rhizosphere bacteria with RB-TnSeq mutant libraries that can promote plant growth: the nitrogen fixers Klebsiella michiganensis M5aI and Herbaspirillum seropedicae SmR1, and Pseudomonas simiae WCS417. As a non-rhizosphere species, Pseudomonas putida KT2440 was also included. From the RB-TnSeq data, nitrogen-fixing bacteria competed mainly for iron and required the siderophore transport system TonB/ExbB for optimal fitness in the presence of T . atroviride exudates. In contrast, P . simiae and P . putida were highly dependent on mechanisms associated with membrane lipid modification that are required for resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs). A mutant in the Hog1-MAP kinase (Δ tmk 3) gene of T . atroviride showed altered expression patterns of many nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) biosynthetic gene clusters with potential antibiotic activity. In contrast to exudates from wild-type T . atroviride , bacterial mutants containing lesions in genes associated with resistance to antibiotics did not show fitness defects when RB-TnSeq libraries were exposed to exudates from the Δ tmk3 mutant. Unexpectedly, exudates from wild-type T . atroviride and the Δ tmk 3 mutant rescued purine auxotrophic mutants of H . seropedicae , K . michiganensis and P . simiae . Metabolomic analysis on exudates from wild-type T . atroviride and the Δ tmk 3 mutant showed that both strains excrete purines and complex metabolites; functional Tmk3 is required to produce some of these metabolites. This study highlights the complex interplay between Trichoderma -metabolites and soil bacteria, revealing both beneficial and antagonistic effects, and underscoring the intricate and multifaceted nature of this relationship.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Kinetic and temperature sensitivity properties of soil exoenzymes through the soil profile down to one-meter depth at a temperate coniferous forest (Blodgett, CA)

This dataset contains data on kinetic and temperature sensitivity parameters of the exoenzymes β-glucosidase (BG), leucine/leucyl aminopeptidase (LAP) and acid phosphatase (AP) across a soil profile down to 90 cm depth at Blodgett forest, CA, USA. These data were generated to determine if kinetic and thermal properties of microbial exoenzymes involved in organic matter decomposition varied with soil depth, following variation in soil properties and microbial communities, as part of the study: Alves et al. (2021). Kinetic Properties of Microbial Exoenzymes Vary with Soil Depth but Have Similar Temperature Sensitivities Through the Soil Profile. Frontiers in Microbiology 12:3618. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.735282. This research was performed within the framework of the TES Belowground Biogeochemistry SFA project, in particular association with a long-term field warming experiment of the whole soil profile at Blodgett forest. Samples for this work were collected from locations representative of the field experimental plots. Potential enzyme activity rates were measured using laboratory fluorometric assays with soils collected at 0-10, 10-20, 30-40, 50-60, 60-70 and 80-90 cm deep in biological triplicates (i.e., three soil cores collected at different representative locations). Assays with each soil were conducted over a gradient of eight substrate concentrations per enzyme, and incubated at 4, 10, 16, 25, 35 or 50°C. Enzyme Michaelis-Menten kinetics were modeled over the eight substrate concentrations at each temperature, and the temperature sensitivity of the kinetic parameters was modeled over the six temperatures using linear Arrhenius/Q10 and non-linear Macromolecular Rate Theory (MMRT) models. The dataset includes the fully processed enzyme activity rate data used to model Michaelis-Menten kinetics, calculated kinetic and temperature sensitivity parameters, and basic soil and microbial biomass chemistry for each sample. All data is provided for each individual biological replicate, and kinetic and temperature sensitivity parameters are also provided as means of the biological replicates. The dataset also includes all raw measurement data and code used to parse, combine and perform the analyses described by Alves et al. (2021). For file descriptions, see the file-level metadata files: “enzymes_dataProcessed_flmd.xlsx” (processed data); “enzymes_dataRaw_flmd.xlsx” (compressed raw data and metadata); and “enzymes_code_flmd.xlsx” (compressed code). The experimental design, list of parameters measured, soil and microbial biomass chemistry data, and means of biological replicates for kinetic and temperature sensitivity parameters are also provided as human-readable tables in file “enzymeTraits_design_results_tables.xlsx”.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

BISON Simulation Development for ALD Coated Particles (Progress Report, FY21)

Argonne has on ongoing effort to perform atomic layer deposition coatings on micron-scale fuel particles. Initial results showed cracking of the coating layer above a specific coating thickness, which motived the development of a BISON model for the coated particle system to help explain the behavior. This report describes the initial development of the BISON model, the materials models used, and the conditions used in the simulation. A 2D model has been developed, with sensitivity studies performed on several key parameters. Based on the 2D model results, and 3D model was also developed, with results from all calculations described. First principles calculations were also performed on the fuel/coating interface to help describe the observed behavior. Potential future activities are also described.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Theory-guided Design of Refractory MPEAs for High-Temperature, Harsh-Service Conditions

Focusing on novel materials for harsh-service environments (oxidation, corrosion, and load), durability, higher operational temperature, and direct impact on power-generation technology, the goal was, using a quantitative theory-guided design approach integrated with high-throughput synthesis and characterization for validation, to accelerate by 50% the development of high temperature, refractory-based multi-principal element alloys (MPEAs) materials platforms (with co-designed oxidation-resistant, self-healing coatings) that demonstrate phase-stable operation with desired properties at 10-20% higher temperatures in oxidizing environments over state-ofthe- art systems (like Ni-stainless steels, i.e., Haynes 282 – used in critical gas turbine applications, and refractory TZM, i.e., molybdenum-rich Mo99.4-Ti0.5-Zr0.08-C0.02 in wt%). Notably, refractory MPEAs may achieve higher operational temperatures with superior creep strength and offer 50-100% larger thermal conductivity (140-170 W/m-K) than Ni-based systems, potentially eliminating active cooling, reducing system weight, complexity, and cost. Achieving this goal addresses DOE material challenges in energy generation and efficiency (higher-temperature operation), reduced lifecycle energy (waste-heat recovery), and accelerating materials development in support of AMO’s Strategic Plan and QTR goals. DOE’s Advanced Manufacturing Office (AMO) goal of reducing industrial energy intensity and GHG emissions is addressed by development of coated refractory MPEAs exhibiting 20%+ higher operational temperature (direct increase of Carnot efficiency), higher melting temperatures (better phase stability), superior creep strength (better lifetime with creep rate lower by factor of 10), larger (50-100%) thermal conductivity (improved cooling without active cooling), reduced complexity (single-phase alloys), self-healing coating (reliable oxidation-resistance) and cost.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗