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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 253 records · Page 14
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Experimental Insights into the Coupling of Methane Combustion and Steam Reforming in a Catalytic Plate Reactor in Transient Mode

The microstructured reactor concept is very promising technology to develop a compact reformer for distributed hydrogen generation. In this work, a catalytic plate reactor (CPR) is developed and investigated for the coupling of methane combustion (MC) and methane steam reforming (MSR) over Pt/Al 2 O 3 -coated microchannels in cocurrent and counter-current modes in transient experiments during start-up. A three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation shows uniform velocity and pressure distribution profiles in microchannels. For a channel velocity from 5.1 to 57.3 m/s in the combustor, the oxidation of methane is complete and self-sustainable without explosion, blow-off, or extinction; nevertheless, flashbacks are observed in counter-current mode. In the reformer, the maximum methane conversion is 84.9% in cocurrent mode, slightly higher than that of 80.2% in counter-current mode at a residence time of 33 ms, but at the cost of three times higher energy input in the combustor operating at ~1000 °C. Nitric oxide (NO) is not identified in combustion products, but nitrous oxide (N 2 O) is a function of coupling mode and forms significantly in cocurrent mode. Furthermore, this research would be helpful to establish the start-up strategy and environmental impact of compact reformers on a small scale.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Temperature Homogeneity under Selective and Localized Microwave Heating in Structured Flow Reactors

Selective heating of different phases of multiphase systems via microwaves can result in energy savings and suppression of side reactions. However, materials properties and operating conditions that maximize temperature gradients are poorly understood. Here we utilize computational fluid dynamics (CFD) computations and temperature measurements in structured flow reactors (monoliths) in a monomodal microwave cavity to assess the temperature difference between the walls and the fluid and develop a simple lumped model to estimate when temperature gradients exist. We also explore the material’s thermal and electrical properties of structured reactors for isothermal catalyst conditions. We propose that CFD simulations can be used as a nonintrusive, predictive tool of temperature homogeneity. Importantly, we demonstrate that localized heating in the bed under several conditions rather than selective heating is responsible for the selectivity enhancement. Furthermore, our results indicate that structured beds made of high thermal conductivity materials avoid arcing and enable temperature homogeneity and low electrical conductivity materials allow microwaves to penetrate the domain.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Prediction of the Thermal Runaway Limit and Optimal Operation of Heat Transfer-Limited, Fixed-Bed Reactor Systems

Here, we derive a new prediction for thermal runaway starting from the alpha model for fixed-bed reactor systems. This method accounts for thermal resistance internal to the reactor tube and the radial temperature gradients that result. To showcase our method, we compare its predictions to other common criteria for thermal runaway using o-xylene oxidation as the example chemistry. Even in systems where internal heat transfer is negligible, the empirical practical design criterion for thermal runaway is inaccurate. For cases where internal heat transfer is relevant, our runaway limit is more stringent than limits derived from simpler 1-D models. To augment our work, we optimize the product yield with the thermal runaway constraint using orthogonal collocation. Using the alpha model, the results illustrate that the thermal runaway limit can be accurately determined using either numerical or analytical methods.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2018

The Influence of Reactor Parameters on the Boron Nitride-Catalyzed Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane

In this contribution, we investigate the effect of various reactor parameters on the oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of propane using a hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) heterogeneous catalyst. Here, the analysis begins with an assessment of the influence of mass and heat transport on the observed ODH activity. Unexpected experimental results during this analysis prompted us to investigate the use of SiC as an inert catalyst diluent, and we found an increase in propane conversion with increasing diluent content in the reactor. Control experiments suggested that SiC itself is catalytically inactive and that there may be a significant influence of gas-phase chemistry on the observed reactivity.

03 NATURAL GAS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Anomalous fast ion losses at high β on the tokamak fusion test reactor

This paper describes experiments carried out on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) [R. J. Hawryluk et al., Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 33, 1509 (1991)] to investigate the dependence of β-limiting disruption characteristics on toroidal field strength. The hard disruptions found at the β-limit in high field plasmas were not found at low field, even for β's 50% higher than the empirical β-limit of β{sub n} ≈ 2 at high field. Comparisons of experimentally measured β's to TRANSP simulations suggest anomalous loss of up to half of the beam fast ions in the highest β, low field shots. The anomalous transport responsible for the fast ion losses may at the same time broaden the pressure profile. Toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes, fishbone instabilities, and Geodesic Acoustic Modes are investigated as possible causes of the enhanced losses. Here, we present the first observations of high frequency fishbones [F. Zonca et al., Nucl. Fusion 49, 085009 (2009)] on TFTR. The interpretation of Axi-symmetric Beam-driven Modes as Geodesic Acoustic Modes and their possible correlation with transport barrier formation are also presented.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2019

Design and characterization of a solar-enhanced microwave plasma reactor for atmospheric pressure carbon dioxide decomposition

The decomposition of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is a main step in carbon re-utilization approaches aimed to fulfill fuels and chemicals demands and mitigate environmental emissions. Plasmachemical CO 2 decomposition processes can be highly efficient; however, their reliance on electrical energy can limit their economic viability and sustainability advantage. In contrast, solar thermochemical CO 2 decomposition approaches can have limited efficiency, but their direct use of the most abundant form of renewable energy affords them the greatest sustainability potential. Solar-Enhanced Microwave Plasma (SEMP) chemical synthesis, based on the direct interaction between microwave plasma and concentrated solar radiation, is investigated as a novel approach to combine the advantages of plasmachemical and solar thermochemical processes. SEMP is motivated by the potential for synergistic effects between solar photons and plasma species, implied by the markedly greater spectral absorption of nonequilibrium CO 2 plasma compared to that of equilibrium CO 2 , to lead to enhanced chemical decomposition. The design, development, and characterization of a SEMP reactor for atmospheric pressure CO 2 decomposition is presented. The reactor is powered by a 1.25 kW magnetron and by up to 525 W of incident radiative power from a high-flux solar simulator. Experimental results reveal that the microwave plasma absorbs up to 20% of concentrated solar radiation at a solar-to-electrical power ratio of 0.5, and that relative absorption decreases with increasing solar input power. Yet, conversion efficiency and plasma energy efficiency increase with increasing solar power, up to 9% and 25% respectively, for a solar-to-electrical power ratio of 0.75. The enhanced process performance appears to be a consequence of the greater power density in the plasma caused by the direct absorption of solar radiation.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Increasing CO2 Conversion Efficiency with Optical Thermal Management in Concentrated Solar Reactors: New Dual-Stage Solar Reactor Design for Reduction of CO2 to Fuels

The proposed project will result in a new dual-stage solar chemical reactor designed to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) to value-added chemicals. Using sunlight as the main power source, a sustainable process will be developed that closes the loop on our industrial carbon cycle in an energy efficient and environmentally friendly manner. The hybrid photochemical and photothermal reactor design will vastly increase utilization of the solar spectrum and increase CO2 conversion efficiencies over Dimensional Energy’s current state-of-the-art.

10 SYNTHETIC FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Secondary organic aerosol formation from ambient air in an oxidation flow reactor in central Amazonia

Abstract. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from ambient air was studied using an oxidation flow reactor (OFR) coupled to an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) during both the wet and dry seasons at the Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5) field campaign. Measurements were made at two sites downwind of the city of Manaus, Brazil. Ambient air was oxidized in the OFR using variable concentrations of either OH or O3, over ranges from hours to days (O3) or weeks (OH) of equivalent atmospheric aging. The amount of SOA formed in the OFR ranged from 0 to as much as 10 µg m−3, depending on the amount of SOA precursor gases in ambient air. Typically, more SOA was formed during nighttime than daytime, and more from OH than from O3 oxidation. SOA yields of individual organic precursors under OFR conditions were measured by standard addition into ambient air and were confirmed to be consistent with published environmental chamber-derived SOA yields. Positive matrix factorization of organic aerosol (OA) after OH oxidation showed formation of typical oxidized OA factors and a loss of primary OA factors as OH aging increased. After OH oxidation in the OFR, the hygroscopicity of the OA increased with increasing elemental O:C up to O:C∼1.0, and then decreased as O:C increased further. Possible reasons for this decrease are discussed. The measured SOA formation was compared to the amount predicted from the concentrations of measured ambient SOA precursors and their SOA yields. While measured ambient precursors were sufficient to explain the amount of SOA formed from O3, they could only explain 10–50 % of the SOA formed from OH. This is consistent with previous OFR studies, which showed that typically unmeasured semivolatile and intermediate volatility gases (that tend to lack C=C bonds) are present in ambient air and can explain such additional SOA formation. To investigate the sources of the unmeasured SOA-forming gases during this campaign, multilinear regression analysis was performed between measured SOA formation and the concentration of gas-phase tracers representing different precursor sources. The majority of SOA-forming gases present during both seasons were of biogenic origin. Urban sources also contributed substantially in both seasons, while biomass burning sources were more important during the dry season. This study enables a better understanding of SOA formation in environments with diverse emission sources.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1980

Design of energy-storage reactors for single-winding constant-frequency dc-to-dc converters operating in the discontinuous-reactor-current mode

This paper presents an algorithm and equations for designing the energy-storage reactor for dc-to-dc converters which are constrained to operate in the discontinuous-reactor-current mode. This design procedure applied to the three widely used single-winding configurations: the voltage step-up, the current step-up, and the voltage-or-current step-up converters. A numerical design example is given to illustrate the use of the design algorithm and design equations.

Chen, D. Y.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Pellet bed reactor for nuclear propelled vehicles: Part 1: Reactor technology

The pellet bed reactor (PBR) for nuclear propelled vehicles is briefly discussed. Much of the information is given in viewgraph form. Viewgraphs include information on the layout for a Mars mission using a PBR nuclear thermal rocket, the rocket reactor layout, the fuel pellet design, materials compatibility, fuel microspheres, microsphere coating, melting points in quasibinary systems, stress analysis of microspheres, safety features, and advantages of the PBR concept.

El-Genk, Mohamed S.↗
DOE OSTI2018

Technical Program Plan for INL Advanced Reactor Technologies Advanced Gas Reactor Fuel Development and Qualification Program

High-temperature gas cooled reactors (HTGRs) are graphite moderated nuclear reactors cooled with helium. Their high outlet temperatures and thermal energy conversion efficiency enable efficient and cost effective integration with non electricity generating applications. These applications include process heat and hydrogen production for petrochemical and other industrial processes that require operating temperatures between 300 and 900°C. HTGRs will supplement the use of premium fossil fuels such as oil and natural gas, improve overall energy security in the United States by reducing dependence on foreign fuels, and reduce carbon dioxide (CO2)/greenhouse gas emissions. The HTGR design uses helium as a coolant, graphite as a neutron moderator, and ceramic particle fuel. Helium is chemically inert and neutronically transparent. The graphite core slows down the neutrons, retains its strength at high temperatures, provides structural stability, and acts as a substantial heat sink during transient conditions. The ceramic particle fuel is extremely robust and retains the radioactive by products of the fission reaction within the coated particle under normal and off normal conditions.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2018

SCALE 6.2 REACTOR PHYSICS CODE ACCURACY ASSESMENT FOR LIGHT WATER REACTOR FUEL

Verification and validation results of the SCALE 6.2 lattice physics codes TRITON/NEWT and Polaris are presented. The SCALE/KENO continuous energy Monte-Carlo code is used as a reference to compare results of more than 2,000 combinations of pressurized water reactor and boiling water reactor lattice designs and state points. Radiochemical assay measurements were also used to assess the accuracy of depletion calculations. Results show that Polaris and TRITON/NEWT using ENDF/B_VII.1 produce accurate lattice physics calculations and cross section data for core simulators.

Mertyurek, Ugur↗
DOE OSTI2019

Chapter 3 - Overview of Reactor Systems and Operational Environments for Structural Materials in Fusion Reactors

This chapter presents an overview of the conditions that structural materials being developed for fusion power reactor applications would encounter. We begin by briefly describing the relevant plasma physics conditions that dictate the fusion environment, which determines the loads driving microstructure evolution of fusion structural alloys. The fundamentals of radiation damage in the fusion environment are discussed, but the reader is referred to a much more detailed treatment of this topic given in Chapter 5. Our intent is to highlight the most important degradation mechanisms operating in the fusion environment. We compare and contrast the fusion environment with that found in existing and proposed advanced fission energy systems, highlighting in particular the role that gaseous and solid transmutation products have on property evolution. The majority of the chapter is devoted to a presentation of the principal structural material choices for major subsystems of a fusion power reactor such as the first-wall/blanket, divertor, and vacuum vessel. Our aim is to highlight the essential features of the material choices for each subsystem, and not to delve into the details, since later chapters address each class of structural material in greater depth. The emphasis is on the implication of the environment to the basic physical and mechanical properties requirements of these materials and challenges they face specific to the fusion environment.

Kurtz, Richard J.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Technical Program Plan for INL Advanced Reactor Technologies Advanced Gas Reactor Fuel Development and Qualification Program

High-temperature gas cooled reactors (HTGRs) are graphite moderated nuclear reactors cooled with helium. Their high outlet temperatures and thermal energy conversion efficiency enable efficient and cost effective integration with non electricity generating applications. These applications include process heat and hydrogen production for petrochemical and other industrial processes that require operating temperatures between 300 and 900°C. HTGRs will supplement the use of premium fossil fuels such as oil and natural gas, improve overall energy security in the United States by reducing dependence on foreign fuels, and reduce carbon dioxide (CO2)/greenhouse gas emissions. The HTGR design uses helium as a coolant, graphite as a neutron moderator, and ceramic particle fuel. Helium is chemically inert and neutronically transparent. The graphite core slows down the neutrons, retains its strength at high temperatures, provides structural stability, and acts as a substantial heat sink during transient conditions. The ceramic particle fuel is extremely robust and retains the radioactive by products of the fission reaction within the coated particle under normal and off normal conditions.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗