NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Human Systems Integration of the Mars Ascent Vehicle
Retrieve Mars samples and return to Earth.
HSI↗
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Results for “Production Support”
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Solutions Network Formulation Report. Visible/Infrared Imager/Radiometer Suite and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer Data Products for National Drought Monitor Decision Support
Drought effects are either direct or indirect depending on location, population, and regional economic vitality. Common direct effects of drought are reduced crop, rangeland, and forest productivity; increased fire hazard; reduced water levels; increased livestock and wildlife mortality rates; and damage to wildlife and fish habitat. Indirect impacts follow on the heels of direct impacts. For example, a reduction in crop, rangeland, and forest productivity may result in reduced income for farmers and agribusiness, increased prices for food and timber, unemployment, reduced tax revenues, increased crime, foreclosures on bank loans to farmers and businesses, migration, and disaster relief programs. In the United States alone, drought is estimated to result in annual losses of between $6 - 8 billion. Recent sustained drought in the United States has made decision-makers aware of the impacts of climate change on society and environment. The eight major droughts that occurred in the United States between 1980 and 1999 accounted for the largest percentage of weather-related monetary losses. Monitoring drought and its impact that occurs at a variety of scales is an important government activity -- not only nationally but internationally as well. The NDMC (National Drought Mitigation Center) and the USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture) RMA (Risk Management Agency) have partnered together to develop a DM-DSS (Drought Monitoring Decision Support System). This monitoring system will be an interactive portal that will provide users the ability to visualize and assess drought at all levels. This candidate solution incorporates atmospherically corrected VIIRS data products, such as NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and Ocean SST (sea surface temperature), and AMSR-E soil moisture data products into two NDMC vegetation indices -- VegDRI (Vegetation Drought Response Index) and VegOUT (Vegetation Outlook) -- which are then input into the DM-DSS.
Estep, Leland↗
Evaluation of shear mounted elastomeric damper
Viton-70 elastomeric shear mounted damper was built and tested on a T-55 power turbine spool in the rotor's high speed balancing rig. This application of a shear mounted elastomeric damper demonstrated for the first time, the feasibility of using elastomers as the primary rotor damping source in production turbine engine hardware. The shear damper design was selected because it was compatible with actual gas turbine engine radial space constraints, could accommodate both the radial and axial thrust loads present in gas turbine engines, and was capable of controlled axial preload. The shear damper was interchangeable with the production T-55 power turbine roller bearing support so that a direct comparison between the shear damper and the production support structure could be made. Test results show that the Viton-70 elastomer damper operated successfully and provided excellent control of both synchronous and nonsynchronous vibrations through all phases of testing up to the maximum rotor speed of 16,000 rpm. Excellent correlation between the predicted and experienced critical speeds, mode shapes and log decrements for the power turbine rotor and elastomer damper assembly was also achieved.
Zorzi, E.↗
Hierarchical Data Format for Earth Observing System Data Product Developer's Guide
The "Hierarchical Data Format for Earth Observing System" talk will address the best practices for creating ESDIS data products. The work presented is done in support of Data Product Developers Guide Working Group with mission "to help data product developers make data usable for end users". During the presentation, we will use some examples of NASA data products and show how to modify them to make data more usable.
Data usability↗
Daily Precipitation Frequency Distributions Impacts on Land-Surface Simulations of CONUS
Many precipitation-driven data products from land data assimilation systems support assessments of droughts, floods, and other societally-relevant land-surface processes.The accumulated precipitation used as input to these products has a significant impacton water budgets; however, the effects of daily distribution of precipitation on theseproducts are not well known. A comparison of the Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievalsfor GPM (IMERG) and Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Stationsversion 2 (CHIRPS2) rainfall products over the continentalUnited States (CONUS) wasperformed to quantify the impacts of the daily distributionof precipitation on biases anderrors in soil moisture, runoff, and evapotranspiration (ET). Since the total accumulatedprecipitation between the IMERG and CHIRPS product differed, a third precipitationproduct, CHIRPS-to-IMERG (CHtoIM), was produced that usedCHIRPS2 accumulatedprecipitation totals and the daily precipitation frequency distribution of IMERG. Thisnew product supported a controlled analysis of the impact ofprecipitation frequencydistribution on simulated hydrological fields. The CHtoIM had higher occurrences ofprecipitation in the 0–5 mm day−1range, with a lower occurrence of dry days, whichdecreased soil moisture and surface runoff in the land-surface model. The surface soillayer had a tendency to reach saturation more often in the CHIRPS2 simulations, wherethe number of moderate to heavy precipitation days (>5mm day−1) was increased. Usingthe blended CHtoIM product as input reduced errors in surface soil moisture by 5–15%when compared to Soil Moisture Active/Passive (SMAP) data.Similarly, ET errors werealso slightly decreased (∼2%) when compared to SSEBop data. Moderate changes indaily precipitation distributions had a quantifiable impact on soil moisture, runoff, andET. These changes usually improved the model when compared to other modeled andobservational datasets, but the magnitude of the improvements varied by region andtime of year.
Daniel P Sarmiento↗
Global Geographic Database in Support of EOS MISR Data Processing
This paper will describe the production of the Ancillary Geographic Product (AGP) in support of the Earth Observing System (EOS) Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) instrument data processing. The AGP is essentially a global database of geographic properties, tailored to the needs of the MISR mission.
ancillary geographic product earth observing syste↗
CO2-Based Manufacturing System for Recombinant Protein Production
Space biomanufacturing is a potential In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) strategy to provide critical consumables and products while minimizing the launched mass for long-duration, deep space missions. On Earth, the primary biological conversion of CO 2 to biomass is through photosynthesis, and sugars from photosynthetic organisms are used as feedstocks for microbial biomanufacturing. The efficiency of non-biological reduction of CO 2 to organic molecules, such as acetate or ethanol, has greatly increased in recent years. We are designing a biomanufacturing system to rely on electrochemical CO 2 conversion products for carbon substrates to support microbial growth and production of recombinant proteins. The preliminary design includes a gas-permeable membrane bioreactor with dry salts that are rehydrated and mixed with the carbon source to support growth of bacteria or yeast. The system architecture has a partially automated bioprocessing system to concentrate biomass and purify recombinant protein. This system is designed to operate semi-autonomously with minimal crew intervention. The specific use-case scenario is to produce a thermal stable carbonic anhydrase to increase the efficiency of a proposed liquid amine CO 2 removal subsystem of an environmental control and life-support system (ECLSS) on Mars.
Biomanufacturing↗
Development of a Space Compatible Biomanufacturing System
Space biomanufacturing is a potential In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) strategy to provide critical consumables and products while minimizing the launched mass for long-duration, deep space missions. On Earth, the primary biological conversion of CO 2 to biomass is through photosynthesis, and sugars from photosynthetic organisms are used as feedstocks for microbial biomanufacturing. The efficiency of non-biological reduction of CO 2 to organic molecules, such as acetate or ethanol, has greatly increased in recent years. We are designing a biomanufacturing system to rely on electrochemical CO 2 conversion products for carbon substrates to support microbial growth and production of recombinant proteins. The preliminary design includes a gas-permeable membrane bioreactor with dry salts that are rehydrated and mixed with the carbon source to support growth of bacteria or yeast. The system architecture has a partially automated bioprocessing system to concentrate biomass and purify recombinant protein. This system is designed to operate semi-autonomously with minimal crew intervention. The specific use-case scenario is to produce a thermal stable carbonic anhydrase to increase the efficiency of a proposed liquid amine CO 2 removal subsystem of an environmental control and life-support system (ECLSS) on Mars.
Recombinant↗
Trash-to-Gas: Converting Space Trash into Useful Products
NASA's Logistical Reduction and Repurposing (LRR) project is a collaborative effort in which NASA is determined to reduce total logistical mass through reduction, reuse and recycling of various wastes and components of long duration space missions and habitats. LRR is focusing on four distinct advanced areas of study: Advanced Clothing System, Logistics-to-Living, Heat Melt Compactor and Trash to Supply Gas (TtSG). The objective of TtSG is to develop technologies that convert material waste, human waste and food waste into high-value products. High-value products include life support oxygen and water, rocket fuels, raw material production feedstocks, and other energy sources. There are multiple pathways for converting waste to products involving single or multi-step processes. This paper discusses thermal oxidation methods of converting waste to methane. Different wastes, including food, food packaging, Maximum Absorbent Garments (MAGs), human waste simulants, and cotton washcloths have been evaluated in a thermal degradation reactor under conditions promoting pyrolysis, gasification or incineration. The goal was to evaluate the degradation processes at varying temperatures and ramp cycles and to maximize production of desirable products and minimize high molecular weight hydrocarbon (tar) production. Catalytic cracking was also evaluated to minimize tar production. The quantities of CO2, CO, CH4, and H2O were measured under the different thermal degradation conditions. The conversion efficiencies of these products were used to determine the best methods for producing desired products.
Caraccio, Anne J.↗
Trash to Gas: Converting Space Trash into Useful Products
NASA's Logistical Reduction and Repurposing (LRR) project is a collaborative effort in which NASA is determined to reduce total logistical mass through reduction, reuse and recycling of various wastes and components of long duration space missions and habitats. LRR is focusing on four distinct advanced areas of study: Advanced Clothing System, Logistics-to-Living, Heat Melt Compactor and Trash to Supply Gas (TtSG). The objective of TtSG is to develop technologies that convert material waste, human waste and food waste into high-value products. High-value products include life support oxygen and water, rocket fuels, raw material production feedstocks, and other energy sources. There are multiple pathways for converting waste to products involving single or multi-step processes. This paper discusses thermal oxidation methods of converting waste to methane. Different wastes, including food, food packaging, Maximum Absorbent Garments (MAGs), human waste simulants, and cotton washcloths have been evaluated in a thermal degradation reactor under conditions promoting pyrolysis, gasification or incineration. The goal was to evaluate the degradation processes at varying temperatures and ramp cycles and to maximize production of desirable products and minimize high molecular weight hydrocarbon (tar) production. Catalytic cracking was also evaluated to minimize tar production. The quantities of C02, CO, CH4, and H20 were measured under the different thermal degradation conditions. The conversion efficiencies of these products were used to determine the best methods for producing desired products.
Trash-to-Gas↗
Adding Remote Sensing Data Products to the Nutrient Management Decision Support Toolbox
Some of the primary issues that manifest from nutrient enrichment and eutrophication (Figure 1) may be observed from satellites. For example, remotely sensed estimates of chlorophyll a (chla), total suspended solids (TSS), and light attenuation (Kd) or water clarity, which are often associated with elevated nutrient inputs, are data products collected daily and globally for coastal systems from satellites such as NASA s MODIS (Figure 2). The objective of this project is to inform water quality decision making activities using remotely sensed water quality data. In particular, we seek to inform the development of numeric nutrient criteria. In this poster we demonstrate an approach for developing nutrient criteria based on remotely sensed chla.
Lehrter, John↗
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) for the NASA Earth Observing System (EOS)
MODIS is intended to provide daily global surveys for the oceans, the atmosphere, and land. To achieve this capability, this instrument requires at least a 1700 km swath width and provides geometric-instantaneous-fields-of-view that are either 214 m, 428 m, or 856 m in size with reference to a 705 km satellite altitude. The range of products to be supported by MODIS includes ocean chlorophyll concentration, ocean primary productivity, dissolved organic matter in the oceans, global SST, total suspended solids, land cover type, land surface temperatures, vegetation indices, and volcanic and fire events. Details of the MODIS-N and MODIS-T instrument concepts are discussed.
Thompson, Leslie L.↗
Improving Organizational Productivity in NASA
Recognizing that NASA has traditionally been in the forefront of technological change, the NASA Administrator challenged the Agency in 1982 to also become a leader in developing and applying advanced technology and management practices to increase productivity. One of the activities undertaken by the Agency to support this ambitious productivity goal was participation in a 2-year experimental action research project devoted to learning more about improving and assessing the performance of professional organizations. Participating with a dozen private sector organizations, NASA explored the usefulness of a productivity improvement process that addressed all aspects of organizational performance. This experience has given NASA valuable insight into the enhancement of professional productivity. More importantly, it has provided the Agency with a specific management approach that managers and supervisors can effectively use to emphasize and implement continuous improvement. This report documents the experiences of the five different NASA installations participating in the project, describes the improvement process that was applied and refined, and offers recommendations for expanded application of that process. Of particular interest is the conclusion that measuring white collar productivity may be possible, and at a minimum, the measurement process itself is beneficial to management. Volume I of the report provides a project overview, significant findings, and recommendations. Volume II presents individual case studies of the NASA pilot projects that were part of the action research effort.
Source record↗
The Relative Importance of Methanogenesis in the Decomposition of Organic Matter in Northern Peatlands
Using an isotope-mass balance approach and assuming the equimolar production of CO2 and CH4 from methanogenesis (e.g., anaerobic decomposition of cellulose), we calculate that the proportion of total CO2 production from methanogenesis varies from 37 to 83% across a variety of northern peatlands. In a relative sense, methanogenesis was a more important pathway for decomposition in bogs (80 +/- 13% of CO2 production) than in fens (64 +/- 5.7% of CO2 production), but because fens contain more labile substrates they may support higher CH4 production overall. The concentration of CO2 produced from methanogenesis (CO2-meth) can be considered equivalent to CH4 concentration before loss due to ebullition, plant-mediated transport, or diffusion. Bogs produced slightly less CO2-meth than fens (2.9 +/- 1.3 and 3.7 +/- 1.4 mmol/L, respectively). Comparing the quantity of CH4 present to CO2-meth, fens lost slightly more CH4 than bogs (89 +/- 2.8% and 82 +/- 5.3%, respectively) likely due to the presence of vascular plant roots. In collapsed permafrost wetlands, bog moats produced half the amount of CO2-meth (0.8 +/- 0.2mmol/L) relative to midbogs (1.6 +/- 0.6 mmol/L) and methanogenesis was less important (42 +/- 6.6% of total CO2 production relative to 55 +/- 8.1%).We hypothesize that the lower methane production potential in collapsed permafrost wetlands occurs because recently thawed organic substrates are being first exposed to the initial phases of anaerobic decomposition following collapse and flooding. Bog moats lost a comparable amount of CH4 as midbogs (63 +/- 7.0% and 64 +/- 9.3%).
bacteria↗
Developing Data Assimilated 4D Global Precipitation Products from the GEOS system in Support of the GPM Mission
This presentation is to report on the progresses made for the NASA Precipitation Measurement Mission (PMM) science team research tasks that are recently funded by NASA HQ. These tasks include (1) extending the existing GEOS all-sky analysis system to assimilate radiance data from other microwave sensors in GPM constellation satellites, (2) producing improved GEOS analyses of precipitation and downscaling of satellite precipitation estimates, and (3) providing the GEOS analyses to PMM Science team as prototype of GPM Level-4 products.
Kim, Min-Jeong↗
Space station human productivity study. Volume 2: Executive summary and oral review presentation
Definition of design/operations requirements for support of human productivity, identification of problem areas lacking data for requirements definition, generation of management plans for conduct of studies to acquire needed data for timely space station program impact, and correlation of all issue study management plans with space station progam milestone need dates were addressed.
Source record↗
A modern space simulation facility to accommodate high production acceptance testing
A space simulation laboratory that supports acceptance testing of spacecraft and associated subsystems at throughput rates as high as nine per year is discussed. The laboratory includes a computer operated 27' by 30' space simulation, a 20' by 20' by 20' thermal cycle chamber and an eight station thermal cycle/thermal vacuum test system. The design philosophy and unique features of each system are discussed. The development of operating procedures, test team requirements, test team integration, and other peripheral activation details are described. A discussion of special accommodations for the efficient utilization of the systems in support of high rate production is presented.
Glover, J. D.↗
Satellite Sounder Products in NASA GES DISC & Services Supporting Their Applications
The NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC), in collaboration with NASA Sounder Team at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), provides processing, archiving, and distribution services for remotely-sensed data acquired by satellite sounders. Supported data sets begin chronologically with the legacy TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) Pathfinder, continue to the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), a modern hyperspectral sounder onboard the Aqua satellite, and are followed by data from the subsequent Suomi-National Polar-orbiting Partnership Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) mission and the Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) series CrIS missions. These satellite sounders provide long-term global observations of the atmospheric state, including temperature and humidity profiles, outgoing longwave radiation, cloud properties, and trace gases. Applications of sounder data products cover a broad range of fields, including meteorology climatology, hydrology, and air quality. The GES DISC has developed many services to assist users, including simplified and efficient methods for searching, accessing, downloading, and analytically exploring these satellite sounder data products. We have also developed the Giovanni system, a broadly used Web-based application, which provides a simple and intuitive way to visualize, analyze, and access Earth science remote sensing data. In this presentation, we will introduce the standard and near-real time sounder data products, and demonstrate our services through some use cases. Highlights of our service capabilities include data subset, vertical profile plot, inter-comparison, multi-year monthly/seasonal mean, interannual monthly/seasonal time series, and anomaly analysis.
Ding, Feng↗