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Bounds on exotic-particle interactions from SN 1987A

The observation of a neutrino pulse from the supernova SN 1987A constrains the production of light exotic particles in the protoneutron star. A new bound on the axion decay constant is derived, f(a) of greater than about 10 to the 10th GeV. If right-handed (RH) neutrinos exist, 'RH Fermi constant' is G(RH) of less than about 10 exp-4 G(F), two orders of magnitude below laboratory bounds. The Dirac mass of hv sub m can be constrained below laboratory limits. The Dirac mass of the mu-neutrino can be constrained below laboratory limits.

Raffelt, Georg↗

Depth and size effects on cosmogenic nuclide production in meteorites

The galactic cosmic particle radiation (GCR) can cause changes in condensed extraterrestrial matter in different ways. It can lose energy via ionization processes of induced nuclear reactions which lead to a wide variety of stable and radioactive cosmogenic nuclides. Heavy particles incur radiation damage in minerals such as olivine and pyroxene. Light particles predominantly tend to induce nuclear reactions, causing the development of a secondary particle cascade of neutrons, protons, pions and gamma-rays and the production of cosmogenic nuclides. Such processes are described by various models, which predict the depth and size dependent production of cosmogenic nuclides.

Englert, P.↗

Exposure ages and erosion rates for lunar rocks

The available data on the effects of particle bombardment of lunar rocks are examined, taking into account rare gas data, neutron capture products, radioactive nuclei, and particle tracks. Attention is given to exposure ages, questions concerning the validity of exposure ages, the location of rocks during irradiation, the criteria for valid crater ages, special problems regarding lunar breccias, surface residence times from long lived radioactive nuclei, surface residence times from galactic cosmic ray track data, rocks with simple surface exposure, rocks with complex surface exposure, limits on surface residence times, suntan and subdecimeter ages, erosion rates, and a number of case histories related to exposure age measurements as applied to the problem of the dating of impact events.

Burnett, D. S.↗

Possible Increase in Nitric Oxide Production by Lightning Discharges Due to Catalytic Effects of Ice Particles

We address the question of whether ice crystals with habits typically encountered by lightning discharges may serve as catalysts for the production of NOx by lightning. If so, and if the effect is sufficiently large, it would need to be taken into account in estimates of global NOx production by lightning. In this study, we make a series of plausible assumptions about the temperatures and concentrations of reactant species in the environment of discharges and we postulate a mechanism by which ice crystals could adsorb nitrogen atoms. We then compare production rates between uncatalyzed and catalyzed reactions at 2000 K, 3000 K, and 4000 K, temperatures observed in lightning channels during the cool-down period after a return stroke. Catalyzed NO production rates are greater at 2000 K, whereas uncatalyzed production occurs most rapidly at 4000 K. The channel temperature stays around 2000 K for a longer period of time than at 4000 K. The longer residence time at 2000 K is sufficient to allow fresh reactants to participate in the mix in. Therefore, our results suggest that nearly three times as much NO per flash is produced by ice-catalyzed reactions as compared with uncatalyzed reactions.

Peterson, Harold↗

Making Latex Microspheres in Space

Equipment yields larger, more uniform particles. Two NASA reports describe first commercial product to be manufactured in space. Product monodisperse latex, suspension of spherical particles of essentially same diameter. Carried aboard Space Shuttle on its orbital missions, monodisperse latex reactor (MLR) produces spheres of much larger size than possible on Earth. Mircospheres 30 micrometers in diameter produced, whereas 5 micrometers is limit for Earthbound reactors. Microspheres as large as 100 micrometers scheduled for production in MLR.

Kornfeld, D. M.↗

Properties of Rubble-Pile Asteroid (101955) Bennu from OSIRIS-REx Imaging and Thermal Analysis

Establishing the abundance and physical properties of regolith and boulders on asteroids is crucial for understanding the formation and degradation mechanisms at work on their surfaces. Using images and thermal data from NASA's Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security-Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) spacecraft, we show that asteroid (101955) Bennu's surface is globally rough, dense with boulders, and low in albedo. The number of boulders is surprising given Bennu's moderate thermal inertia, suggesting that simple models linking thermal inertia to particle size do not adequately capture the complexity relating these properties. At the same time, we find evidence for a wide range of particle sizes with distinct albedo characteristics. Our findings imply that ages of Bennu's surface particles span from the disruption of the asteroid's parent body (boulders) to recent in situ production (micrometre-scale particles).

DellaGiustina, D. N.↗

Regimes of Pulsar Pair Formation and Particle Energetics

We investigate the conditions required for the production of electron-positron pairs above a pulsar polar cap (PC) and the influence of pair production on the energetics of the primary particle acceleration. Assuming space-charge limited flow acceleration including the inertial frame-dragging effect, we allow both one-photon and two-photon pair production by either curvature radiation (CR) photons or photons resulting from inverse-Compton scattering of thermal photons from the PC by primary electrons. We find that,, while only the younger pulsars can produce pairs through CR, nearly all known radio pulsars are capable of producing pairs through non-resonant inverse-Compton scatterings. The effect of the neutron star equations of state on the pair death lines is explored. We show that pair production is facilitated in more compact stars and more a massive stars. Therefore accretion of mass by pulsars in binary systems may allow pair production in most of the millisecond purser population. We also find that two-photon pair production may be important in millisecond pursers if their surface temperatures are above approx. or equal to three million degrees K. Pursers that produce pairs through CRT wilt have their primary acceleration limited by the effect of screening of the electric field. In this regime, the high-energy luminosity should follow a L(sub HE) proportional to dot-E(sup 1/2, sub rot) dependence. The acceleration voltage drop in pursers that produce pairs only through inverse-Compton emission will not be limited by electric field screening. In this regime, the high-energy luminosity should follow a L(sub HE) proportional to dot-E(sub rot) dependence. Thus, older pursers will have significantly lower gamma-ray luminosity.

Harding, Alice K.↗

Virtual Energetic Particle Observatory (VEPO)

The Virtual Energetic Particle Observatory (VEPO) focuses on improved discovery, access, and usability of heliospheric energetic particle and ancillary data products from selected spacecraft and sub-orbital instruments of the heliophysics data environment. The energy range of interest extends over the full range of particle acceleration from keV energies of suprathermal seed particles to GeV energies of galactic cosmic ray particles. Present spatial coverage is for operational and legacy spacecraft operating from the inner to the outer heliosphere, e.g. from measurements by the two Helios spacecraft to 0.3 AU to the inner heliosheath region now being traversed by the two Voyager spacecraft. This coverage will eventually be extended inward to ten solar radii by the planned NASA solar probe mission and at the same time beyond the heliopause into the outer heliosheath by continued Voyager operations. The geospace fleet of spacecraft providing near-Earth interplanetary measurements, selected magnetospheric spacecraft providing direct measurements of penetrating interplanetary energetic particles, and interplanetary cruise measurements from planetary spacecraft missions further extend VEPO resources to the domain of geospace and planetary interactions. Ground-based (e.g., neutron monitor) and high-altitude suborbital measurements can expand coverage to the highest energies of galactic cosmic rays affected by heliospheric interaction and of solar energetic particles. Science applications include investigation of solar flare and coronal mass ejection events. acceleration and transport of interplanetary particles within the inner heliosphere, cosmic ray interactions with planetary surfaces and atmospheres, sources of suprathermal and anomalous cosmic ray ions in the outer heliosphere, and solar cycle modulation of galactic cosmic rays. Robotic and human exploration, and eventual habitation, of planetary and space environments beyond the Earth require knowledge of radiation hazards informed by VEPO data resources. The VEPO project has completed the first year of work to define science requirements, to document and register selected data products in SPASE format while evolving SPASE for increased applicability to VEPO data, and to support enhanced discovery and access for these products through the evolving data query and middleware system of the Virtual Heliospheric Observatory (VHO). The VEPO team operates as a heliophysics focus group for energetic particle data resources in partnership with VHO and also leverages existing data services of NASA's Space Physics Data Facility. We invite comments from the U.S. and international data provider and user communities on review of the current VEPO/VHO user interface, on directions for future evolution of VEPO and supporting data systems including VHO and SPDF, and on relations to other elements of the heliophysics virtual observatory environment.

Cooper, John F.↗

Dust in the Mars atmosphere

The amount of dust suspended in the Martian atmosphere is highly variable with location and with time. The opacity of the sky is best known at the two Viking Lander sites, where visual, vertical-column optical depth never fell below a value of a few tenths during the 1.25 Mars years of observations and yet exceeded 2 to 3 during two great dust storms in 1977. Elsewhere on the planet, optical depths have been estimated from orbiter visible imaging of surface contrasts and from mapping of infrared emission from the surface and the overlying (dusty) atmosphere. In many cases these opacities (and thus dust amounts) may be uncertain by as much as a factor of two. Viking Lander observations of twilight indicate that the background dust haze is more or less uniformly mixed with altitude in the lower atmosphere. Observations from spacecraft indicate that there may be come seasonal variations to the height of these dust hazes, which sometimes extend above 30 km. (Ice haze layers may occur as high as 80 km.) The existing observations do not constrain the composition or the size distribution of the suspended dust particles very well. Remote sensing observations depend principally upon the product of the number of particles, the geometric cross-sections (and so particle size and shape), and the extinction efficiency of the particles (and so the particle composition), as integrated over the particle size distribution and along the line of sight. While the observed variation of dust opacity with wavelength constrains these quantities, it does not often permit the unique determination of the individual properties of the suspended dust. A size distribution having a cross-section weighted mean particle radius of 2.5 microns was deduced from a synthesis of the IR thermal emission spectra observed in the Southern Hemisphere by Mariner 9 during the 1971 global dust storm. Although the IR thermal emission is relatively insensitive to the sub-micron sized particles which tend to dominate visible opacity, this same size distribution was consistent with modeling of the sky brightness variation near the sun, as seen through the background haze above the Viking lander sites in the Northern Hemisphere.

Zurek, R. W.↗

Antimatter Production at a Potential Boundary

Current antiproton production techniques rely on high-energy collisions between beam particles and target nuclei to produce particle and antiparticle pairs, but inherently low production and capture efficiencies render these techniques impractical for the cost-effective production of antimatter for space propulsion and other commercial applications. Based on Dirac's theory of the vacuum field, a new antimatter production concept is proposed in which particle-antiparticle pairs are created at the boundary of a steep potential step formed by the suppression of the local vacuum fields. Current antimatter production techniques are reviewed, followed by a description of Dirac's relativistic quantum theory of the vacuum state and corresponding solutions for particle tunneling and reflection from a potential barrier. The use of the Casimir effect to suppress local vacuum fields is presented as a possible technique for generating the sharp potential gradients required for particle-antiparticle pair creation.

LaPointe, Michael R.↗

Nuclear processes in solar flares

Interaction models for the production of gamma rays in energetic particle reactions are reviewed, and new calculations of the production rates are presented. Neutron and 2.223 MeV photon production is considered along with positron and 0.511 MeV photon production, and prompt de-excitation line production. The implications of gamma-ray observations are explored, taking into account the interaction model, energetic particle spectrum and energy content, time dependences, the photospheric He-3 abundance, and the beaming of the energetic particles. It is pointed out that the solar gamma-ray line observations can provide information on the timing of the nucleonic component in flares, and on the energy spectrum, number, and energy content of these particles.

Ramaty, R.↗

Analytical study of electrophoretic characterization of kidney cells

Embryonic kidney cells were studied as a follow-up to the MA-011 Electrophoresis Technology Experiment which was conducted during the Apollo Soyuz Test Project (ASTP). The postflight analysis of the performance of the ASTP zone electrophoresis experiment involving embryonic kidney cells is reported. The feasibility of producing standard particles for electrophoresis was also studied. This work was undertaken in response to a need for standardization of methods for producing, calibrating, and storing electrophoretic particle standards which could be employed in performance tests of various types of electrophoresis equipment. Promising procedures were tested for their suitability in the production of standard test particles from red blood cells.

Knox, R. J.↗

Gas-Particle Interaction Model Development in Plume Surface Interaction Erosion and Cratering

As part of the Game Changing Development (GCD) Program, funded by NASA’s Space Technology Mission Directorate (STMD), the development of simulation capability for the prediction of extra-terrestrial Plume Surface Interaction (PSI) environments has been undertaken by the Fluid Dynamics Branch at NASA/MSFC. The GCD PSI Project, planned to be completed over a four year period, contains a Predictive Simulation Capability (PSC) Element focused on creating simulation capability for the reliable and accurate prediction of PSI in Martian (~650 Pa) and Lunar (vacuum) ambient environments. In addition to the PSC Element, the GCD Program also contains a companion Ground Testing Element for development of focused datasets for validation of predictive capability as well as a Flight-focused Instrumentation Element. This paper describes the activities and accomplishments of the past year in the gas-particle interaction modeling portion of the GCD PSI project. The objectives of this task are to investigate and construct models of particle drag and gas-particle cloud interactions leading to what is known as particle turbulent kinetic energy (PTKE). While drag on a lone particle suspended in a flow gas of gas is well-known, the drag and drag-induced dynamics of a cloud of particles in a gas flow are not. The PSC element of the PSI project requires models of gas-particle cloud interactions to implement in the Gas Granular Flow Solver (GGFS) in order to arrive at a predictive simulation capability for PSI-induced soil erosion, cratering and ejecta transport. Experiments of dilute mixtures of soil particles in supersonic gas flow are being conducted at Johns Hopkins University in order to provide a dataset describing gas-particle cloud interactions. Augmented by a separate funding source are efforts to perform small-scale particle-resolved direct numerical simulations (PR-DNS) and larger scale Eulerian-Lagrangian simulations. Together, these experiments and simulations are being used to devise models of particle cloud drag and particle cloud drag-induced dynamics. The final product of these efforts will be particle drag models suitable for implementation into the GGFS application and a PTKE model suitable for the same purpose.

Jeff West↗

Primordial nucleosynthesis with generic particles

A revision of the standard model for Big Bang nucleosynthesis is discussed which allows for the presence of generic particle species. The primordial production of He-4 and D + He-3 is calculated as a function of the mass, spin degrees of freedom, and spin statistics of the generic particle for masses in the range 0.01-100 times the electron mass. The particular case of the Gelmini and Roncadelli majoron model for massive neutrinos is discussed.

Walker, T. P.↗

Energetic Charged Particle Component or the NO(y) Budget of the Polar Middle Atmosphere

Analysis of nitrates measured in polar ice cap snow at a high resolution shows large variations in the nitrates. It has been shown that the nitrate signal may contain a signature of solar activity [Zeller and Dreschhoff, 19951. Reactive odd nitrogen production associated with solar particle events (SPEs) and auroral activity may be a source of some of the nitrate anomalies observed in the polar ice caps. Periods of large SPEs can lead to a production of polar atmospheric odd nitrogen in excess of the ambient sources in the polar stratosphere and mesosphere, and may leave a large nitrate signal stratified in the polar ice cap. Auroral electrons and photoelectrons produce odd nitrogen in the thermosphere, some of which may be transported to the polar (>50 degrees) mesosphere and stratosphere. Sources of odd nitrogen in the polar middle atmosphere associated with SPEs, galactic cosmic rays, and auroral electron precipitation have been quantified. The relative contributions by the energetic particles sources to the Noy budget of the polar middle atmosphere (from tropopause to 50 km, from 50 degrees to 90 degrees latitude) are compared with the nitrates observed in the polar ice sheets.

Vitt, F. M.↗

Neutron and gamma-ray signatures for particle acceleration in solar flares

The production of neutrons, 4 to 7 MeW nuclear gamma rays, positrons and pions resulting from the interaction of flare accelerated particles with the solar atmosphere was calculated. For the energy spectra of these particles the Bessel function predicted by stochastic acceleration and power laws which could result from acceleration at large-scale planar shocks was used, with the thick-target model. It is assumed that in the interaction region the accelerated particles are isotropic. The neutron-to-2.223 MeV photon conversion factors for various flare locations on the Sun are derived by averaging conversion factors over these spectra. Comparing calculations with data confirms that for most gamma-ray flares the bulk of the accelerated particles remain trapped at the Sun and that these particles have spectra similar to the spectra of flare particles observed in interplanetary space.

Ramaty, R.↗

Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 6

Contents include the following: A Model for Multiple Populations of Presolar Diamonds. Characterization of Martian North Polar Geologic Units Using Mars Odyssey THEMIS Data. Effect of Flow on the Internal Structure of the Martian North Polar Layered Deposits. Elemental Abundance Distributions in Basalt Clays and Meteorites: Is It a Biosignature? Early Results on the Saturn System from the Composite Infrared Spectrometer. NanoSIMS D/H Imaging of Isotopically Primitive Interplanetary Dust Particles. Presolar (Circumstellar and Interstellar) Phases in Renazzo: The Effects of Parent Body Processing. Catastrophic Disruption of Hydrated Targets: Implications for the Hydrated Asteroids and for the Production of Interplanetary Dust Particles. Chemical and Mineralogical Analyses of Particles from the Stratospheric Collections Coinciding with the 2002 Leonid Storm and the 2003 Comet Grigg-Skjellerup Trail Passage. An Analysis of the Solvus in the CaS-MnS System. ESA s SMART-1 Mission at the Moon: First Results, Status and Next Steps. Europa Analog Ice-splitting Measurements and Experiments with Ice-Hunveyor on the Frozen Balaton-Lake, Hungary. Chromium on Eros: Further Evidence of Ordinary Chondrite Composition. Dust Devil Tracks on Mars: Observation and Analysis from Orbit and the Surface. Spatial Variation of Methane and Other Trace Gases Detected on Mars: Interpretation with a General Circulation Model. Mars Water Ice and Carbon Dioxide Seasonal Polar Caps: GCM Modeling and Comparison with Mars Express Omega Observations. Component Separation of OMEGA Spectra with ICA. Clathrate Formation in the Near-Surface Environment of Titan. Space Weathering: A Proposed Laboratory Approach to Explaining the Sulfur Depletion on Eros. Sample Collection from Small Airless Bodies: Examination of Temperature Constraints for the TGIP. Sample Collector for the Hera Near-Earth Asteroid Sample Return Mission. A Rugged Miniature Mass-Spectrometer for Measuring Aqueous Geochemistry on Mars. Martian and Lunar Pyroxene Microstructures Studied by Single-Crystal X-Ray Diffraction.

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