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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 253 records · Page 14
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Al 2 O 3 Thin Films on Magnesium: Assessing the Impact of an Artificial Solid Electrolyte Interphase

Among the many emerging technologies under investigation as alternatives to the successful Lithium-ion battery, the magnesium battery is promising due to the wide availability of magnesium, its high volumetric capacity, and the possibility for safety improvements. One of the largest challenges facing rechargeable magnesium batteries is the formation of a passivation layer at the Mg metal anode interface when reactive species in the electrolyte are reduced at the electrode-electrolyte interface. To control the solid electrolyte interphase in Lithium batteries, protective layers called artificial solid electrolyte interphase (ASEI) layers have been successful in improving Li metal anode performance. The approach of protecting Mg metal anodes from electrolyte degradation has been demonstrated by fewer studies in the literature than Li systems. In this work, we discuss the properties of Al 2 O 3 thin films deposited using atomic layer deposition as an artificial solid electrolyte interphase at the Mg anode. Our results demonstrate that Al 2 O 3 does prevent electrolyte degradation due to the reductive nature of Mg. However, undesirable properties such as defects and layer breakdown lead to Mg growth that causes soft-shorting. The soft-shorting occurs with and without the protection layer, indicating the ALD layer does not prevent it and hinders Al 2 O 3 from being an ideal candidate for a protection layer. Crucial effects of this layer on Mg electrochemistry at the interface were observed, including growth of Mg deposits leading to soft-shorting of the cell whose morphology showed a dependence on the Al 2 O 3 layer. These results may provide guidelines for the future design and development of protective ASEI layers for Mg anodes.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Multiallelic, Targeted Mutagenesis of Magnesium Chelatase With CRISPR/Cas9 Provides a Rapidly Scorable Phenotype in Highly Polyploid Sugarcane

Genome editing with sequence-specific nucleases, such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9), is revolutionizing crop improvement. Developing efficient genome-editing protocols for highly polyploid crops, including sugarcane ( x = 10–13), remains challenging due to the high level of genetic redundancy in these plants. Here, we report the efficient multiallelic editing of magnesium chelatase subunit I ( MgCh ) in sugarcane. Magnesium chelatase is a key enzyme for chlorophyll biosynthesis. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted co-mutagenesis of 49 copies/alleles of magnesium chelatase was confirmed via Sanger sequencing of cloned PCR amplicons. This resulted in severely reduced chlorophyll contents, which was scorable at the time of plant regeneration in the tissue culture. Heat treatment following the delivery of genome editing reagents elevated the editing frequency 2-fold and drastically promoted co-editing of multiple alleles, which proved necessary to create a phenotype that was visibly distinguishable from the wild type. Despite their yellow leaf color, the edited plants were established well in the soil and did not show noticeable growth retardation. This approach will facilitate the establishment of genome editing protocols for recalcitrant crops and support further optimization, including the evaluation of alternative RNA-guided nucleases to overcome the limitations of the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) site or to develop novel delivery strategies for genome editing reagents.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2015

Development of a Thin-Wall Magnesium side door Inner Panel for Automobiles

Cast magnesium side door inner panels can provide a good combination of weight, functional, manufacturing and economical requirements. However, several challenges exist including casting technology for thin-wall part design, multi-material incompatibility and relatively low strength vs steel. A project has been initiated, supported by the US Department of Energy, to design and develop a lightweight frame-under-glass door having a thin-wall, full die-cast, magnesium inner panel. This development project is the first of its kind within North America. Phase I of the project is now complete and the 2.0mm magnesium design, through casting process enablers, has met or exceeded all stiffness requirements, with significant mass reduction and part consolidation. In addition, a corrosion mitigation strategy has been established using industry-accepted galvanic isolation methods and coating technologies.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Effect of hydromagnesite addition on the properties and water resistance of magnesium oxysulfate (MOS) cement

Magnesium oxysulfate (MOS) cement exhibits excessive cracking when exposed to water because of the reaction of residual MgO that forms extensive Mg(OH){sub 2}, which significantly limits the application breadth of MOS cement. This study investigates the effects of the addition of hydromagnesite ((MgCO{sub 3}){sub 4}·Mg(OH){sub 2}·4H{sub 2}O) on the hydration products of MOS cement and the microstructure and physical properties of MOS paste samples. It was found that the addition of hydromagnesite increased the compressive strength and water resistance of MOS cement. This effect is mainly due to the reaction between hydromagnesite and free MgO present in the cement that forms magnesium carbonate (MgCO{sub 3}·Mg(OH){sub 2}·3H{sub 2}O) and acts as an additional binding phase. The use of hydromagnesite as an additive for improving the water resistance of MOS cement leads to a decrease in the residual MgO content and improves the water stability of amorphous materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

THE MAGNESIUM ISOTOPOLOGUES OF MgH IN THE A {sup 2}{Pi}-X {sup 2}{Sigma}{sup +} SYSTEM

Using laboratory hollow cathode spectra we have identified lines of the less common magnesium isotopologues of MgH, {sup 25}MgH and {sup 26}MgH, in the A {sup 2}{Pi}-X {sup 2}{Sigma}{sup +} system. Based on the previous analysis of {sup 24}MgH, molecular lines have been measured and molecular constants derived for {sup 25}MgH and {sup 26}MgH. Term values and linelists, in both wavenumber and wavelength units, are presented. The A {sup 2}{Pi}-X {sup 2}{Sigma}{sup +} system of MgH is important for measuring the magnesium isotope ratios in stars. Examples of analysis using the new linelists to derive the Mg isotope ratio in a metal poor dwarf and giant are shown.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Mesoscale Modeling and Validation of Texture Evolution during Asymmetric Rooling and Static Recrystallization of Magnesium Alloy AZ31B

The focus of the present research is to develop an integrated deformation and recrystallization model for magnesium alloys at the microstructural length scale. It is known that in magnesium alloys nucleation of recrystallized grains occurs at various microstructural inhomogeneities such as twins and localized deformation bands. However, there is a need to develop models that can predict the evolution of the grain structure and texture developed during recrystallization and grain growth, especially when the deformation process follows a complicated deformation path such as in asymmetric rolling. The deformation model is based on a crystal plasticity approach implemented at the length scale of the microstructure that includes deformation mechanisms based on dislocation slip and twinning. The recrystallization simulation is based on a Monte Carlo technique that operates on the output of the deformation simulations. The nucleation criterion during recrystallization is based on the local stored energy and the Monte Carlo technique is used to simulate the growth of the nuclei due to local stored energy differences and curvature. The model predictions are compared with experimental data obtained through electron backscatter analysis and neutron diffraction.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Bioceramic Coating Produced on AZ80 Magnesium Alloy by One-Step Microarc Oxidation Process

A self-sealing bioceramic coating was prepared on AZ80 magnesium alloy by one-step microarc oxidation (MAO) in an alkaline silicate solution in the presence of HA nanoparticles and K{sub 2}TiF{sub 6}. The influence of oxidation time on the microstructure and corrosion resistance was investigated. The surface and cross-sectional morphologies of the coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, while their phase structure and chemical composition were obtained by x-ray diffraction analysis and energy-dispersive spectroscopy, respectively. The corrosion behavior of the coatings was evaluated by electrochemical measurements in a simulated body fluid. The results show that the self-sealing bioceramic coatings are mainly composed of MgO, MgF{sub 2}, Ti{sub 3}O{sub 5}, Mg{sub 2}SiO{sub 4}, and HA phases, which effectively improve the corrosion resistance of the AZ80 magnesium alloy. The added K{sub 2}TiF{sub 6} plays a key role in producing self-sealing coating, while the HA nanoparticles improve the bioactivity of the coating. Thus, the self-sealing bioceramic coating obtained by the one-step MAO process may develop into a suitable surface treatment technology for bone implants in clinical application.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

The impact of sulphate and magnesium on chloride binding in Portland cement paste

The effect of magnesium and sulphate present in sea water on chloride binding in Portland cement paste was investigated. Ground well hydrated cement paste was exposed to MgCl{sub 2}, NaCl, NaCl + MgCl{sub 2}, MgSO{sub 4} + MgCl{sub 2} and artificial sea water solutions with a range of concentrations at 20 °C. Chloride binding isotherms are determined and pH of the solutions were measured. A selection of samples was examined by SEM-EDS to identify phase changes upon exposure. The experimental data were compared with calculations of a thermodynamic model. Chloride binding from sea water was similar to chloride binding for NaCl solutions. The magnesium content in the sea water lead to a slight decrease in pH, but this did not result in a notable increase in chloride binding. The sulphate present in sea water reduces both chloride binding in C–S–H and AFm phases, as the C–S–H incorporates more sulphates instead of chlorides, and part of the AFm phases converts to ettringite.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Probing the limit of magnesium uptake by β-tricalcium phosphate in biphasic mixtures formed from calcium deficient apatites

A series of magnesium doped non-stoichiometric calcium deficient apatites were synthesized through an aqueous precipitation route. The resultant structural changes during heat treatment were investigated by X-ray diffraction, Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy and Rietveld refinement. The results confirmed the formation of biphasic mixtures comprising Ca{sub 10}(PO{sub 4}){sub 6}(OH){sub 2} and β-Ca{sub 3}(PO{sub 4}){sub 2} after heat treatment at 1000 °C with the preferential occupancy of Mg{sup 2+} at the crystal lattice of β-Ca{sub 3}(PO{sub 4}){sub 2}. The concentration of Mg{sup 2+} uptake in β-Ca{sub 3}(PO{sub 4}){sub 2} is limited till reaching the stoichiometric ratio of (Ca+Mg)/P=1.67 and beyond this stoichiometric value [(Ca+Mg)/P>1.67], Mg{sup 2+} precipitates as Mg(OH){sub 2} and thereafter gets converted to MgO during heat treatment. Any kind of Mg{sup 2+} uptake in the crystal lattice of Ca{sub 10}(PO{sub 4}){sub 6}(OH){sub 2} is discarded from the investigation. - Highlights: • Aqueous co-precipitation of calcium deficient apatites with excess magnesium (Mg{sup 2+}) additions. • Heat treatments beyond 800 °C results in the formation of biphasic apatite mixtures. • Mg{sup 2+} gets accommodated at the β-Ca{sub 3}(PO{sub 4}){sub 2} lattice of biphasic mixtures. • Mg{sup 2+} additions exceeding stoichiometric value (Ca/P>1.67) results in its formation as MgO. • Mg{sup 2+} occupancy at β-Ca{sub 3}(PO{sub 4}){sub 2} lattice delays its allotropic conversion α-Ca{sub 3}(PO{sub 4}){sub 2} till 1350 °C.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2011

Identification of an advanced constitutive model of Magnesium alloy AZ31B

The main aim of this paper is to study the flow behavior of the AZ31B magnesium alloy by means of tensile tests performed in extended ranges of temperature and strain rates. The flow stress-strain curves analyzed by power law type constitutive equation can only fit well with experimental curves at the work-hardening stage. A new mathematical model is studied to describe the softening behavior of material based on tensile experiments. The relative parameters are obtained by fitting the equation with the experimental data. The genetic algorithm has been used to obtain the global optimal fitting parameters. The comparison between the fitted and experimental data proves the effectiveness of the model. The results indicate that this model leads to a better simulation of the flow stress during the softening stage than that of the power law equation. Based on this model, the deep drawing process has been simulated with the commercial finite element code FORGE registered. The punch load and thickness distribution of AZ31 sheet have been studied. The study of the results is helpful to the application of the stamping technology for the magnesium alloy sheet.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2011

Experimental investigation of anisotropy evolution of AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets under tensile loading

Increasing demand for lighter final products has created new opportunities for the application of new light weight materials. Due to high strength to density ratio and good magnetic resistance properties, magnesium alloys are good candidates to replace steel and aluminum for same application. However, limited numbers of active slip deformation mechanisms, result in a decreased formability at room temperature. Furthermore, wrought magnesium alloys have an initial crystallographic texture, remained from the prior rolling operations, which makes them highly anisotropic. In this paper, tensile tests are performed at room temperature and 200 deg. C at different strain rates and orientations relative to the rolling direction, including rolling, 30 deg., 45 deg., 60 deg. and transverse orientation. The strain rates adopted for these experiments varied from 0.001 to 1.0. The testing results show the effect of temperature on the strain rate sensitivity of AZ31 sheets. The extent of deformation is continuously recorded using two separate high temperature extensometers. The results of testing show an increase in the r-values with the plastic deformation. The strain rate sensitivity of AZ31 increased as the temperature was elevated. At higher strain rates the measured r-values are larger and the slope of its evolution with the plastic strain is steeper.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Femtosecond laser-induced modification of potassium-magnesium silicate glasses: An analysis of structural changes by near edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy

The effects of femtosecond laser pulse irradiation on the glass structure of alkaline silicate glasses were investigated by x-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy using the beamline of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt at the electron synchrotron BESSY II in Berlin (Germany) by analyzing the magnesium K-edge absorption peak for different laser fluences. The application of fluences above the material modification threshold (2.1 J/cm{sup 2}) leads to a characteristic shift of {approx}1.0 eV in the K-edge revealing a reduced ({approx}3%) mean magnesium bond length to the ligated oxygen ions (Mg-O) along with a reduced average coordination number of the Mg ions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Effect of magnesium addition on structural and magnetic properties of NiO, Co{sub 3}O{sub 4} nanoparticles

Magnesium added NiO and Co{sub 3}O{sub 4} nanoparticles were prepared from microwave assisted method. The cubic phase natures of NiO, Co{sub 3}O{sub 4} nanoparticles have been ascertained from X-ray diffraction. XRD pattern reveals the size of the particles was reduced to quantum level for NiO than Co{sub 3}O{sub 4} due to the addition of magnesium ion. FTIR spectra have been performed to identify the vibration peaks of metal oxygen. Room temperature magnetic measurement ensures small ferromagnetic nature for Mg added NiO with higher saturation magnetization. superparamagnetic nature was examined for Mg added Co{sub 3}O{sub 4} nanoparticles.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2019

Enhancing thermochemical energy storage density of magnesium‐manganese oxides

Abstract Three approaches for enhancing the energy density of magnesium‐manganese oxide porous reactive materials for thermochemical energy storage (TCES) are investigated: adjusting the mole ratio, lowering the oxygen partial pressure during thermal reduction, and transition metal oxide doping. The manganese‐to‐magnesium molar ratios are varied to determine the composition yielding maximal energy density. The increase in energy density by lowering the oxygen partial pressure during the reduction step is also studied. Volumetric oxygen exchange capacities are measured for every case considered. Finally, the effects of doping magnesium‐manganese oxide with cobalt oxide, iron oxide, zinc oxide, and nickel oxide on the TCES properties are examined. We found the optimal Mn/Mg ratio for maximum volumetric energy density is in the vicinity of 1/1, achieving 1813 ± 175, 2178 ± 204, and 2323 ± 281 MJ m −3 for oxygen partial pressures of 0.2, 0.05, and 0.01 atm during thermal reduction, respectively; lowering the oxygen partial pressure below atmospheric during thermal reduction enhances oxygen exchange capacities and improves the energy density between 10%‐42% and 24%‐55% for oxygen partial pressures of 0.05 and 0.01 atm, respectively, with the greatest increases observed for high manganese content samples; and, doped samples exhibit reduced oxygen exchange and questionable reactive stability, thus appearing to reduce energy density.

King, Keith↗
DOE OSTI2017

Effect of alloying elements in magnesium on deformation twin characteristics

HCP magnesium metals are widely used in different industries due to their low density and high specific strength. Their applicability is restricted due to poor formability and high anisotropy in deformation behavior. The formability of magnesium can be improved by alloying additions and this modification can affect macroscopic plastic anisotropy. Alloying additions can also significantly control the twinning process. In this work we use a crystal plasticity based Fast Fourier Transform model to characterize deformation twinning in different alloy types. In the model, the influence of alloying additions is represented through their effect on the critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) values for all slip and twinning modes. From this study, we build an understanding of the influence of alloying elements on twin growth and twin transmission behavior. Lastly, a new plastic anisotropy measure is proposed to quantify the effects of alloying elements on some important twinning characteristics in magnesium alloys.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Review: Magnesium Sheet Alloy Development for Room Temperature Forming

Sheet metal forming operations in the automotive industry, including stamping, flanging, bending, hemming and trimming, are dominantly done at room temperature (RT). Unfortunately, the poor RT formability of magnesium due to its hexagonal close packed (HCP) structure and generally strong texture has limited the use of these processes in high-volume automotive production. However, the formability of magnesium can be improved via fine grain structure and random texture to enable some RT forming operations. Here, this paper presents the latest magnesium alloy development and evaluation by the United States Automotive Materials Partnership (USAMP) in collaboration with its university partners. A new sheet alloy developed in a recent USAMP project, ZAXME11100 (USAMP Alloy 2 Plus), offers excellent ductility (31% tensile elongation) and RT formability (7.8 mm Erichsen Index) in solution-treated condition (T4), and a high yield strength (270 MPa) upon post-forming aging treatment (T6), promising RT forming for automotive applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Impurity control and corrosion resistance of magnesium-aluminum alloy

The corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys is very sensitive to the contents of impurity elements such as iron. In this study, a series of diecast AXJ530 magnesium alloy samples were prepared with additions of Mn and Fe. Through a comprehensive phase diagram calculation and corrosion evaluation, the mechanisms for the tolerance limit of Fe in magnesium alloy are discussed. This adds a new dimension to control the alloying impurity in terms of alloying composition design and casting conditions.

Liu, M.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Synchrotron experiment and simulation studies of magnesium-steel interface manufactured by impact welding

The effective weight reduction in the automotive industry by the wide adoption of lightweight magnesium (Mg) alloys demands high-quality joint between magnesium alloys and massively-used steels in order to wring the excess weight with strength and safety assurance. However, Mg-steel joint is difficult to achieve because there is no mutual solubility between magnesium and steel and huge disparity in physical properties. An impact-based welding method recently showed successful Mg-steel joining. In this work, the characteristics of Mg-steel interface joined by the impact welding method were investigated. Synchrotron high-energy X-ray computed tomography and diffraction were applied to characterize the microstructure across Mg-steel interface. Results revealed a deposit layer formed at the joint interface where Fe-rich particles spread deep into the Mg matrix. High-resolution 3D morphology of Mg-steel interface demonstrated the trapped pores and cracks inside the deposit layer. Finally, the formation of the deposit layer and the void/cracking evolution were analyzed by using finite element models. These findings provide insights into the immiscible Mg-steel joining process.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗