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At least 253 records · Page 14
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1984

Geometrically nonlinear analysis of adhesively bonded joints

A geometrically nonlinear finite element analysis of cohesive failure in typical joints is presented. Cracked-lap-shear joints were chosen for analysis. Results obtained from linear and nonlinear analysis show that nonlinear effects, due to large rotations, significantly affect the calculated mode 1, crack opening, and mode 2, inplane shear, strain-energy-release rates. The ratio of the mode 1 to mode 2 strain-energy-release rates (G1/G2) was found to be strongly affected by the adhesive modulus and the adherend thickness. The ratios between 0.2 and 0.8 can be obtained by varying adherend thickness and using either a single or double cracked-lap-shear specimen configuration. Debond growth rate data, together with the analysis, indicate that mode 1 strain-energy-release rate governs debond growth. Results from the present analysis agree well with experimentally measured joint opening displacements. Previously announced in STAR as N83-13497

Dattaguru, B.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Deformations and strains in adhesive joints by moire interferometry

Displacement fields in a thick adherend lap joint and a cracked lap shear specimen were measured by high sensitivity moire interferometry. Contour maps of in-plane U and V displacements were obtained across adhesive and adherent surfaces. Loading sequences ranged from modest loads to near-failure loads. Quantitative results are given for displacements and certain strains in the adhesive and along the adhesive/adherend boundary lines. The results show nonlinear displacements and strains as a function of loads or stresses and they show viscoelastic or time-dependent response. Moire interferometry is an excellent method for experimental studies of adhesive joint performance. Subwavelength displacement resolution of a few micro-inches, and spatial resolution corresponding to 1600 fringes/inch (64 fringes/mm), were obtained in these studies. The whole-field contour maps offer insights not available from local measurements made by high sensitivity gages.

Post, D.↗
NASA NTRS1985

STPI/LARC: A 200 deg C polyimide adhesive

A copolyimide, STPI/LARC, was prepared from the reaction of 3,3'4'benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA), equimolar quantities of m-phenylenediamine and 4,4'-oxydianiline, and a small amount of phthalic anhydride to control the molecular weight. The processability and adhesive properties of STPI/LARC were compared to those of a commercially available form of LARC-TPI. LARC-TPI, a thermoplastic polyimide, from the reaction of BTDA and 3,3'-diaminobenzophenone, had previously shown promise as a high temperature structural adhesive. Lap shear specimens were fabricated using adhesive tape prepared from each of the two polymers. Lap shear tests were performed at room temperature, 177 C, and 204 C before and after exposure to a 72-hour water-boil and to aging at 204 C.

Progar, D. J.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Diffusion welding of MA 6000 and a conventional nickel-base superalloy

A feasibility study of diffusion welding the oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloy MA 6000 to itself and to conventional Ni-base superalloy Udimet 700 was conducted. Butt joints between MA 6000 pieces and lap joints between Udimet 700 and the ODS alloy were produced by hot pressing for 1.25 hr at temperatures ranging from 1000 to 1200 C (1832-2192 F) in vacuum. Following pressing, all weldments were heat treated and machined into mechanical property test specimens. While three different combinations of recrystallized and unrecrystallized MA 6000 butt joints were produced, the unrecrystallized to unrecrystallized joint was most successful as determined by mechanical properties and microstructural examination. Failure to weld the recrystallized material probably related to a lack of adequate deformation at the weld interface. While recrystallized MA 6000 could be diffusion welded to Udimet 700 in places, complete welding over the entire lap joint was not achieved, again due to the lack of sufficient deformation at the faying surfaces. Several methods are proposed to promote the intimate contact necessary for diffusion welding MA 6000 to itself and to superalloys.

Moore, T. J.↗
NASA NTRS1985

SEM/XPS analysis of fractured adhesively bonded graphite fibre-reinforced polyimide composites

The surfaces of the graphite fiber-reinforced polyimide composites presently pretreated prior to bonding with polyimide adhesive contained variable amounts of a fluoropolymer, as determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Lap shear strengths were determined for unaged samples and for those aged over 500- and 1000-hour periods at 177 and 232 C. Unaged sample lap strengths, which were the highest obtained, exhibited no variation with surface pretreatment, but a significant decrease is noted with increasing aging temperature. These thermally aged samples, however, had increased surface fluorine concentration, while a minimal concentration was found in unaged samples. SEM demonstrated a progressive shift from cohesive to adhesive failure for elevated temperature-aged composites.

Devilbiss, T. A.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Bonded joint strength - Static versus fatigue

Adhesives are commonly characterized only by their static strength even though they are used in structural joints that are subjected to fatigue loads. This paper reviews the relationship between static and fatigue strength for four different specimen types: single-lap-shear, edge-delamination, double cantilever beam, and cracked-lap-shear. It was found that the ratio of static strength to fatigue strength varied from 2.3 to 4.7, depending on the adhesive and specimen configuration.

Johnson, W. S.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Stress analysis of Pathfinder-2 models

Stress analysis of the Pathfinder 2 fighter model was performed to determine a method for leading- and trailing-edge attachment that gives acceptable stress levels. Structural modeling of the wing was done using the finite element code SPAR. For the models studied, one ordinary lap joint was found to be satisfactory for the leading-edge flap, however, the alternating surface segmented lap joint method fo attachment was necessary for the trailing-edge flap to obtain acceptable stress levels.

Mehrotra, S. C.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Adhesive evaluation of new polyimides

During the past 10 to 15 years, the Materials Division at NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) has developed several novel high temperature polyimide adhesives for anticipated needs of the aerospace industry. These developments have resulted from fundamental studies of structure-property relationships in polyimides. Recent research at LaRC has involved the synthesis and evaluation of copolyimides which incorporate both flexibilizing bridging groups and meta-linked benzene rings. The purpose was to develop systems based on low cost, readily available monomers. Two of these copolyimides evaluated as adhesives for bonding titanium alloy, Ti(6Al-4V), are identified as LARC-STPI and STPI-LARC-2. Lap shear strength (LSS) measurements were used to determine the strength and durability of the adhesive materials. LSS results are presented for LARC-TPI and LARC-STPI lap shear specimens thermally exposed in air at 232 C for up to 5000 hrs. LARC-TPI was shown to perform better than the copolymer LARC-STPI which exhibited poor thermooxidative performance possibly due to the amines used which would tend to oxidize easier than the benzophenone system in LARC-TPI.

Stclair, Terry L.↗
NASA NTRS1988

SEM/XPS analysis of fractured adhesively bonded graphite fibre surface resin-rich/graphite fibre composites

Samples of graphite fiber-reinforced polyimide were fabricated allowing the resin to accumulate at the composite surface. These surface resin-rich composites were then bonded together and tested for lap shear strength both before and after thermal aging. Lap shear strength did not appear to show a significant improvement over that previously recorded for resin-poor samples and was shown to decrease with increasing aging time and temperature.

Devilbiss, T. A.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Flexible backbone aromatic polyimide adhesives

Continuing research at Langley Research Center on the synthesis and development of new inexpensive flexible aromatic polyimides as adhesives has resulted in a material identified as LARC-F-SO2 with similarities to polyimidesulfone, PISO2, and other flexible backbone polyimides recently reported by Progar and St. Clair. Also prepared and evaluated was an endcapped version of PISO2. These two polymers were compared with LARC-TPI and LARC-STPI, polyimides research in our laboratory and reported in the literature. The adhesive evaluation, primarily based on lap shear strength (LSS) tests at RT, 177 C and 204 C, involved preparing adhesive tapes, conducting bonding studies and exposing lap shear specimens to 204 C air for up to 1000 hrs and to a 72-hour water boil. The type of adhesive failure as well as the Tg was determined for the fractured specimens. The results indicate that LARC-TPI provides the highest LSSs. LARC-F-SO2, LARC-TPI and LARC-STPI all retain their strengths after thermal exposure for 1000 hrs and PISO2 retains greater than 80 percent of its control strengths. After a 72-hr water boil exposure, most of the four adhesive systems showed reduced strengths for all test temperatures although still retaining a high percentage of their original strength (greater than 60 percent) except for one case. The predominant failure type was cohesive with no significant change in the Tgs.

Progar, Donald J.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Measurement of damping of graphite epoxy composite materials and structural joints

The damping capacity of graphite epoxy materials and structural joints was evaluated. The damping ratio of different composite specimens and bonded joints were systematically evaluated under normal atmospheric conditions and in a vacuum environment. Free and forced vibration test methods were employed for measuring the damping ratios. The effect of edge support conditions on the damping value of a composite tube specimen was studied by using a series of experiments performed on the specimen with different edge supports. It was found that simulating a free-free boundary conditions by having no constraints at the ends gives the lowest value of the material damping of the composite. The accuracy of the estimation of the damping ratio value was improved by using a curve-fitting technique on the response data obtained through measurement. The effect of outgassing (moisture desorption) on the damping capacity was determined by measuring the damping ratio of the tube specimen in a vacuum environment before and after outgassing had occurred. The effects of high and low temperatures on the damping was also investigated by using a series of experiments on tube and beam specimens. An analytical model to study the vibrations of a bonded lap joint system was formulated. Numerical results were generated for different overlap ratios of the system. These were compared with experimental results. In order to determine the influence of bonded joints on the material damping capacity, experiments were conducted on bonded lap-jointed and double-butt-jointed specimens. These experimental results were compared with simple beam specimens with no joints.

Crocker, Malcolm J.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Flexible backbone aromatic polyimide adhesives

Continuing research at Langley Research Center on the synthesis and development of new inexpensive flexible aromatic polyimides as adhesives has resulted in a material identified as LARC-F-SO2 with similarities to polyimidesulfone, PISO2, and other flexible backbone polyimides recently reported by Progar and St. Clair. Also prepared and evaluated was an endcapped version of PISO2. These two polymers were compared with LARC-TPI and LARC-STPI, polyimides research in our laboratory and reported in the literature. The adhesive evaluation, primarily based on lap shear strength (LSS) tests at RT, 177 C and 204 C, involved preparing adhesive tapes, conducting bonding studies and exposing lap shear specimens to 204 C air for up to 1000 hrs and to a 72-hour water boil. The type of adhesive failure as well as the Tg was determined for the fractured specimens. The results indicate that LARC-TPI provides the highest LSSs. LARC-F-SO2, LARC-TPI and LARC-STPI all retain their strengths after thermal exposure for 1000 hrs and PISO2 retains greater than 80 percent of its control strengths. After a 72-hr water boil exposure, most of the four adhesive systems showed reduced strengths for all test temperatures although still retaining a high percentage of their original strength (greater than 60 percent) except for one case. The predominant failure type was cohesive with no significant change in the Tgs.

Progar, Donald J.↗
NASA NTRS1991

A new method for measuring low resistivity contacts between silver and YBa2Cu3O(7-x) superconductor

Several methods of measuring contact resistivity between silver electrodes and YBa2Cu3O(7-x) superconductors were investigated; including the two-point, the three point, and the lap-joint methods. The lap-joint method was found to yield the most consistent and reliable results and is proposed as a new technique for this measurement. Painting, embedding, and melting methods were used to apply the electrodes to the superconductor. Silver electrodes produced good ohmic contacts to YBa2Cu3O(7-x) superconductors with contact resistivities as low as 1.9 x 10 to the -9th ohm sq cm.

Hsi, Chi-Shiung↗
NASA NTRS1991

Evaluation of Surlyn 8920 as PHE Visor Material and Evaluations of New Adhesives for Improving Bonding Between Teflon and Stainless Steel at Cryogenic Temperature

Two studies are presented, and in the first study, Surlyn 8920 (an ionic and amorphous low density polyethylene made by Dupont) was evaluated as a possible replacement of Plexyglass G as PHE visor material. Four formulations of the polymer were made by adding different amounts of UV stabilizer, energy quencher, and antioxident in a Brabender Plasticorder. The formulated polymers were molded in the form of sheets in a compression molder. Cut samples from the molded sheets were exposed in a weatherometer and tested on Instron Tensile Tester for strength and elongation. Specially molded samples of the formulated polymers were subjected to Charpy Impact Tests. In the second study, preliminary evaluations of adhesives for improvement of bonding between Teflon and stainless steel (SS) were performed. Kapton, a high temperature polyimide made by Dupont, and a rubber based adhesive made by Potter Paint Co., were evaluated against industrial quality epoxy, the current material used to bond Teflon and SS. The degreased surfaces of the SS discs were etched mechanically, with a few of these etched chemically. The surfaces of the SS discs were etched mechanically, with a few of these etched chemically. Bonding strengths were evaluated using lap shear tests on the Instron Tensile Tester for the samples bonded by Kapton and industrial quality epoxy. Bond strengths were also evaluated using a pull test on the Instron for the samples bonded by Potter adhesive (CWL-152) and industrial quality epoxy. Based on limited lap shear data, Kapton gave bond strength favorable compared to that of industrial epoxy. Based on limited pull test data, Kapton bonded and CWL-152 bonded samples showed poor strength compared to epoxy bonded sample.

Ray, Asit K.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Thermal conductance of augmented pressed metallic contacts at liquid helium temperatures

The thermal conductance of uncoated oxygen-free high conductivity (OFHC) copper, 6061-T6 aluminum, free-machining brass, and 304 stainless steel sample pairs which were augmented with a gold coated 6061-T6 aluminum washer inserted between the contact surfaces was measured over the temperature range of 1.6 to 6.0 K, with applied forces from 22 to 670 N. The contact surfaces of the sample pairs were prepared with a 0.8 micron lapped finish, while the finish of the aluminum washer was 0.2 micron lapped. The contribution to the overall thermal impedance by the bulk conductance of the aluminum washer was negligible. It was found that addition of the washer offered no significant conductance improvement over an uncoated single contact pair; any benefits from using the gold plated washer were counteracted by the addition of two more contact surfaces. Additionally, the thermal conductance of a 'combination' aluminum sample pair having one gold coated and one uncoated surface was measured and compared to the washer pair. The ratio of the conductance of the washer pair to half the conductance of the 'combination' pair was found to be constant and near unity over the temperature range of the data obtained, within experimental error.

Salerno, L. J.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Assured crew return vehicle post landing configuration design and test

The 1991-1992 senior Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Design class continued work on the post landing configurations for the Assured Crew Return Vehicle (ACRV) and the Emergency Egress Couch (EEC). The ACRV will be permanently docked to Space Station Freedom fulfilling NASA's commitment of Assured Crew Return Capability in the event of an accident or illness aboard Space Station Freedom. The EEC provides medical support and a transportation surface for an incapacitated crew member. The objective of the projects was to give the ACRV Project Office data to feed into their feasibility studies. Four design teams were given the task of developing models with dynamically and geometrically scaled characteristics. Groups one and two combined efforts to design a one-fifth scale model for the Apollo Command Module derivative, an on-board flotation system, and a lift attachment point system. This model was designed to test the feasibility of a rigid flotation and stabilization system and to determine the dynamics associated with lifting the vehicle during retrieval. However, due to priorities, it was not built. Group three designed a one-fifth scale model of the Johnson Space Center (JSC) benchmark configuration, the Station Crew Return Alternative Module (SCRAM) with a lift attachment point system. This model helped to determine the flotation and lifting characteristics of the SCRAM configuration. Group four designed a full scale EEC with changeable geometric and geometric and dynamic characteristics. This model provided data on the geometric characteristics of the EEC and on the placement of the CG and moment of inertia. It also gave the helicopter rescue personnel direct input to the feasibility study. Section 1 describes in detail the design of a one-fifth scale model of the Apollo Command Module Derivative (ACMD) ACRV. The objective of the ACMD Configuration Model Team was to use geometric and dynamic constraints to design a one-fifth scale working model of the Apollo Command Module Derivative (ACMD) configuration with a Lift Attachment Point (LAP) System. This model was required to incorporate a rigidly mounted flotation system and the egress system designed the previous academic year. The LAP system was to be used to determine the dynamic effects of locating the lifting points at different locations on the vehicle. The team was then to build and test the model; however, due to priorities, this did not occur. To better simulate the ACMD after a water landing, the nose cone section was removed and the deck area exposed. The areas researched during the design process were construction, center of gravity and moment of inertia, and lift attachment points.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1985

A thermoplastic copolyimide

A copolyimide, STPI/LARC, was prepared from the reaction of 3,3'4,4'-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA), equimolar quantities of m-phenylenediamine and 4,4'-oxydianiline, and a small amount of phthalic anhydride to control the molecular weight. The processability and adhesive properties of STPI/LARC were compared to those of a commercially available form of LARC-TPI. LARC-TPI, a thermoplastic polyimide, from the reaction of BTDA and 3,3'-diaminobenzophenone, had previously shown promise as a high temperature structural adhesive. Lap shear specimens were fabricated using adhesive tape prepared from each of the two polymers. Lap shear tests were performed at room temperature, 177 C, and 204 C before and after exposure to a 72-hour water-boil and to aging at 204 C.

Progar, D. J.↗