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Work Term Assignment Spring 2017

My tour in the Engineering Robotics directorate exceeded my expectations. I learned lessons about Creo, manufacturing and assembly, collaboration, and troubleshooting. During my first tour, last spring, I used Creo on a smaller project, but had limited experience with it before starting in the Dynamic Systems Test branch this spring. I gained valuable experience learning assembly design, sheet metal design and designing with intent for manufacturing and assembly. These skills came from working both on the hatch and the floor. I also learned to understand the intent of other designers on models I worked with. While redesigning the floor, I was modifying an existing part and worked to understand what the previous designer had done to make it fit with the new model. Through working with the machine shop and in the mock-up, I learned much more about manufacturing and assembly. I used a Dremel, rivet gun, belt sander, and countersink for the first time. Through taking multiple safety training for different machine shops, I learned new machine shop safety skills specific to each one. This semester also gave me new collaborative opportunities. I collaborated with engineers within my branch as well as with Human Factors and the building 10 machine shop. This experience helped me learn how to design for functionality and assembly, not only for what would be easiest in my designs. In addition to these experiences, I learned many lessons in troubleshooting. I was the first person in my office to use a Windows 10 computer. This caused unexpected issues with NASA services and programs, such as the Digital Data Management Server (DDMS). Because of this, I gained experience finding solutions to lockout and freeze issues as well as Creo specific settings. These will be useful skills to have in the future and will be implemented in future rotations. This co-op tour has motivated me more to finish my degree and pursue my academic goals. I intend to take a machining Career Gateway Elective in the Fall to improve my skills in building as well as designing with manufacturing intent. I am also inspired to take more mechatronics CGE courses before I graduate to learn more about the crossover between mechanical and electrical engineering. This semester, I worked on multiple projects and had the opportunity to learn from engineers of different disciplines. I became proficient in Creo 2.0, a program I had not used significantly before. I finished modifying the hatch for 3D print and made sizeable modifications to the nose floor support design. I also gained hands-on experience that will be useful in my engineering career in the future. I would consider all of these major achievements from this spring semester. Lastly, I learned to ask more questions and to search for the right people to find answers which I know will be a valuable skill in the future. This summer, I will be completing my last rotation in the Flight Operations Directorate at Ellington Air Field. After this last tour, I will be returning to school for the Fall, Spring and Summer. I will graduate in August of 2018. I am looking forward to learning more about the different jobs available to engineers. This division works directly with many different types of aircrafts and I am excited to learn more about this focus of engineering. The Aircraft Operations Division values team work greatly and I intend to improve my interpersonal skills by working with them this summer.

Sico, Mallory↗

Medical Decision Making in the Physician Hierarchy: A Pilot Pedagogical Evaluation

Context: Recently, The American College of Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) has included the medical decision making as a core competency in several specialties. To date, the ability to demonstrate and measure a pedagogical evolution of medical judgment in a medical education program has been limited. Objective: In this study we hope to examine differences in medical decision making ability of different physicians across their various stages of post-graduate hierarchy. Method: Physcians spanning a wide spectrum of scientific disciplines were recruited for three catagories: administrative physicians(AP) representing physcians with the most experience but mostly practice administratively; resident physicians completing their postgraduate medical training (RP) and seasoned attending physicians with mastery level experience (MP). Participants completed four medical simulations focused on abdominal pain: cholecystitis (CH) and renal colic(RC) and chest pain; Cardiac ischemia (STEMI) and pneumothorax (PX). Simulation were ordered randomly so that there was no systematic bias due to learning or to fatigue. The Medical judgment metric (MJM) was used to evaluate medical decision-making. Results: There were no significant differences between the AP, RP, and MP groups in the gender, race, ethnicity, education, and baseline heart rate. There was a significant (p=0.002) interaction effect for simulation time and RP group, 6.2 minutes (+/-1.58); MP group, 8.7 minutes (+/-2.46); and AP group, 10.3 minutes (+/-2.78). The RC MJM scores were significantly (P=0.10) worse in the AP group 12.3 (+/-2.66) then the RP 14.7(+/-1.15) and MP17.7 (+/-1.15) groups. In every simulation, the AP group MJM scores were worse on average (no significantly) compared to the MP and RP groups. The AP group was significantly (P=0.040) less likely to stabilize the subject in the RC simulation than MP and RP groups. Conclusion: There remains significant variability in the medical education and skill retention influences medical decision making throughout a physician's career.

Rosasco, John↗

NASA’s Student Airborne Science Activation for Minority Serving Institutions: Inaugural Program, Educational Outcomes, and Lessons Learned

The NASA Student Airborne Science Activation (SaSa) for Minority Serving Institutions (MSIs) held its inaugural summer research program for early career undergraduates interested in the Geosciences. SaSa is a NASA Science Activation funded 8-week summer internship program. Twenty-four first- and second-year undergraduates from MSIs across the U.S. participated in the summer program - June 6 to July 29, 2022. Students had the opportunity to gain hands-on research experience in all components of an airborne science campaign including flying on-board a NASA research aircraft to collect atmospheric measurements. Students conducted independent research projects related to the atmosphere, ocean, and geosciences that feed into NASA’s broader Earth Science Division’s and Decadal Survey goals using air quality, meteorological, and oceanic measurements from surface, airborne, and satellite-based observations. The program split its time between partner institution, University of Maryland Baltimore County and NASA’s Wallops Flight Facility in Wallops Island, Virginia. Students also made site visits at partner institutions, including: Hampton University, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Morgan State University, Howard University, and Coppin State University and attended lectures from visiting faculty and NASA Subject Matter Experts. Students were guided on their research projects by near-peer graduate mentors, SaSa program leadership, co-Is at partner institutions, and NASA scientists to address two major research themes: 1) how human-caused air pollution has human and environmental implications, and 2) how large-scale meteorological factors influence local weather conditions. Students sorted into research groups, based on sub-discipline areas in the Geosciences, including: “Clouds, Aerosols and Radiation”, “Meteorology and Planetary Boundary Layer”, “Air Quality: Particle Pollution and Trace Gases”, and “Air-Water-Land Interface”. Their research was presented as 3-minute lightning talks and in-person poster presentations at a close-out event at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. The students’ inter- and trans-disciplinary research experiences centered in the use of multiple ground, airborne, and satellite remote sensing NASA Earth Science Division assets. Providing a unique experience aligned to recognize the societal benefits that NASA contributes in the areas of resource management, air quality monitoring and policy decisions, energy and weather predictions, and research on the Earth’s climate. The SaSa program aims to increase the number of students from MSIs that identify as underrepresented or underserved individuals in the Geosciences discipline, Earth System Science graduate programs, and the NASA workforce. A summary of the summer research program, educational, scientific, and programmatic outcomes, as well as lessons learned will be presented.

NASA↗

NASA's Heliophysics Flight Opportunities in Research and Technology Program

The Heliophysics Flight Opportunities in Research and Technology (H-FORT) program performs space and science and science-enabling investigations that use platforms including Small Satellites, CubeSats, Hosted Rideshare Payloads, and International Space Station (ISS) attached payloads. The H-FORT program encourages the development of technologies that will enable investigation of heliophysics science questions. The program also encourages the use of innovation, commercially available spaceflight hardware, rideshare launch opportunities, and high risk to drive the cost of achieving science to a fraction of what was previously possible. H-FORT missions also provide an opportunity for preparing future leaders of NASA spaceflight missions and most missions are supported by academic institutions and involve both graduate and under-graduate students. Since starting the program in 2013, 27 missions have been awarded, twelve missions and seventeen spacecraft have flown, three missions are waiting for launch, eleven missions are in development, and one mission was not completed as planned. This paper will provide an overview of the Heliophysics Flight Opportunities in Research and Technology (H-FORT) program and will provide a summary of the missions that have been awarded. This will include mission successes, challenges, failures, and lessons learned.

Thomas E. Johnson↗

Transforming U.S. Particle Physics Education: A Snowmass 2021 Study

The pursuit of knowledge in particle physics requires constant learning. As new tools become available, new theories are developed, and physicists search for new answers with ever-evolving methods. However, it is the case that formal educational systems serve as the primary training grounds for particle physicists. Graduate school (and undergraduate school to a lesser extent) is where researchers learn most of the technical skills required for research, develop scientific problem-solving abilities, learn how to establish themselves in their field, and begin developing their career. It is unfortunate, then, that the skills gained by physicists during their formal education are often mismatched with the skills actually required for a successful career in physics. We performed a survey of the U.S. particle physics community to determine the missing elements of graduate and undergraduate education and to gauge how to bridge these gaps. In this contributed paper, part of the 2021-22 Snowmass Community Planning Exercise, we report the results of this survey. We also recommend several specific community actions to improve the quality of particle physics education; the "community" here refers to physics departments, national labs, professional societies, funding agencies, and individual physicists.

Bitter, O.↗

Nuclear Criticality Safety Pipeline Course with Hands-On Experimental Training at Lawrence Livermore's Inherently Safe Subcritical Assembly Training Center

The Nuclear Criticality Safety Divisions at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) have partnered with Prof. Massimiliano Fratoni of the University of California Berkeley to offer a semester long course on nuclear criticality safety. This course is part of a larger pipeline project among many of the Department of Energy (DOE) laboratories designed to stimulate student interest in the field of criticality safety. The course focuses on teaching the fundamentals of criticality safety, familiarity with national and consensus standards, and preparing criticality safety evaluations. Students also receive hands-on experience with special nuclear material by performing experiments with the Inherently Safe Subcritical Assembly (ISSA) at LLNL. Guest lectures are taught remotely and in-person by criticality safety engineers at LLNL and LANL, giving students an opportunity to interact with professionals in the field. The students complete a semester long project involving developing and writing a criticality safety evaluation. As universities tend to focus heavily on nuclear power and advanced nuclear reactor design, this course gives students a better understanding and perspective of what criticality safety entails. The goal of this pipeline course is to introduce students to criticality safety as another available field for nuclear engineers. It is also a way for criticality safety programs to identify talented students who have the interest and aptitude to work in criticality safety for hire upon graduation. LLNL and LANL have both hosted past students as summer students, participated in student's graduate projects, and hired students as criticality safety engineers. This has provided a unique opportunity for criticality safety programs to spot young talent with better retention outcomes.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Continued Validation Studies using the MOOSE Framework for Plasma Simulation with Electromagnetics

Resources and tools for the modeling and simulation of low-temperature plasma (LTP) discharges are increasingly vital to progress in the field in order to properly characterize and study complex source designs and plasma chemistries beyond the scope of traditional diagnostics. Open-source software provides powerful platforms for this work and can enable community-driven LTP R&D. Within the Multiphysics Object-Oriented Simulation Environment (MOOSE) open-source framework [1], capabilities have been demonstrated in the areas of plasma fluids (Zapdos [2]), plasma chemistry (CRANE [3]), and general electromagnetic wave theory (Electromagnetic Library for Kinetics & fluids [ELK] [4]). ELK has since been coupled to Zapdos/CRANE to enable fully coupled electromagnetic plasma simulations. This talk will detail the continued validation efforts and discuss Zapdos-ELK-CRANE code coupling with various-low temperature plasma sources. The impact of fully coupled electromagnetics on process parameters (e.g., temperature and electron/ion energy) versus an electrostatic description will also be discussed. [1] Permann et al., SoftwareX, 11 (2020) 100430. [2] Lindsay et al., J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 49 (2016) 235204. [3] Keniley et al., Talk, GEC Session DT3.00002 (2019). [4] Icenhour et al., Talk, GEC Session RR1.00006 (2019). Acknowledgements: INL Graduate Fellowship Program, NSF SI2 Grant 1740300, U.S. Dept. of Energy Office of Science Graduate Student Research Program

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Investing in STEM Benefits Community, Company, and Industry - 20243

Like many organizations and groups, the Department of Energy Environmental Management program and the nuclear industry are facing an aging employee population and record numbers of employee retirements. This 'silver tsunami' of retirees means the industry as a whole is recruiting graduates at a fast pace. So, how do we ensure the nuclear industry has a robust pipeline of graduates with the necessary background? Fluor Idaho's investment in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education programs helps promote the next generation of technical professionals, benefiting both the company and the industry. Through community outreach initiatives and student mentoring programs, Fluor Idaho promotes kids' interest in STEM. The programs are designed to spark STEM interest in grade school and then foster and grow that interest through high school and higher education. After igniting student excitement about STEM topics in school, Fluor Idaho focuses on providing work-specific opportunities including mentoring and intern programs. These programs give students a better look at real-world job opportunities while still stimulating their interest in STEM. These programs ultimately provide career opportunities for the students and a pipeline of workers. Fluor Idaho's strategy for its summer interns has been to place students in a wide variety of projects - from the commissioning of a first-of-a-kind nuclear processing facility, to operating nuclear waste management facilities, to developing computer programs and applications - and give them responsibilities that make them feel like valued contributors. This approach has created a positive and rewarding summer-intern program experience for the students. Fluor Idaho's investment in its future today is reducing the knowledge gap - or cliff - that many contractors in the nuclear industry are facing. It's a worthwhile investment that is readily visible within its many cleanup projects. The next generation of technical professionals is making an impact now - benefiting both the company and the nuclear industry. This paper will review Fluor Idaho's programs, including STEM community outreach and education and mentoring programs. It will also present statistics about the reach of those programs and their successes. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

Summary of the the 11th Symposium of the International Society of Root Research

11th Symposium of the International Society of Root Research (ISRR11) and the 9th International Symposium on Root Development (Rooting2021) - Root Biology Never Sleeps virtual meeting May 24 - 28. These meetings are generally held in separate years. However, because of travel restrictions imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic, the organizing committees of both symposia decided to host the two meetings as a fully-joint and virtual-only conference. Various time zones were considered when developing the schedule, as live interactions was an important focus. Scientific sessions were held from 3 a.m. to 10 p.m. US Central Daylight Time (CDT) to meet the international demand. More than 700 participants from 52 countries virtually attend both events which featured 74 talks in 16 sessions including: 10 plenary lectures, 16 keynote speakers and 48 selected talks. Additionally, nearly 300 posters were presented in nine poster sessions. The meeting also featured an Ambassador Program with 21 ambassadors from 10 countries. These ambassadors organized a half-day pre-symposium workshop and produced a review of the meeting for “New Phytologist”. The meeting also awarded a Lifetime Award to Dr. Wendy Silk (Prof. Emerita University of California, Davis). Committee Members: • Bob Sharp (Chair) – University of Missouri • Felix Fritschi (Chair, Int’l Program Committee) – University of Missouri • David Braun – University of Missouri • Vicki Bryan – University of Missouri • Rich Ferrieri – University of Missouri • Laura Greeley – University of Missouri (postdoctoral representative) • Ali Housh – University of Missouri (graduate student representative) • Allison Miller – Donald Danforth Plant Science Center and St Louis University • Mel Oliver – University of Missouri • Jonathan Stemmle – University of Missouri • Gus Thies – University of Missouri & Donald Danforth Plant Science Center (graduate student representative) • Chris Topp - Donald Danforth Plant Science Center

Root Biology↗

Experiments and Project-Based Enhancements for STEM Learning: Preprint

Motivating k-12 students to pick a career in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) is an effort that requires consistent attention. At different points in time, STEM educators need to pivot themselves and update educational materials to consistently motivate the next generation of k-12 students to enter into STEM careers. Once they enter undergraduate education, universities need to motivate their undergraduates students to consider graduate studies to ensure qualified human resources can be developed for research, and teaching. We present in this paper, our work on developing STEM materials for k-12 students targeting grid integration of hydrogen assets. This paper also presents our work on leveraging open source distribution system model, digital real time simulation tool to create projects for undergraduate students and motivate their interest in research topics, and enter into graduate level education.

electro-magnetic transients↗

Production of High Specific Activity 155 Tb, 161 Tb and 203 Pb for Research and Clinical Applications: Effective Target Design, Target Material Recycling and Radioisotope Separation (Final Technical Report)

The overall objectives of this project were (1) to develop methods for the production and separation of a diagnostic and therapeutic or “theranostic” pair of radioisotopes, terbium-155 ( 155 Tb) and terbium-161 ( 161 Tb) and (2) to train graduate students and postdoctoral fellows in technologies and methods used in radionuclide production. Radionuclides can be incorporated into drugs called radiopharmaceuticals that target a specific disease (e.g., cancer). The need for theranostic radionuclides is escalating with the clinical translation of radiopharmaceuticals due to their implementation in personalized medicine, which has demonstrated enhanced patient treatments. High purity and high specific activity radionuclides are critical for theranostic agent development, for example to maintain diagnostic image quality, to minimize radiation dose to the patient, and to increase uptake in the targeted tissue (e.g., tumor), especially in the case of receptor- and antigen-targeted agents. The 155 Tb (diagnostic) and 161 Tb (therapeutic) radioisotopes that were generated through this project are a theranostic pair with demonstrated potential for the development and translation into individualized, targeted, and dosimetry-driven radiotherapies. However, the development of such radiotherapies has been hindered by the lack of a routine and reliable supply of these isotopes in the United States. Methods for the production, separation, and supply of 155 Tb and 161 Tb were investigated and developed in this project. Further, the strong emphasis throughout the project on the training of graduate students and postdoctoral fellows has helped to ensure and enhance the nuclear science workforce through the training of the next generation of highly qualified scientists in nuclear and radiochemistry. This grant also continued a collaboration between scientists at the University of Washington (UW), the University of Missouri (MU) and Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). All three institutions were involved in the project, but to different degrees on the various tasks through which the overall objectives were met.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗

Honoring Ken Nash: A Solution Chemistry Extraordinaire, Professor, Mentor, and my Friend

Back when I was a graduate student, Professor Nash told me, “The easy stuff is OK, but don’t be afraid to take on the hard research problems.” Since then, I have embraced this approach to research, and throughout the years, it has emboldened me to not shy away from, or give up on research projects with significant challenges. This is just one example of Ken’s influence on not only me, but the many graduate students who studied under his guidance. This presentation will survey some of the projects I have been involved in at Idaho National Laboratory since leaving Ken’s research group at Washington State University in 2011. It is my hope that his influence shines through.

38 RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY, AND NUCLEA↗

Ultrafast Laser Pulse Generation by Mode Locking: MATLAB-Based Demonstrations

Ultrafast laser spectroscopy is a valuable and increasingly accessible technique for studies of rapid chemical reactions. Critical to ultrafast spectroscopy is the concept of mode locking, a technique that enables a fixed phase relationship between laser modes, resulting in laser pulses with very short duration (in the fs or ps range). Despite the increasing importance of ultrafast lasers in chemistry, the introduction of key concepts behind their operation into the undergraduate and graduate chemistry coursework has been limited. To help the incorporation of these topics into chemistry courses, we report here a hands-on activity that helps students develop an intuitive understanding of the factors that impact electromagnetic wave evolution in optical cavities and the process of mode locking. We first provide the theoretical background by introducing cavity modes and contrasting them with well-known propagating electromagnetic waves. We then explore what happens when modes are added and how the relative phase between the modes affects their behavior. In the second section of this report, three teaching modules are provided, along with associated MATLAB codes and animated images, that can be used in the classroom to introduce concepts of cavity modes and mode locking. These teaching modules start by contrasting propagating electromagnetic waves with cavity modes and then illustrate what happens when multiple modes are present in the cavity and how the relative phase between the modes affects the overall electromagnetic field in the cavity.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Teaching Nonradiative Transitions with MATLAB and Python

Nonradiative transitions are changes in energy states of atoms, ions, or molecules that do not involve the emission or absorption of photons. Despite their importance in understanding luminescent properties and photochemical reaction mechanisms, nonradiative transitions are rarely given more than a qualitative overview in undergraduate and even graduate physical chemistry curricula. To supplement the coverage of nonradiative transition topics, we provide here a set of active learning exercises to help students develop an intuitive understanding of the factors that determine the rate of nonradiative transitions. Here, we start by outlining the theoretical background through the formulations of the Franck–Condon factor and its relation to the rate of nonradiative transition. We then introduce three teaching modules, with associated MATLAB and Python codes, to explore how (1) the excited state nuclear displacement, (2) the electronic energy gap between excited and ground state and (3) the excited/ground state vibrational mode frequencies affect the magnitude of the Franck–Condon factor and thereby the rate of nonradiative transitions. The wave function overlap plots that accompany all teaching modules provide direct visualization of the effect of input parameters on the magnitude of Franck–Condon overlap integral.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

In the Mix : A Workshop Merging Computational Chemistry and Electrochemistry Alongside Data Science

As chemistry expands to more complex and interdisciplinary areas, a new generation of diverse researchers must engage with science and learn effective cross-disciplinary collaboration and communication. To these ends, we designed and implemented In the Mix, a graduate student-led, two-day workshop for undergraduate students promoting collaborative science in the context of energy storage innovations. Here, the interactive workshop was designed for future and emerging researchers to gain hands-on experience with data science, computational chemistry, and electrochemistry techniques that are critical for developing materials for battery technologies. Participants also visited commercial renewable energy facilities to help them connect discovery-based research with industry and broader societal considerations. The workshop content and structure ensured that participants experienced the interrelatedness of the fields and understood the importance of collaborative research to yield scientific advances with real-world applications. An external team evaluated the workshop and participants’ perceptions of their experiences. While our research context was energy storage, the workshop goals and outcomes are applicable to other contexts. Interdisciplinary, experiential workshops are a key avenue to broadening participation in science and research, and the ideas presented here can be readily modified for other scientific contexts and/or incorporated as broader impact activities.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

Nikki A. Thiele

“The best advice I have ever been given is: ‘The faster you go, the behinder you get.’ This was a favorite phrase of my graduate school advisor, and one that I say often to myself, even years later… My biggest inspiration is my father, Wayne Thiele, who taught me how to work hard and never give up…” Here, find out more about Nikki Thiele in her Introducing… Profile.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

Integrative teaching of metabolic modeling and flux analysis with interactive python modules

Abstract The modeling of rates of biochemical reactions—fluxes—in metabolic networks is widely used for both basic biological research and biotechnological applications. A number of different modeling methods have been developed to estimate and predict fluxes, including kinetic and constraint‐based (Metabolic Flux Analysis and flux balance analysis) approaches. Although different resources exist for teaching these methods individually, to‐date no resources have been developed to teach these approaches in an integrative way that equips learners with an understanding of each modeling paradigm, how they relate to one another, and the information that can be gleaned from each. We have developed a series of modeling simulations in Python to teach kinetic modeling, metabolic control analysis, 13C‐metabolic flux analysis, and flux balance analysis. These simulations are presented in a series of interactive notebooks with guided lesson plans and associated lecture notes. Learners assimilate key principles using models of simple metabolic networks by running simulations, generating and using data, and making and validating predictions about the effects of modifying model parameters. We used these simulations as the hands‐on computer laboratory component of a four‐day metabolic modeling workshop and participant survey results showed improvements in learners' self‐assessed competence and confidence in understanding and applying metabolic modeling techniques after having attended the workshop. The resources provided can be incorporated in their entirety or individually into courses and workshops on bioengineering and metabolic modeling at the undergraduate, graduate, or postgraduate level.

Kaste, Joshua A. M.↗

Meeting Report on the 3rd Chinese American Society for Mass Spectrometry Conference—Advancing Biological and Pharmaceutical Mass Spectrometry

Following the highly successful Chinese American Society for Mass Spectrometry (CASMS) conferences in the previous 2 years, the 3rd CASMS Conference was held virtually on August 28–31, 2023, using the Gather. Town platform to bring together scientists in the MS field. The conference offered a 4-day agenda with a scientific program consisting of two plenary lectures, and 14 parallel symposia in which a total of 70 speakers presented technological innovations and their applications in proteomics and biological MS and metabo-lipidomics and pharmaceutical MS. In addition, 16 invited speakers/panelists presented at two research-focused and three career development workshops. Moreover, 86 posters, 12 lightning talks, 3 sponsored workshops, and 11 exhibitions were presented, from which 9 poster awards and 2 lightning talk awards were selected. Furthermore, the conference featured four young investigator awardees to highlight early-career achievements in MS from our society. In conclusion, the conference provided a unique scientific platform for young scientists (i.e. graduate students, postdocs, and junior faculty/investigators) to present their research, meet with prominent scientists, learn about career development, and job opportunities (http://casms.org).

96 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND PRESERVATION↗