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At least 253 records · Page 14
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DOE OSTI2015

Generally covariant vs. gauge structure for conformal field theories

We introduce the natural lift of spacetime diffeomorphisms for conformal gravity and discuss the physical equivalence between the natural and gauge natural structure of the theory. Accordingly, we argue that conformal transformations must be introduced as gauge transformations (affecting fields but not spacetime point) and then discuss special structures implied by the splitting of the conformal group. -- Highlights: •Both a natural and a gauge natural structure for conformal gravity are defined. •Global properties and natural lift of spacetime transformations are described. •The possible definitions of physical state are considered and discussed. •The gauge natural theory has less physical states than the corresponding natural one. •The dynamics forces to prefer the gauge natural structure over the natural one.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2018

Construction and applications of the manifestly gauge invariant expressions of the solutions of the cosmological perturbation theory

After giving how to construct the gauge invariant perturbation variable in an arbitrarily high order and in the arbitrary background spacetime, we consider the manifestly gauge invariant theory of the cosmological perturbations in the long wavelength limit with the spatially flat homogeneous isotropic universe being the background spacetime. In the previous paper, the physical laws, such as the evolution equations, the constraint equations and the junction conditions become manifestly gauge invariant, by writing them in terms of only the single time background/scalar like objects defined by our previous paper. In the present paper, by extending our definition of the background/scalar like objects from the single time case to the many time case and by writing the solution of the physical law in the form where many time background/scalar like objects are vanishing, the solutions become the manifestly gauge invariant. We derive the formula changing the bases of the many time background/scalar like objects by which we can change the time slices for many times appearing in the solution including the initial time and the final time. We use this formula to our treatment of the evolution of the several slow rolling scalar fields using the τ function introduced by our previous paper. In the manifestly gauge invariant manner, we discuss the solution of the many step reheating, that is, the reheating with the arbitrarily many energy transfer steps. Using the energy density ρ as the evolution parameter, we discuss how well the junction model in which the energy transfers from the oscillatory scalar field fluid to the radiation fluid are described by the metric junctions approximates the reheating process described by the differential equations with the decay terms. By using the useful parametrization of the many step reheating, we manifestly prove that in the many step reheating system where any initial perturbation of each component does not become extremely large compared with the initial perturbations of the other components, compared with the effects of the prominent fluctuation generation processes the nearest to the present time the effects of all the fluctuations generated by the previous fluctuation generation processes become negligibly small. Therefore it can be concluded that in order to know the first/second order Bardeen parameters at the present time it is sufficient to calculate only the effects of the fluctuation of the scalar field fluid which becomes energetically dominant lastly (the curvaton mechanism) and the fluctuation of the decay parameter by which this scalar field fluid decays into the radiation (the modulated reheating mechanism).

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2010

Yang-Mills equations of motion for the Higgs sector of SU(3)-equivariant quiver gauge theories

We consider SU(3)-equivariant dimensional reduction of Yang-Mills theory on spaces of the form RxSU(3)/H, with H equals either SU(2)xU(1) or U(1)xU(1). For the corresponding quiver gauge theory, we derive the equations of motion and construct some specific solutions for the Higgs fields using different gauge groups. Specifically, we choose the gauge groups U(6) and U(8) for the space RxCP{sup 2}, as well as the gauge group U(3) for the space RxSU(3)/U(1)xU(1), and derive Yang-Mills equations for the latter one using a spin connection endowed with a nonvanishing torsion. We find that a specific value for the torsion is necessary in order to obtain nontrivial solutions of Yang-Mills equations. Finally, we take the space RxCP{sup 1}xCP{sup 2} and derive the equations of motion for the Higgs sector for the U(3m+3) gauge theory.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2010

Gauge Fixing in the Maxwell Like Gravitational Theory in Minkowski Spacetime and in the Equivalent Lorentzian Spacetime

In a previous paper we investigate a Lagrangian field theory for the gravitational field, which is there represented by a section {l_brace}g{sup {alpha}}{r_brace} of the coframe bundle over Minkowski spacetime (M{approx_equal}R{sup 4},g ring, D ring,{tau}{sub g{sup ring}},{up_arrow}). Such theory, under appropriate conditions, has been proved to be equivalent to a Lorentzian spacetime structure (M{approx_equal}R{sup 4},g,D,{tau}{sub g},{up_arrow}) where the metric tensor g satisfies the Einstein field equation. Here, we first recall that according to quantum field theory ideas gravitation is described by a Lagrangian theory of a possible massive graviton field (generated by matter fields and coupling also to itself) living in Minkowski spacetime. The massive graviton field is moreover supposed to be represented by a symmetric tensor field h carrying the representations of spin two and zero of the Lorentz group. Such a field, then (as it is well known) must necessarily satisfy the gauge condition given by Eq.(10) below. Next, we introduce an ansatz relating h with the 1-form fields {l_brace}g{sup {alpha}}{r_brace}. Then, using the Clifford bundle formalism we derive from our Lagrangian theory the exact wave equation for the graviton and investigate the role of the gauge condition given by Eq.(10) by asking the question: does Eq.(10) fix any gauge condition for the field g of the effective Lorentzian spacetime structure (M{approx_equal}R{sup 4},g,D,{tau}{sub g},{up_arrow}) that represents the field h in our theory? We show that no gauge condition is fixed a priory, as it is the case in General Relativity. Moreover we prove that if we use Logunov gauge condition, i.e., D ring{sub {gamma}}({radical}-detgg{sup {gamma}{kappa}} = 0) then only a restricted class of coordinate systems (including harmonic ones) are allowed by the theory.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Identification of Family Non-universal Gauge Bosons in High-energy Electron-positron Collisions

We examine effects on measurable observables in e{sup +}e{sup -} collisions resulting from the existence of additional neutral gauge bosons originating in extensions of the standard model. In particular, we consider family non-universal neutral gauge bosons occurring in the minimal supersymmetric standard model and in the Sp(6){sub L} x U(1){sub Y} model, as well as other theoretically motivated popular neutral gauge bosons. We show how the proper employment of the generation-dependent couplings of the extra gauge boson, and the appropriate adjustment of the beam polarization, not only improved the identification of the models but also enhanced the discovery potential of the family non-universal extra gauge bosons.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Gauge invariance and canonical quantization in the nucleon internal structure

It is unavoidable to deal with the quark and gluon momentum and angular momentum contributions to the nucleon momentum and spin in the study of nucleon internal structure. However, we never have the quark and gluon momentum, orbital angular momentum and gluon spin operators which satisfy both the gauge invariance and the canonical momentum and angular momentum commutation relations. A new set of quark and gluon momentum, orbital angular momentum and spin operators, which satisfy both the gauge invariance and canonical momentum and angular momentum commutation relations, are proposed. The key point to achieve such a proper decomposition is to separate the gauge potential into the pure gauge and the gauge covariant parts. The same conflicts also exist in QED and quantum mechanics and have been solved in the same manner. The impacts of this new decomposition to the nucleon internal structure study are discussed.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Gauge properties of the guiding center variational symplectic integrator

Variational symplectic algorithms have recently been developed for carrying out long-time simulation of charged particles in magnetic fields [H. Qin and X. Guan, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 035006 (2008); H. Qin, X. Guan, and W. Tang, Phys. Plasmas (2009); J. Li, H. Qin, Z. Pu, L. Xie, and S. Fu, Phys. Plasmas 18, 052902 (2011)]. As a direct consequence of their derivation from a discrete variational principle, these algorithms have very good long-time energy conservation, as well as exactly preserving discrete momenta. We present stability results for these algorithms, focusing on understanding how explicit variational integrators can be designed for this type of system. It is found that for explicit algorithms, an instability arises because the discrete symplectic structure does not become the continuous structure in the t{yields}0 limit. We examine how a generalized gauge transformation can be used to put the Lagrangian in the 'antisymmetric discretization gauge,' in which the discrete symplectic structure has the correct form, thus eliminating the numerical instability. Finally, it is noted that the variational guiding center algorithms are not electromagnetically gauge invariant. By designing a model discrete Lagrangian, we show that the algorithms are approximately gauge invariant as long as A and {phi} are relatively smooth. A gauge invariant discrete Lagrangian is very important in a variational particle-in-cell algorithm where it ensures current continuity and preservation of Gauss's law [J. Squire, H. Qin, and W. Tang (to be published)].

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2012

Flavor mixing in gauge-Higgs unification

Gauge-Higgs unification is the fascinating scenario solving the hierarchy problem without supersymmetry. In this scenario, the Standard Model (SM) Higgs doublet is identified with extra component of the gauge field in higher dimensions and its mass becomes finite and stable under quantum corrections due to the higher dimensional gauge symmetry. On the other hand, Yukawa coupling is provided by the gauge coupling, which seems to mean that the flavor mixing and CP violation do not arise at it stands. In this talk, we discuss that the flavor mixing is originated from simultaneously non-diagonalizable bulk and brane mass matrices. Then, this mechanism is applied to various flavor changing neutral current (FCNC) processes via Kaluza-Klein (KK) gauge boson exchange at tree level and constraints for compactification scale are obtained.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Six-dimensional (1,0) superconformal models and higher gauge theory

We analyze the gauge structure of a recently proposed superconformal field theory in six dimensions. We find that this structure amounts to a weak Courant-Dorfman algebra, which, in turn, can be interpreted as a strong homotopy Lie algebra. This suggests that the superconformal field theory is closely related to higher gauge theory, describing the parallel transport of extended objects. Indeed we find that, under certain restrictions, the field content and gauge transformations reduce to those of higher gauge theory. We also present a number of interesting examples of admissible gauge structures such as the structure Lie 2-algebra of an abelian gerbe, differential crossed modules, the 3-algebras of M2-brane models, and string Lie 2-algebras.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Uniqueness of the gauge invariant action for cosmological perturbations

In second order perturbation theory different definitions are known of gauge invariant perturbations in single field inflationary models. Consequently the corresponding gauge invariant cubic actions do not have the same form. Here we show that the cubic action for one choice of gauge invariant variables is unique in the following sense: the action for any other, non-linearly related variable can be brought to the same bulk action, plus additional boundary terms. These boundary terms correspond to the choice of hypersurface and generate extra, disconnected contributions to the bispectrum. We also discuss uniqueness of the action with respect to conformal frames. When expressed in terms of the gauge invariant curvature perturbation on uniform field hypersurfaces the action for cosmological perturbations has a unique form, independent of the original Einstein or Jordan frame. Crucial is that the gauge invariant comoving curvature perturbation is frame independent, which makes it extremely helpful in showing the quantum equivalence of the two frames, and therefore in calculating quantum effects in nonminimally coupled theories such as Higgs inflation.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Gauge-preheating and the end of axion inflation

We study the onset of the reheating epoch at the end of axion-driven inflation where the axion is coupled to an Abelian, U(1), gauge field via a Chern-Simons interaction term. We focus primarily on m{sup 2φ2} inflation and explore the possibility that preheating can occur for a range of coupling values consistent with recent observations and bounds on the overproduction of primordial black holes. We find that for a wide range of parameters preheating is efficient. In certain cases the inflaton transfers all of its energy to the gauge fields within a few oscillations. In most cases, we find that the gauge fields on sub-horizon scales end preheating in an unpolarized state due to the existence of strong rescattering between the inflaton and gauge-field modes. We also present a preliminary study of an axion monodromy model coupled to U(1) gauge fields, seeing a similarly efficient preheating behavior as well as indications that the coupling strength has an effect on the creation of oscillons.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Gauge-transformation properties of cosmological observables and its application to the light-cone average

Theoretical descriptions of observable quantities in cosmological perturbation theory should be independent of coordinate systems. This statement is often referred to as gauge-invariance of observable quantities, and the sanity of their theoretical description is verified by checking its gauge-invariance. We argue that cosmological observables are invariant scalars under diffeomorphisms and their theoretical description is gauge-invariant, only at linear order in perturbations. Beyond linear order, they are usually not gauge-invariant, and we provide the general law for the gauge-transformation that the perturbation part of an observable does obey. We apply this finding to derive the second-order expression for the observational light-cone average in cosmology and demonstrate that our expression is indeed invariant under diffeomorphisms.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Gauge theory for the cuprates near optimal doping

We describe the phase diagram of a 2+1-dimensional SU(2) gauge theory of fluctuating incommensurate spin density waves for the hole-doped cuprates. Our primary assumption is that all low-energy fermionic excitations are gauge neutral and electron-like, while the spin density wave order is fractionalized into Higgs fields transforming as adjoints of the gauge SU(2). The confining phase of the gauge theory is a conventional Fermi liquid with a large Fermi surface (and its associated d-wave superconductor). There is a quantum phase transition to a Higgs phase describing the “pseudogap” at lower doping. Depending on the quartic terms in the Higgs potential, the Higgs phase exhibits one or more of charge density wave, Ising-nematic, time-reversal odd scalar spin chirality, and Z 2 topological orders. It is notable that the emergent broken symmetries in our theory of fluctuating spin density waves coincide with those observed in diverse experiments. For the electron-doped cuprates, the spin density wave fluctuations are at wave vector (π,π), and then the corresponding SU(2) gauge theory only has a crossover between the confining and Higgs regimes, with an exponentially large confinement scale deep in the Higgs regime. Here, on the Higgs side, for both the electron- and hole-doped cases, and at scales shorter than the confinement scale (which can be infinite when Z 2 topological order is present), the electron spectral function has a “fractionalized Fermi liquid” form with small Fermi surfaces. We also describe the deconfined quantum criticality of the Higgs transition in the limit of a large number of Higgs flavors, and perturbatively discuss its coupling to fermionic excitations.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2010

Tachyonic crystals and the laminar instability of the perturbative vacuum in asymptotically free gauge theories

Lattice Monte Carlo studies in SU(3) gauge theory have shown that the topological charge distribution in the vacuum is dominated by thin coherent membranes of codimension one arranged in a layered, alternating-sign sandwich. A similar lamination of topological charge occurs in the 2D CP{sup N-1} model. In holographic QCD, the observed topological charge sheets are naturally interpreted as D6 branes wrapped around an S{sub 4}. With this interpretation, the laminated array of topological charge membranes observed on the lattice can be identified as a ''tachyonic crystal,'' a regular, alternating-sign array of D6 and D6 branes that arises as the final state of the decay of a non-BPS D7 brane via the tachyonic mode of the attached string. In the gauge theory, the homogeneous, space-filling D7 brane represents the perturbative gauge vacuum, which is unstable toward lamination associated with a marginal tachyonic boundary perturbation {proportional_to}cos(X/{radical}(2{alpha}{sup '})). For the CP{sup N-1} model, the cutoff field theory can be cast as the low-energy limit of an open-string theory in background gauge and tachyon fields A{sub {mu}}(x) and {lambda}(x). This allows a detailed comparison with large N field theory results and provides strong support for the tachyonic crystal interpretation of the gauge theory vacuum.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Can (electric-magnetic) duality be gauged?

There exists a formulation of the Maxwell theory in terms of two vector potentials, one electric and one magnetic. The action is then manifestly invariant under electric-magnetic duality transformations, which are rotations in the two-dimensional internal space of the two potentials, and local. We ask the question: Can duality be gauged? The only known and battle-tested method of accomplishing the gauging is the Noether procedure. In its decanted form, it amounts to turning on the coupling by deforming the Abelian gauge group of the free theory, out of whose curvatures the action is built, into a non-Abelian group which becomes the gauge group of the resulting theory. In this article, we show that the method cannot be successfully implemented for electric-magnetic duality. We thus conclude that, unless a radically new idea is introduced, electric-magnetic duality cannot be gauged. The implication of this result for supergravity is briefly discussed.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2024

Application of printed strain gauges in prototypical nuclear reactor conditions

This report discusses the current development and testing of additively manufactured temperature sensors and resistive/ capacitive strain gauges. This has potential to improve the sensor design and manufacturing techniques to meet the requirements of in-pile monitoring of mechanical properties and structural health of materials and specimens in current and advanced nuclear test reactors (i.e., in terms of environment conditions, sample geometry, and materials compatibility). The developmental additively manufactured strain gauges are exposed to separate effects testing (i.e., mechanical strain (up to 1000 µe), high temperature (up to 700 °C)) to determine environmental factors that affect the performance of the strain gauge. The robustness and integrity of a printed strain gauge layer exposed to a molten salt environment for up to 500 hours was evaluated, with the goal of assessing material compatibility of printed strain sensors for instrumented surveillance test articles in molten salt reactors. In addition, sensor qualification methodologies are further developed for determining the reliability and robustness at the interface of the additively manufactured strain gauge materials.

36 - MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2011

Gauge-free electroweak theory: Radiative effects

A recent reformulation of the scalar-vector sector of standard electroweak theory (without a Higgs potential), in terms of manifestly SU(2){sub W} gauge-invariant variables, is extended so that all field variables in the action are manifestly free of the residual U(1){sub em} gauge transformations as well. Functional evaluation of the one-loop gauge-free effective Higgs potential is shown to precisely cancel effects due to the local functional measure of the Higgs field found earlier. The implications for the classical interpretation of the Higgs scalar as the dilaton field in a background conformal gravity theory are discussed. The Higgs scalar is shown to radiatively acquire a one-loop vacuum expectation value which gives masses to the W and Z bosons but not to photons, without any notion of ''spontaneous gauge symmetry breaking'' appearing anywhere. Further, the renormalization scale is fixed in this theory by requiring that W and Z boson masses coincide with their experimentally measured values, thereby precluding any ''naturalness'' problem usually associated with uncontrolled running of such a scale.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Perturbativity constraints on U(1) B-L and left-right models and implications for heavy gauge boson searches

We derive perturbativity constraints on beyond standard model scenarios with extra gauge groups, such as SU(2) or U(1), whose generators contribute to the electric charge, and show that there are both upper and lower limits on the additional gauge couplings, from the requirement that the couplings remain perturbative up to the grand unification theory (GUT) scale. This leads to stringent constraints on the masses of the corresponding gauge bosons and their collider phenomenology. We specifically focus on the models based on SU(2) L × U(1) I 3R × U(1) B-L and the left-right symmetric models based on SU(2) L × SU(2) R × U(1) B-L , and discuss the implications of the perturbativity constraints for new gauge boson searches at current and future colliders. In particular, we find that the stringent flavor constraints in the scalar sector of left-right model set a lower bound on the right-handed scale v R ≳ 10 TeV, if all the gauge and quartic couplings are to remain perturbative up to the GUT scale. This precludes the prospects of finding the Z R boson in the left-right model at the LHC, even in the high-luminosity phase, and leaves only a narrow window for the W R boson. A much broader allowed parameter space, with the right-handed scale v R up to ≃ 87 TeV, could be probed at the future 100 TeV collider.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗