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At least 253 records · Page 14
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2016

Investigation of optical properties of epitaxial yttrium iron garnet films

In work we investigated yttrium iron garnet epitaxial films with a thickness of 10 µm and 55 µm which were grown on the surface of garnet substrate. Using the polarizing microscopy method the branching domain structure of films was shown with the period of domains 21.5 µm and 42.5 µm. Disappearance of domains at presence of an external magnetic field up to 100 Oe was noted. The optical transmission of films for the polarized beam of HeNe laser is investigated and zero diffraction order and odd diffraction rings orders were shown. Interconnection of the period of chaotically oriented domains with angles of axially symmetric diffraction rings orders was shown. Diffraction patterns at various longitudinal magnetic fields are investigated. Disappearance of odd diffraction orders and increasing in intensity of zero diffraction order were fixed. Optical transmission of epitaxial films was measured in range of 500 - 900 nm.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2014

Imaging and characterization of conducting ferroelectric domain walls by photoemission electron microscopy

High-resolution X-ray photoemission electron microscopy (X-PEEM) is a well-established method for imaging ferroelectric domain structures. Here, we expand the scope of application of X-PEEM and demonstrate its capability for imaging and investigating domain walls in ferroelectrics with high spatial resolution. Using ErMnO{sub 3} as test system, we show that ferroelectric domain walls can be visualized based on photo-induced charging effects and local variations in their electronic conductance can be mapped by analyzing the energy distribution of photoelectrons. Our results open the door for non-destructive, contact-free, and element-specific studies of the electronic and chemical structure at domain walls in ferroelectrics.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2013

Periodic magnetic structures generated by spin–polarized currents in nanostripes

The influence of a transverse spin–polarized current on long ferromagnetic nanostripes is studied numerically. The magnetization behavior is analyzed for all range of the applied currents, up to the saturation. It is shown that the saturation current is a nonmonotonic function of the stripe width. A number of stable periodic magnetization structures are observed below the saturation. Type of the periodical structure depends on the stripe width. Besides the one–dimensional domain structure, typical for narrow wires, and the two–dimensional vortex–antivortex lattice, typical for wide films, a number of intermediate structures are observed, e.g., cross–tie and diamond state.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2013

Evidence for small-molecule-mediated loop stabilization in the structure of the isolated Pin1 WW domain

Two structures of a small protein with a defined tertiary fold, the isolated Pin1 WW domain, have been determined via racemic crystallization with small-molecule additives. These additives, which are either racemic or achiral, appear to stabilize a dynamic loop region of the structure. The human Pin1 WW domain is a small autonomously folding protein that has been useful as a model system for biophysical studies of β-sheet folding. This domain has resisted previous attempts at crystallization for X-ray diffraction studies, perhaps because of intrinsic conformational flexibility that interferes with the formation of a crystal lattice. Here, the crystal structure of the human Pin1 WW domain has been obtained via racemic crystallization in the presence of small-molecule additives. Both enantiomers of a 36-residue variant of the Pin1 WW domain were synthesized chemically, and the l- and d-polypeptides were combined to afford diffracting crystals. The structural data revealed packing interactions of small carboxylic acids, either achiral citrate or a d,l mixture of malic acid, with a mobile loop region of the WW-domain fold. These interactions with solution additives may explain our success in crystallization of this protein racemate. Molecular-dynamics simulations starting from the structure of the Pin1 WW domain suggest that the crystal structure closely resembles the conformation of this domain in solution. The structural data presented here should provide a basis for further studies of this important model system.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Polarization reversal and domain kinetics in magnesium doped stoichiometric lithium tantalate

The polarization reversal process has been studied in 1 mol. % MgO doped stoichiometric lithium tantalate (LT) single crystal. The revealed stages of domain structure evolution represent (1) continuous nucleation and growth of isolated hexagonal domains with walls oriented along Y directions and (2) continuous motion of the plane domain walls stimulated by merging with isolated domains. The activation field dependence of the switching time has been revealed. The coercive field for quasi-static switching is about 150 V/mm. The bulk screening process has been analyzed. The main parameters of the switching process have been compared with other representatives of LT family.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Local rhombohedral symmetry in Tb{sub 0.3}Dy{sub 0.7}Fe{sub 2} near the morphotropic phase boundary

The recently reported morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) in a number of giant magnetostrictive materials (GMMs) has drawn considerable interest to the local symmetry/structure near MPB region of these materials. In this letter, by in-situ X-ray diffraction and AC magnetic susceptibility measurements, we show that Tb{sub 0.3}Dy{sub 0.7}Fe{sub 2}, the typical composition of Terfenol-D GMMs, has coexistence of rhombohedral and tetragonal phases over a wide temperature range in the vicinity of MPB. High resolution transmission electron microscopy provides direct evidence for local rhombohedral symmetry of the ferromagnetic phase and reveals regular-shaped nanoscale domains below 10 nm. The nano-sized structural/magnetic domains are hierarchically inside a single micron-sized stripe-like domain with the same average magnetization direction. Such domain structures are consistent with the low magnetocrystalline anisotropy and easy magnetic/structural domain switching under magnetic field, thus generating large magnetostriction at low field.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2014

Local polar structure and multiferroic properties of (1−x)Bi{sub 0.9}Dy{sub 0.1}FeO{sub 3}−xPbTiO{sub 3} solid solution

The multiferroic (1–x)[0.9BiFeO{sub 3}–0.1DyFeO{sub 3}]–xPbTiO{sub 3} (BDF–xPT) solid solution with compositions around the morphotropic phase boundary (x = 0.25, 0.28, 0.31, 0.34, and 0.37) has been synthesized in the form of ceramics. The phase symmetry, microstructure, ferroelectricity, piezoresponse, and ferromagnetic properties have been characterized by various techniques. It is found that, with increasing content of lead titanate from x = 0.25 to x = 0.37, the grain size increases and the ferroelectric property is improved. The ferroelectric performance is further enhanced by the introduction of an excess amount (2%) of TiO{sub 2} or by sintering in oxygen atmosphere, which reduces the leakage. The local polar structure is imaged by piezoresponse force microscopy. Both the out-of-plane and in-plane images reveal distinct ferroelectric domain structures, with the amplitude and the average domain size decreasing with the increase of lead titanate amount. Compared with the (1–x)BiFeO{sub 3}–xPbTiO{sub 3} binary solid solution of about the same concentration of PT, the magnetic properties are enhanced in BDF–xPT due to the presence of dysprosium, as demonstrated by the ferromagnetic hysteresis loops displayed at room temperature and at 10 K, but the remnant magnetization decreases with increasing PT content. The simultaneous presence of ferroelectricity and ferromagnetism entitles the BDF–xPT solid solution a room-temperature multiferroic material.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

A Novel Glutathione S-Transferase Gtt2 Class (VpGSTT2) Is Found in the Genome of the AHPND/EMS Vibrio parahaemolyticus Shrimp Pathogen

Glutathione S-transferases are a family of detoxifying enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of reduced glutathione (GSH) with different xenobiotic compounds using either Ser, Tyr, or Cys as a primary catalytic residue. We identified a novel GST in the genome of the shrimp pathogen V. parahaemolyticus FIM- S1708+, a bacterial strain associated with Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND)/Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS) in cultured shrimp. This new GST class was named Gtt2. It has an atypical catalytic mechanism in which a water molecule instead of Ser, Tyr, or Cys activates the sulfhydryl group of GSH. The biochemical properties of Gtt2 from Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VpGSTT2) were characterized using kinetic and crystallographic methods. Recombinant VpGSTT2 was enzymatically active using GSH and CDNB as substrates, with a specific activity of 5.7 units/mg. Low affinity for substrates was demonstrated using both Michaelis–Menten kinetics and isothermal titration calorimetry. The crystal structure showed a canonical two-domain structure comprising a glutathione binding G-domain and a hydrophobic ligand H domain. A water molecule was hydrogen-bonded to residues Thr9 and Ser 11, as reported for the yeast Gtt2, suggesting a primary role in the reaction. Molecular docking showed that GSH could bind at the G-site in the vicinity of Ser11. G-site mutationsT9A and S11A were analyzed. S11A retained 30% activity, while T9A/S11A showed no detectable activity. VpGSTT2 was the first bacterial Gtt2 characterized, in which residues Ser11 and Thr9 coordinated a water molecule as part of a catalytic mechanism that was characteristic of yeast GTT2. The GTT2 family has been shown to provide protection against metal toxicity; in some cases, excess heavy metals appear in shrimp ponds presenting AHPND/EMS. Further studies may address whether GTT2 in V. parahaemolyticus pathogenic strains may provide a competitive advantage as a novel detoxification mechanism.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Ferroelectric Domain Studies of Patterned (001) BiFeO 3 by Angle-Resolved Piezoresponse Force Microscopy

We have studied the ferroelectric domains in (001) BiFeO 3 (BFO) films patterned into mesas with various aspect ratios, using angle-resolved piezoresponse force microscope (AR-PFM), which can image the in-plane polarization component with an angular resolution of 30 degrees. We observed not only stable polarization variants, but also meta-stable polarization variants, which can reduce the charge accumulated at domain boundaries. We considered the number of neighboring domains that are in contact, in order to analyze the complexity of the ferroelectric domain structure. Comparison of the ferroelectric domains from the patterned and unpatterned regions showed that the elastic relaxation induced by removal of the film surrounding the mesas led to a reduction of the average number of neighboring domains, indicative of a decrease in domain complexity. Finally, we also found that the rectangular BFO patterns with high aspect ratio had a simpler domain configuration and enhanced piezoelectric characteristics than square-shaped mesas. Manipulation of the ferroelectric domains by controlling the aspect ratio of the patterned BFO thin film mesas can be useful for nanoelectronic applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Phase separation in LuFeO{sub 3} films

The structural transition at about 1000 °C, from the hexagonal to the orthorhombic phase of LuFeO{sub 3}, has been investigated in thin films of LuFeO{sub 3}. Separation of the two structural phases of LuFeO{sub 3} occurs on a length scale of micrometer, as visualized in real space using X-ray photoemission electron microscopy. The results are consistent with X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy obtained from LuFeO{sub 3} thin films undergoing the irreversible structural transition from the hexagonal to the orthorhombic phase of LuFeO{sub 3}, at elevated temperatures. The sharp phase boundaries between the structural phases are observed to align with the crystal planes of the hexagonal LuFeO{sub 3} phase. The coexistence of different structural domains indicates that the irreversible structural transition, from the hexagonal to the orthorhombic phase in LuFeO{sub 3}, is a first order transition, for epitaxial hexagonal LuFeO{sub 3} films grown on Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1993

Magnetic Force Microscopy Images of Magnetic Garnet With Thin-Film Magnetic Tip

We present magnetic force microscopy images of YGdTmGa/YSmTmGa magnetic garnet, usinga thin Fe film deposited on Si_3N_5 tips. We have found correlations between the topography andthe magnetic domain structure. We have observed the domain wall contrast with a iron thin-film tip. We report on domain wall imaging of garnet with magnetic force microscopy.

Wadas, A.↗
DOE OSTI2015

Structure and properties of Pb(Lu{sub 1/2}Nb{sub 1/2})O{sub 3}–0.2PbTiO{sub 3} relaxor ferroelectric crystal

Graphical abstract: The relaxor state of the crystal was demonstrated by the dielectric behavior. - Highlights: • PLN–0.2PT ferroelectric crystal was obtained by the TSSG technique. • The super-lattice reflections were identified by XRD and TEM results. • The PLN–0.2PT crystal is a typical relaxor ferroelectric. - Abstract: Ferroelectric crystal Pb(Lu{sub 1/2}Nb{sub 1/2})O{sub 3}–0.2PbTiO{sub 3} (PLN–0.2PT) was successfully obtained by a top-seed solution growth technique. At room temperature the symmetry was orthorhomic according to X-ray diffraction (XRD). The super-lattice reflections were identified by XRD and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The micro-domain structure was detected by TEM. The temperature dependence of the dielectric constant (ϵ′) shows a typical relaxor behavior. The temperature dependence of coercive electric field and remnant polarizations were investigated, which also shows the relaxor feature.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Study on a novel orientation domain of Mg17Ce2 in aged Mg–Y–Ce alloy by HAADF–STEM

Highlights: • A novel 90 degree orientation domain is verified in Mg{sub 17}Ce{sub 2} granules. • Orientations of domain–Ι and Π are parallel and perpendicular to α-Mg matrix. • A 〈 1-bar 010〉 direction is unchanged among domain–Ι, domain–Π and α-Mg matrix. • Domain–Ι matches the α-Mg matrix better than the domain–Π. - Abstract: After solid solution and aging treatment, Mg–3.0 wt%Y–1.0 wt%Ce ternary alloys were characterized using high angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy. The main precipitates are dominated by β{sup ′} phase and Mg{sub 17}Ce{sub 2}, a Ni{sub 17}Th{sub 2}–type intermetallic compound. An orientation domain can be discerned generally in Mg{sub 17}Ce{sub 2} granules. This domain structure of Mg{sub 17}Ce{sub 2} always consists of two types of domains (defined as domain–Ι and domain–Π) with a 90 degree orientation difference. In terms of crystallographic orientation relationships among α-Mg matrix and both domains, the domain–Ι is parallel to α-Mg matrix, whereas, the domain–Π is perpendicular to α-Mg matrix. It can be certain that a 〈 1-bar 010〉 direction is an unchanged orientation. Due to nearly equal values of lattice parameters (a and c) of Mg{sub 17}Ce{sub 2}, both domain–Ι and domain–Π can matches well with α-Mg matrix. Comparatively, the interfacial matching between domain–Ι and α-Mg matrix is better, suggesting that the domain–Ι is dominant.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Barkhausen discontinuities and hysteresis of ferromagnetics: New stochastic approach

The magnetization of ferromagnetic material is considered as periodically inhomogeneous Markov process. The theory assumes both statistically independent and correlated Barkhausen discontinuities. The model, based on the chain evolution-type process theory, assumes that the domain structure of a ferromagnet passes successively the steps of: linear growing, exponential acceleration and domains annihilation to zero density at magnetic saturation. The solution of stochastic differential Kolmogorov equation enables the hysteresis loop calculus.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2021

Vortex Domain Walls in Ferroelectrics

Controlling the domain formation in ferroelectric materials at the nanoscale is a fertile ground to explore emergent phenomena and their technological prospects. For example, charged ferroelectric domain walls in BiFeO 3 and ErMnO 3 exhibit significantly enhanced conductivity which could serve as the foundation for next-generation circuits. In this work, we describe a concept in which polar vortices perform the same role as a ferroelectric domain wall in classical domain structures with the key difference being that the polar vortices can accommodate charged (i.e., head-to-head and tail-to-tail) domains, for example, in ferroelectric PbTiO 3 /dielectric SrTiO 3 superlattices. Such a vortex domain wall structure can be manipulated in a reversible fashion under an external applied field.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗