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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 253 records · Page 14
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

A map of roadmaps for zero and low energy and carbon buildings worldwide

Formulation of targets and establishing which factors in different contexts will achieve these targets are critical to successful decarbonization of the building sector. To contribute to this, we have performed an evidence map of roadmaps for zero and low energy and carbon buildings (ZLECB) worldwide, including a list and classification of documents in an on-line geographical map, a description of gaps, and a narrative review of the knowledge gluts. We have retrieved 1219 scientific documents from Scopus, extracted metadata from 274 documents, and identified 117 roadmaps, policies or plans from 27 countries worldwide. We find that there is a coverage bias towards more developed regions. The identified scientific studies are mostly recommendations to policy makers, different types of case studies, and demonstration projects. The geographical inequalities found in the coverage of the scientific literature are even more extreme in the coverage of the roadmaps. These underexplored world regions represent an area for further investigation and increased research/policy attention. Our review of the more substantial amount of literature and roadmaps for developed regions shows differences in target metrics and enforcement mechanisms but that all regions dedicate some efforts at national and local levels. Roadmaps generally focus more on new and public buildings than existing buildings, despite the fact that the latter are naturally larger in number and total floor area, and perform less energy efficiently. A combination of efficiency, technical upgrades, and renewable generation is generally proposed in the roadmaps, with behavioral measures only reflected in the use of information and communication technologies, and minimal focus being placed on lifecycle perspectives. We conclude that insufficient progress is being made in the implementation of ZLECB. More work is needed to couple the existing climate goals, with realistic, enforceable policies to make the carbon savings a reality for different contexts and stakeholders worldwide.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2021

Increasing the Usability of Sockeye: Implementing Customer-Driven Modeling Improvements, Features, and Documentation of Sockeye

A number of tasks for the heat pipe simulation tool Sockeye were identified based on customer needs and included both user documentation and code development: (a) Implement saturation-dependence in the capillary pressure model; (b) Provide an analytic utility to analyze the frozen startup limit; (c) Demonstrate custom friction closures; (d) Develop examples for different types of heat transfer sources and boundary conditions; (e) Demonstrate the capillary and sonic limits; and (f) Provide discretization details in the theory manual. These tasks were all completed, and results are given where applicable.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2023

Development and Porting of Nuclear Reactor Computational Models for the NRIC Virtual Test Bed in FY23

The U.S. DOE’s National Reactor Innovation Center (NRIC) hosts an open-source website and associated GitHub repository called the Virtual Test Bed (VTB) on which computational models for advanced reactors are documented and shared with the reactor community. In FY23 under the NRIC program, computational models for nuclear reactor analysis were developed and contributed to the VTB Github repository during FY23 by contributors at Argonne National Laboratory. Other models developed outside of NRIC were also ported to the VTB as part of this work, serving a broader mission to make computational reactor analysis models more widely available to the reactor community. The model development activities focused on demonstration of gas-cooled microreactor models including computational fluid dynamics simulations of flow through an industry-inspired air jacket design, and simulation of multiphysics transients for a gas-cooled microreactor assembly. Additionally, development of a molten salt reactor (led at Idaho National Laboratory) was supported through Argonne’s expertise in multigroup cross sections generation. Models for these two reactor types were targeted due to their relevancy to NRIC’s Demonstration of Microreactor Experiments (DOME) and Laboratory for Operation and Testing in the U.S. (LOTUS) physical test beds, which are slated to host microreactor and molten salt reactor experiments. The model porting activities consisted of developing detailed documentation for several physics models which originate from the Nuclear Energy Advanced Modeling and Simulation (NEAMS) program. We include only contributions from Argonne National Laboratory in this report.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Participation in and Assessment of the Second DNCSH Public Workshop

The DOE/NRC Criticality Safety for Commercial-Scale HALEU Fuel Cycle and Transportation (DNCSH) project was established through the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (H.R. 5376) to support the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and industry in addressing critical experiment validation gaps that impede the licensing basis and regulatory approval of high-assay low-enriched uranium (HALEU) operations. An initial public workshop was held in February 2024 to address HALEU transportation validation gaps. The resulting call for proposals was released in April and resulted in funding for the execution and/or evaluation of 16 critical experiments. A second public workshop was held in August 2025 to address facility and operational validation gaps, precluding a second call for proposals. A list of attendees is provided in APPENDIX A, Table A-1. A total of 319 participants joined the meeting, which was hosted online via Microsoft Teams as well as in person. The slides from the meeting were uploaded online to the NRC’s Agencywide Documents Access and Management System (ADAMS). The meeting agenda is provided in Table 1-1. In preparation for the meeting, a study was performed to examine expected fissile forms for the fuel cycles of various fuel types at different stages of production and the apparent validation gaps. The resulting report, titled “Benchmark Gap Assessment for the Manufacturing of High-Assay Low-Enriched Uranium Fuels,” provided the foundation for the discussions that took place during the workshop. The discussions and the validation gaps in the report were used to develop the second call for proposals. The present report presents the feedback received before, during, and after the second workshop. All the data presented are based on voluntarily self-reported identification, opinions from workshop participants, and survey responses and are assumed to be as accurate as practically reasonable. The discussions during the workshop and the subsequent survey responses were intended to direct attention to industry-specific areas of interest and to collect feedback on the work performed to date by the DNCSH project.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Root Cause Correlation Analysis of Software Failures via Orthogonal Defect Classification and Natural Language Processing

Systems theoretic process analysis (STPA) is becoming an increasingly popular technique to assess how complex digital software systems can fail. Rather than defining failures by their observable failure events, which may be sparse especially for safety rated nuclear digital instrumentation and control systems (DI&C), failures are defined as postulated unsafe actions under specific contextual conditions. This permits a top-down analysis of system hazards and identifies whether imposed constraints and requirements can sufficiently address undesirable hazards. However, STPA is a qualitative approach at identifying inadequacies in the development process and cannot currently be used to quantify unsafe action likelihoods for probabilistic risk assessment. Therefore, in this work, we examine the root causes of software failure and explore whether a consistent correlation can be linked to specific unsafe action classes. We implement Lbl2Vec, an unsupervised document classification and retrieval algorithm, on a database of 4,096 software defect reports acquired from various open-source software systems. By analyzing sentence structure, embedded labels, and word vectors, we show that certain defect types positively correlate to specific unsafe action classes over others. The correlations developed can be used to estimate the failure probability of safety intended DI&C systems which provides a licensing basis for nuclear plant modernization efforts.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Root Cause Correlation Analysis of Software Failures via Orthogonal Defect Classification and Natural Language Processing

Systems theoretic process analysis (STPA) is becoming an increasingly popular technique to assess how complex digital software systems can fail. Rather than defining failures by their observable failure events, which may be sparse especially for safety rated nuclear digital instrumentation and control systems (DI&C), failures are defined as postulated unsafe actions under specific contextual conditions. This permits a top-down analysis of system hazards and identifies whether imposed constraints and requirements can sufficiently address undesirable hazards. However, STPA is a qualitative approach at identifying inadequacies in the development process and cannot currently be used to quantify unsafe action likelihoods for probabilistic risk assessment. Therefore, in this work, we examine the root causes of software failure and explore whether a consistent correlation can be linked to specific unsafe action classes. We implement Lbl2Vec, an unsupervised document classification and retrieval algorithm, on a database of 4,096 software defect reports acquired from various open-source software systems. By analyzing sentence structure, embedded labels, and word vectors, we show that certain defect types positively correlate to specific unsafe action classes over others. The correlations developed can be used to estimate the failure probability of safety intended DI&C systems which provides a licensing basis for nuclear plant modernization efforts.

22 - GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2025

NLR HPC Kestrel Jobs Data

Overview: Anonymized job-level records from the Kestrel HPC system at the National Laboratory of the Rockies (NLR). Each record represents a Slurm batch job with scheduling metadata, resource requests, utilization, energy estimates, and efficiency metrics. Sensitive fields (user, account, job name, submit line, working directory, submit script, and job type) are replaced with 7-character cryptographic hashes. System & Timeframe: Kestrel is located at the NLR campus. Standard compute nodes have 104 cores and 256 GB RAM; bigmem nodes have 2,000 GB. GPU nodes (gpu-h100 partition) use NVIDIA H100 GPUs. Data covers jobs submitted August 2023 through December 2025. Funding provided by the U.S. Department of Energy, EERE. Files: esif.hpc.kestrel.job-anon.zip — Anonymized job records (Hive-partitioned Parquet) datacard.md — Full dataset documentation ~11 million rows, 50 variables. Readable with PyArrow, pandas, DuckDB, Apache Spark, or any Parquet-compatible tool. Data Collection: Jobs collected via sacct with timezone-aware export (SLURM_TIME_FORMAT="%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S%z"), loaded into PostgreSQL. Calculated columns updated via database triggers and batch functions. All timestamps use timestamptz and correctly handle DST transitions. Preprocessing: Anonymization of name, user, account, submit_line, work_dir, submit_script, and job_type via 7-char hex hashes Derived columns: queue_wait, cpu_eff, max/min/avg_mem_eff, energy estimates Simplified job state mapping (e.g., "CANCELLED by 132357" → "CANCELLED") Boolean flags: python_job, reframe_job Temporal decomposition: year, month, day, day_of_week, hour, minute from submit_time Shared node tracking: shared_job_count, nodes_shared, jobs_shared Key Variables: Scheduling: job_id, partition, state_simple, submit_time, start_time, end_time, queue_wait Resources: nodes_req/used, processors_req/used, memory_req, wallclock_req/used, gpus_requested Efficiency: cpu_eff, max/min/avg_mem_eff Energy: cpu_energy_tdp_estimated_max/used_watt_hours, consumed_energy_raw_joules, consumed_energy_raw_watt_hours Sharing: shared_job_count, nodes_shared, jobs_shared Partitions: short, standard, debug, gpu-h100 Job States: CANCELLED, COMPLETED, FAILED, PENDING, RUNNING QoS Levels: normal, high Important Notes: Timestamps include timezone offsets; DST transitions are handled correctly, though adding intervals across DST boundaries requires offset adjustment shared_job_count reflects physical node co-residency, not use of the shared partition Job step records and raw Slurm JSONB fields are excluded Do not attempt to re-identify individuals from hashed fields

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2020

SUGAR: An improved empirical model of Type Ia supernovae based on spectral features

Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are widely used to measure the expansion of the Universe. Improving distance measurements of SNe Ia is one technique to better constrain the acceleration of expansion and determine its physical nature. This document develops a new SNe Ia spectral energy distribution (SED) model, called the SUpernova Generator And Reconstructor (SUGAR), which improves the spectral description of SNe Ia, and consequently could improve the distance measurements. This model was constructed from SNe Ia spectral properties and spectrophotometric data from the Nearby Supernova Factory collaboration. In a first step, a principal component analysis-like method was used on spectral features measured at maximum light, which allowed us to extract the intrinsic properties of SNe Ia. Next, the intrinsic properties were used to extract the average extinction curve. Third, an interpolation using Gaussian processes facilitated using data taken at different epochs during the lifetime of an SN Ia and then projecting the data on a fixed time grid. Finally, the three steps were combined to build the SED model as a function of time and wavelength. This is the SUGAR model. Results. The main advancement in SUGAR is the addition of two additional parameters to characterize SNe Ia variability. The first is tied to the properties of SNe Ia ejecta velocity and the second correlates with their calcium lines. The addition of these parameters, as well as the high quality of the Nearby Supernova Factory data, makes SUGAR an accurate and efficient model for describing the spectra of normal SNe Ia as they brighten and fade. The performance of this model makes it an excellent SED model for experiments like the Zwicky Transient Facility, the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, or the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Adaptive Cybersecurity for Distributed Energy Resources (AdCyDER): Online Reinforcement Learning with Stackelberg-Optimized Defenses — Pipeline Architecture, Evaluation Methodology, and Findings from a Synthetic-Data Evaluation

This report documents the design and evaluation of an integrated online-learning pipeline developed within the AdCyDER project for Distributed Energy Resource (DER) cybersecurity. The pipeline couples a Reinforcement Learning (RL) attack classifier — which produces an attack-type probability distribution — with a Stackelberg game-theoretic (GT) defense selector that consumes those distributions alongside SME-encoded priors over (defense, attack) effectiveness pairings and perdefense costs to choose grid-health-preserving defenses. The objective is not attack classification per se but production of distributions that drive effective defense selection through the Stackelberg layer, learned from delayed grid-health feedback rather than labeled attack data. AdCyDER as a whole is broader than the work presented here; this report covers the specific RL/GT loop integration and its evaluation. We present the integrated pipeline (SCADA telemetry with Fronius inverter physics, Suricata IDS, time-windowed aggregation, per-facility LSTM classifier, Stackelberg optimizer, OpenC2 actuators), an experimental campaign of 28 eight-hour iterations across three baseline modes, and a pipeline-ordered diagnostic protocol. The protocol identifies two distinct failure modes within the loop: paired supervised ceilings on the same features establish that the deployed online RL classifier (macro F1 ≈ 0.07) sits at least 4.7× below a same-architecture supervised LSTM (≈ 0.34) and 10–11× below a linear feature-signal ceiling (≈ 0.70–0.79 depending on per-facility isolation), localizing the dominant failure to the training procedure; and the reward signal driving online updates carries weak directional coupling with classifier correctness in the methodology-expected direction (multi-lens convergent: top-decile P(true) records produce more frequent state changes and slightly larger improvements, top-vs-bot Cohen’s 𝑑 ≈ −0.19), but at effect magnitudes too small to drive gradient-based learning at the campaign sample size. The original learning hypothesis is not supported by the data. The primary contributions are the diagnostic methodology — proposed as a transferable falsification protocol for online RL/GT defense pipelines learning from delayed environmental reward — and the open, reproducible experimental infrastructure. We outline reward reformulation as the highest-priority aspirational next step given the underpowered-but-aligned Q6 reading, with hardware-in-the-loop evaluation as the broadest scope-expansion option.

Blakely, Benjamin [Argonne National Laboratory (AN↗
DOE OSTI2022

Methods and systems for evaluating and improving distribution-grid observability

This document describes systems and techniques for evaluating and improving distribution-grid observability. These systems and techniques allow engineers to quantify the observability of a distribution grid, which represents an ability to combine actual measurements and various types of computations (e.g., analytics, estimators, forecasters), from a system model. Distribution engineers can also identify islands of observability where operating parameters, including voltages, currents, and power flows, can be determined from available sensor readings. By exclusion, distribution engineers can similarly identify areas of the distribution grid with observability deficiencies that may require additional instrumentation to maintain proper operation. Distribution engineers, using an iterative or automated process, can determine the observability of the system model with new or relocated sensors to generate a sensor allocation plan. The sensor allocation plan can indicate the number and location of sensors to either maximize observability for a fixed sensor cost or minimize sensor cost for predetermined observability.

Reiman, Anthony P.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Using high-throughput amplicon sequencing to determine diet of generalist lady beetles in agricultural landscapes

Determining feeding relationships is central to understanding biological control potential in the field. However, methods to differentiate actual (or realized) feeding relationships from potential feeding relationships is lacking especially for small, generalist predators such as lady beetles. In this study, we used DNA metabarcoding approaches to characterize actual feeding relationships of lady beetles (Coccinellidae) in the field and validated our methods with a lab study. We first asked whether high-throughput amplicon sequencing (HTS) can characterize diets of lady beetles ranging from monotypic diets to diverse diet mixtures in the lab. We then examined whether diet composition and breadth of lady beetles collected from different habitat types in southern WI varied between monocultures of soybean and corn, diverse tallgrass prairie, and urban habitats. Lastly, we asked whether different body or tissue types (partial-body versus whole-body specimens) would change the likelihood of prey detection for both studies. In our controlled lab study, we found that HTS can accurately assess diet composition and diet breadth for lady beetle populations, but at the individual level, HTS has limitation for individuals feeding on more than three species of prey at any given time. In our field study, we documented lower prey richness and diet breadth in corn compared to soybean and grassland, and greater prey DNA in regurgitants than in whole-body specimens. Finally, we found that reduced diet diversity was associated with an increased prevalence of intraguild predation, but that habitat and prey diversity are not necessarily correlated. The prey detection rates (proportion of specimens with prey DNA) in our study were comparable to other studies (55% in the lab study, 33% in field study) and varied with diet composition and habitat type. Furthermore, the relatively low detection rates suggest that many consumer individuals would need to be assayed to fully assess diet diversity, especially in diverse systems.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Generic Pressurized Water Reactor Model for SAPHIRE

Generic Pressurized Water Reactor Model for SAPHIRE This report contains a data dump from a SAPHIRE Generic Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) model. The intent is to have this information reviewed for export control and classification so that the generic model can be used external to INL. The facility model is not applicable to any existing nuclear reactors. The Generic PWR model does not represent any existing power plant and was created to support research and training purposes. Three distinct types of data are used to create a SAPHIRE risk model: - Event trees representing typical PWR sequences - Fault trees representing generic system performance - Basic events (e.g., component failure information) Where possible, we have taken information from publicly available documents and referenced that information tagged to a specific item.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Thermal Spray toolpath development for a capped cylinder (“cake pan”) substrate

A near net shape coating is desired to be applied to the outer surface of a capped cylinder (“cake pan”) type substrate using thermal spray technology. A capped cylinder geometry is more complex than simple coupon-level substrate substrates (e.g., flat panels, cylinders) and thus requires a more complex toolpath to deposit a uniform coating. This report documents a practical theoretical approach to calculating relative torch-to-substrate speeds for coating the cylindrical, corner, and cap region of a rotating capped cylinder based on fundamental thermal spray toolpath principles. A preliminary experimental test deposited a thermal spray coating onto a mock substrate using toolpath speeds calculated by the theoretical approach proposed. The mock substrate was metallographically inspected to assess coating uniformity across the cylindrical, corner, and cap region. Inspection of the mock substrate revealed qualitatively uniform coating microstructure and thickness where theoretically predicted, demonstrating the viability of the proposed toolpath method and associated calculations. Pathways forward to optimizing coating uniformity at the cap center are proposed as near term suggested future work.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2024

End-Use Savings Shapes Measure Documentation: Window Film

This documentation focuses on a single end-use savings shape measure - window film. The window film studied in this analysis, called solar control film, is a passive retrofit solution for windows that does not involve window replacement. This type of film is composed of transparent, tinted, or metalized laminated polyester layers and can be attached to an existing window surface (either on the exterior or interior side of the window). The properties of the window film are designed to shift the thermal and optical performances of the overall glazing system in order to serve various needs the customer would have (e.g., heat, glare). While the practical goal of purchasing and installing a window film varies widely in the real market, this study only focuses on the goal of energy savings, and highlighting the corresponding emissions. Other important aspects that customers typically consider include visual comfort, privacy, aesthetics, ultraviolet protection, etc. Thus, in practice, customers often choose a window film product not only to save energy (or cost) but also to mitigate issues around glare, excessive light, daytime privacy, or inconsistent appearance of the building. Window film products that were modeled in this analysis significantly reduced the solar heat gain coefficient of the overall glazing system, resulting in better energy savings for buildings in hot climate regions. However, significantly reducing the solar heat gain coefficient that can block unfavorable heat during the summer can actually harm blocking favorable heat during the winter. By applying window films on a stock of buildings covering various load and weather conditions, this analysis highlights when (e.g., time of day) and where (e.g., geospacial location) we can save energy with window films.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2025

Floating Offshore Wind US Manufacturing and Commercialization: Cooperative Research and Development (Final Report)

NREL assessed the supply chain and workforce considerations for the OCG-Wind floater technology, a floating semi-submersible offshore wind substructure, as well sharing vessel needs to inform their installation strategy. This technical assistance was in support of the FLoating Offshore Wind ReadINess (FLOWIN) Prize Phase 2 submission. NREL provided an assessment of domestic supplier capabilities for the main components of their floating offshore wind platform design and analyzed US regional and national supply chain constraints and gaps. Thirteen interviews with companies including steel distributors, forges, foundries, ports, large component fabricators, subcomponent fabricators, and secondary suppliers provided key insights such as 1) assembly ports are the key infrastructure barrier standing in the way of unlocking the domestic assembly and component fabrication for steel-based FOW platforms, 2) domestic steel producers can supply the types and quantities of steel necessary for FOW platforms, and 3) coordination between stakeholders will be a vital part of successfully developing the supply chain and infrastructure needed to domestically produce FOW platforms. In the workforce assessment, NREL documented a step-by-step approach to conduct a place-based assessment of the foundational workforce consideration for recruiting, upskilling, and retaining a workforce, such as supportive local and state policy, nearby education and training programs, and existing relevant industry. This approach was applied to Tacoma, Washington. Tacoma was indicated to have the potential be a successful location for fabrication and assembly of floating offshore wind energy in terms of workforce development. To share data on vessel requirements to install the OCG-Wind floater, NREL compiled resources that help answer the questions related to anchor handling tug vessels, shared a database of cable laying vessels, and answered questions on complying with the Jones Act.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Beowulf v2.5.3 User Guide: Revision 5

This document is a user guide for the Beowulf (rebranding of Watchmen) tool. It describes how operators can access and utilize the application's functionality. Beowulf is a research software application developed by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) that incorporates the scientific and operational expertise for reviewing data from treaty monitoring radionuclide stations. These stations are part of a worldwide network to monitor for nuclear explosions, and the data they produce are critical to make the determination of whether a sample is from a nuclear explosion or some other source (i.e., nuclear reactor or medical isotope production facility). Stations deliver their measurements and system status to the International Monitoring System (IMS), which forwards it via email to all subscribers. Beowulf is capable of processing data from several radioxenon station types and development is in progress on a solution for particulate stations. Screening of data in Beowulf may be done by a number of different users such as radionuclide analysts, evaluators, and data quality experts. This guide is provided to assist those users in navigating the application. The term Beowulf is used generically throughout this document to refer to any of the various components in the software application. The user interface that is viewed with a web browser is the primary focus of this user guide. Other components include a database to store measurements and state of health (SOH) data; and the data loader that monitors incoming emails, parses the data, populates the database, does the initial analysis, and routes data for review.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2024

SOFAST 2.0 User Guide and Technical Description, Document Version 1.0

This report accompanies Sandia’s deflectometry tool, SOFAST 2.0, providing both a user guide and a basic technical description. SOFAST is a deflectometry tool used to measure surface slope maps of concentrating solar power (CSP) mirrors and collectors. The original SOFAST performed high-resolution measurement of a variety of CSP mirror types. SOFAST 2.0 is a completely new version, re-implemented in Python and including many extensions and improvements.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Core energies of dislocations in bcc metals

Accurate methods and an efficient workflow for computing and documenting dislocation core energies are developed and applied to 1 2 ( 111 ) and ( 100 ) dislocations in five body-centered cubic (bcc) metals W, Ta, V, Mo, and α -Fe represented by 13 model interatomic potentials. For each dislocation type, dislocation core energies are extracted for a large number of dislocation characters thoroughly sampling the entire 2-space of crystallographic line orientations of the bcc lattice. Of particular interest, core energies of the 1 2 ( 111 ) { 110 } dislocations are found to be distinctly asymmetric with respect to the sign of the character angle, whereas core energies of ( 100 ) { 110 } junction dislocations exhibit marked cusps for line orientations vicinal to the closed-packed ( 111 ) directions. Overall, our findings furnish substantial insights for developing accurate models of dislocation core energies employed in mesoscale dislocation dynamics simulations of crystal plasticity.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗