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CdCN2 crystallizes in the trigonal R3m space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of three hydrogen cyanide molecules and three CdN clusters. In each CdN cluster, Cd2+ is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one N3- atom. The Cd–N bond length is 2.13 Å. N3- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Cd2+ atom.
Zn4As3O13(CN)3 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional and consists of six hydrogen cyanide molecules and one Zn4As3O13 framework. In the Zn4As3O13 framework, there are four inequivalent Zn2+ sites. In the first Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form ZnO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO4 tetrahedra and corners with three AsO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 1.94–2.02 Å. In the second Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form ZnO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO4 tetrahedra and corners with three AsO4 tetrahedra. There are three shorter (1.95 Å) and one longer (2.05 Å) Zn–O bond lengths. In the third Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form ZnO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO4 tetrahedra and corners with three AsO4 tetrahedra. There are three shorter (1.95 Å) and one longer (2.07 Å) Zn–O bond lengths. In the fourth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form ZnO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO4 tetrahedra and corners with three AsO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 1.94–2.04 Å. There are three inequivalent As5+ sites. In the first As5+ site, As5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form AsO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four ZnO4 tetrahedra. There is three shorter (1.72 Å) and one longer (1.73 Å) As–O bond length. In the second As5+ site, As5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form AsO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four ZnO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of As–O bond distances ranging from 1.71–1.73 Å. In the third As5+ site, As5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form AsO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four ZnO4 tetrahedra. There is one shorter (1.71 Å) and three longer (1.72 Å) As–O bond length. There are thirteen inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Zn2+ and one As5+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Zn2+ and one As5+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Zn2+ and one As5+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Zn2+ and one As5+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Zn2+ and one As5+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Zn2+ and one As5+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Zn2+ and one As5+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Zn2+ and one As5+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Zn2+ and one As5+ atom. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Zn2+ and one As5+ atom. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four Zn2+ atoms. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Zn2+ and one As5+ atom. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Zn2+ and one As5+ atom.
CNCOBr crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of two formyl bromide molecules and two hydrogen cyanide molecules.
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) collects effluent samples from its sewer outfall at the B196 Sewer Monitoring Station (SMS). Effluent flow-proportional composite samples are collected at the SMS on a daily (midnight-to-midnight), weekly (Thursday through Wednesday), and “monthly” (composited from daily) basis; effluent grab samples are also collected each month at that same location. Certified contract laboratories analyzes these compliance samples, and results (Tables 1–3) are used to establish LLNL compliance with the 2019–2020 Wastewater Discharge Permit (Permit 1250) granted by the City of Livermore Water Resources Division (WRD). Supplemental analyses for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total suspended solids (TSS) are performed onsite and reported (Table 4) for the calculation and assessment of sewer service charges. Quarterly, effluent is sampled for metals (24-hour composite) and cyanide (grab sample) concentrations (mg/L). The results are presented in Table 5. In addition to the sampling noted above, the SMS continuously monitors LLNL sewage effluent in real-time for flow rate, pH, metals, and radioactivity. Standard measurement methods are used to monitor flow and pH to determine permit compliance. Unique nonstandard analytical methods monitor for the presence of metals and radioactivity using x-ray fluorescence (XRF) and gamma spectroscopy, respectively. If an anomalous condition is detected by the monitoring system, an alarm activates LLNL’s Sewer Diversion Facility (SDF) and Livermore Water Reclamation Plant (LWRP) operators are notified that a potential release has occurred.
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) collects effluent samples from its sewer outfall at the B196 Sewer Monitoring Station (SMS). Effluent flow-proportional composite samples are collected at the SMS on a daily (midnight-to-midnight), weekly (Thursday through Wednesday), and “monthly” (composited from daily) basis; effluent grab samples are also collected each month at that same location. Certified contract laboratories analyze these compliance samples, and results are used to establish LLNL compliance with the 2019 - 2020 Wastewater Discharge Permit (Permit 1250) granted by the City of Livermore Water Resources Division (WRD). Supplemental analyses for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total suspended solids (TSS) are performed onsite and reported for the calculation and assessment of sewer service charges. Quarterly, effluent is sampled for metals (24-hour composite) and cyanide (grab sample) concentrations (mg/L).
Dhurrin, a cyanogenic glucoside, plays an important role in Sorghum bicolor physiology and defense. The concentration of dhurrin in sorghum is influenced by both nitrogen status and stage of plant organ development. While nitrogen resupply activates the expression of genes for dhurrin biosynthesis, the molecular mechanisms underlying this regulation remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the transcriptional response of sorghum to nitrogen resupply following growth under nitrogen-limiting conditions. Using a time-course design, we measured hydrogen cyanide potential (HCNp), growth, and nitrate content at 0-, 2-, 6-, 12-, 24-, 36-, 48-, and 60-h after resupply and collected tissue for RNAseq analysis in parallel for analysis of gene expression and construction of gene regulatory networks (GRNs). HCNp (mg g−1 DW) increased significantly in leaf and stem tissues following nitrogen resupply, with increases in the leaf partially driven by continued declines in controls under ongoing nitrogen stress. Expression of the dhurrin pathway genes was upregulated in leaves from 24 h after nitrogen resupply, with diel expression patterns observable over the remaining time points. No upregulation was observed in roots or stems, suggesting that developmental context overrides environmental cues. GRN analysis identified candidate transcription factors regulating dhurrin biosynthesis genes, including members of the MYB, bZIP, and GARP-type transcription factor families. Some of these candidate transcription factors may be involved in relieving senescence-associated suppression of dhurrin biosynthesis and link nitrogen signaling to pathway activation. These findings provide new insight into the nitrogen-responsive regulation of dhurrin in sorghum, highlighting candidate regulators for future functional characterization.
Dhurrin, a cyanogenic glucoside, plays an important role in Sorghum bicolor physiology and defense. The concentration of dhurrin in sorghum is influenced by both nitrogen status and stage of plant organ development. While nitrogen resupply activates the expression of genes for dhurrin biosynthesis, the molecular mechanisms underlying this regulation remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the transcriptional response of sorghum to nitrogen resupply following growth under nitrogen-limiting conditions. Using a time-course design, we measured hydrogen cyanide potential (HCNp), growth, and nitrate content at 0-, 2-, 6-, 12-, 24-, 36-, 48-, and 60-h after resupply and collected tissue for RNAseq analysis in parallel for analysis of gene expression and construction of gene regulatory networks (GRNs). HCNp (mg g−1 DW) increased significantly in leaf and stem tissues following nitrogen resupply, with increases in the leaf partially driven by continued declines in controls under ongoing nitrogen stress. Expression of the dhurrin pathway genes was upregulated in leaves from 24 h after nitrogen resupply, with diel expression patterns observable over the remaining time points. No upregulation was observed in roots or stems, suggesting that developmental context overrides environmental cues. GRN analysis identified candidate transcription factors regulating dhurrin biosynthesis genes, including members of the MYB, bZIP, and GARP-type transcription factor families. Some of these candidate transcription factors may be involved in relieving senescence-associated suppression of dhurrin biosynthesis and link nitrogen signaling to pathway activation. These findings provide new insight into the nitrogen-responsive regulation of dhurrin in sorghum, highlighting candidate regulators for future functional characterization.
Ammonia reactions with CH radicals, investigating quantitative aspects of hydrogen cyanide formation by mass spectrometry
Shock tube study of thermal decomposition of cyanogen chloride using specific cyanide absorption spectroscopy
Nucleic acid constituents synthesis from methane- ammonia-water mixture, hydrogen cyanide and formaldehyde in thermal-radiation environment
Deoxygenation of benzoyl cyanide, studies of vinyl nitrenes and diene isocyanates, and other aspects of nitrogen chemistry significant to primordial biological systems
Cyanide and pulsed lasers as possible coherent sources of infrared radiation
Mass spectrometry in structural and stereochemical problems, discussing ions origins in spectrum of alcyl n-hexyl cyanide
Polycrystalline ammonium cyanide IR absorption spectrum as function of temperature, discussing ammonium ion hydrogen bonding to C or N atoms
Iron cyanide surface additives effect on photodamage to ZnO powder, using ESR method
N-t-butyliminoacetonitrile formation by reaction between adduct from sodium bisulphite, formaldehyde, t-butylamine and potassium cyanide
The activities of the Toxic Hazards Research Unit (THRU) for the period of June 1970 through May 1971 reviewed. Modification of the animal exposure facilities primarily for improved human safety but also for experimental integrity and continuity are discussed. Acute toxicity experiments were conducted on hydrogen fluoride (HF), hydrogen chloride (HCl), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) both singly and in combination with carbon dioxide (CO). Additional acute toxicity experiments were conducted on oxygen difluoride (OF2) and chlorine pentafluoride (ClF5). Subacute toxicity studies were conducted on methylisobutylketone and dichloromethane (methylene dichloride). The interim results of further chronic toxicity experiments on monomethylhydrazine (MMH) are also described.
The numerical capture cross section is calculated from the capture ratio, defined as the fraction of trajectories reaching a prescribed minimum separation of 3 A. The calculated capture cross sections for a rotational temperature of 77 K suggest large reaction cross sections in 80 K experiments for the large dipole-moment target, methyl cyanide.