Enabling Space Biology Knowledge Discovery Through Biospecimen Sharing: The NASA Biological Institutional Scientific Collection
NASA and international partners have conducted experiments in space to understand the biological impacts and address hazards to health. The resulting basic and applied science is imperative to enabling humanity to venture back to the Moon and then to Mars and beyond. Sending organisms into space is a costly endeavor. All biospecimens not required by spaceflight-relevant Principal Investigators are harvested, preserved, and archived in the NASA Biological Institutional Scientific Collection (NBISC) to maximize the scientific return. The NASA Biological and Physical Sciences (BPS) Division has an ‘Open Science’ endeavor which includes NASA Genelab, the Space Biology Program’s Biospecimen Sharing Program, Physical Sciences Informatics, the Ames Life Sciences Data Archive, and NBISC. Its purpose is to integrate extensive data and biospecimen resources from spaceflight and/or ground-based analog experiments. NBISC biospecimens are collected and preserved according to well-established standard operating procedures to maintain scientific quality and are available on-request by the international scientific community. NBISC currently stores over 32,000 biospecimens from Shuttle, International Space Station, and ground-based space analog investigations. Tissue sharing has resulted in at least 33 publications since 2011 and 48 requests since 2016. Many requests for NBISC biospecimen come from first-time investigators who subsequently submit grants as the port-of-entry into the field of space biology. Some NBISC biospecimens have been awarded to NASA Genelab, who then generate various ‘Open Science’ -omics data sets on their platform for bioinformatics. Other NBISC biospecimen awards have led to multiple studies such as fecal microbiome analysis, DNA damage analysis using single-cell DNA sequencing, enzymatic-pathway identification involved in spaceflight muscle atrophy, and characterization of ocular morphological changes. Of note, NBISC has expanded to include a new Space Microbial Culture Collection (SMCC) for the collection, identification, documentation, long-term preservation, and distribution of space-related microbial isolates.