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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 235 records · Page 13
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Moon to Mars In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) Status Update

In 2017, NASA initiated the Artemis program to send astronauts back to the lunar surface, create a sustainable human lunar exploration program, and lead the first human exploration mission to the Mars surface. While much of NASA’s plans for the Artemis program currently focus on the Human Lunar Return and the ability for astronauts to explore the lunar surface for limited durations each year, the longer-term vision for the Artemis program is to enable sustained human exploration and commercial operations in cis-lunar space and the lunar surface. An important aspect of achieving this long-term vision, is to better understand and characterize the resources on the Moon and Mars and learn how to extract and use these resources. Known as In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU), the identification, mapping, extraction, and processing of space resources has the potential to greatly reduce the cost and risk of human exploration. These are achieved by reducing what needs to be delivered from Earth and the dependency on these supplies, lowering costs through commercial operations, and expanding infrastructure for safer and more capable exploration and surface operations. To guide development of ISRU technologies and systems on the ground and demonstrate these capabilities on the Moon and Mars, the NASA Space Technology Mission Directorate (STMD) created and released the ISRU Envisioned Future Priorities (EFP) strategic plan in 2022 and updated it in 2023. While lunar ISRU technology development had already started, these publicly released strategic plans have been used to guide and prioritize technology development, and assess the progress in achieving the vision. Since the release of the ISRU EFP, there have been several significant activities/events that have occurred with respect to human lunar exploration, surface infrastructure, and ISRU. This presentation will provide an overview and status of on-going technology and system development activities, an update of ISRU into the Artemis campaign, an update on ISRU-related activities.

NASA↗
DOE OSTI2024

ICED: An Integrated CGRA Framework Enabling DFVS-Aware Acceleration

oarse-grained reconfigurable arrays (CGRAs) are a promising solution to enable energy-efficient acceleration of applications from different domains. By leveraging reconfiguration at the functional level, they can adapt to significantly different computational patterns. Existing CGRA mapping approaches extract instruction-level parallelism, exploit loop-pipelining opportunities, guarantee the data dependency, and target high throughput of a given loop. However, the recurrence data-dependency in the DFG and the mismatch between required and available computing/communication resources complicate the mapping, and might lead to significant unbalances in the utilization of the CGRA's tiles. This results in wasted power for tiles with low utilization. Applying dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) can potentially solve this challenge and improve energy efficiency by adjusting voltage and frequency of different tiles independently. CGRAs have also been successful in accelerating data-dependent streaming applications. However, in these applications, the execution time of each kernel in the pipeline might dynamically vary depending on the characteristics of the input. This also leads to under-utilization of resources for the dynamically changing kernels that do not limit the application throughput. DVFS can also improve energy efficiency for these applications by dynamically changing the voltage and frequency levels of tiles that host non performance-constraining kernels. This paper proposes ICEDTEA -- an integrated DVFS-aware framework to map applications on CGRAs that support power islands. ICEDTEA proposes a CGRA architecture supporting DVFS islands at varying granularity (from a single tile to a group of tiles) and the related DVFS-aware compilation and mapping toolchain. ICEDTEA is the first work that introduces DVFS support for spatio-temporal CGRAs at power-island levels. The experimental evaluation shows that ICEDTEA improves average utilization by 2.3$\times$ and energy-efficiency by 1.32$\times$ over a conventional CGRA. With streaming applications, ICEDTEA improves energy efficiency by 1.12$\times$ over a state-of-the-art CGRA that introduces partial dynamic reconfiguration to adapt to variations in kernels' throughput.

Tan, Cheng↗
NASA NTRS1973

Remote sensing in Michigan for land resource management

During the period from June 1972 to June 1973, remote sensing techniques were applied to the following tasks: (1) mapping Michigan's land resources, (2) waterfowl habitat management at Point Mouillee, (3) mapping of Lake Erie shoreline flooding, (4) highway impact assessment, (5) applications of the Earth Resources Technology Satellite, ERTS-1, (6) investigation of natural gas eruptions near Williamsburg, and (7) commercial site selection. The goal of the program was the large scale adaption, by both public agencies and private interests in Michigan, of earth-resource survey technology as an important aid in the solution of current problems in resources management and environmental protection.

Sattinger, I. J.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Reconnaissance geologic mapping in the Dry Valleys of Antarctica using the Earth Resources Technology Satellite

The author has identified the following significant results. Reconnaissance geologic mapping can be done with 60-70% accuracy in the Dry Valleys of Antarctica using ERTS-1 imagery. Bedrock geology can be mapped much better than unconsolidated deposits of Quaternary age. Mapping of bedrock geology is facilitated by lack of vegetation, whereas mapping of Quaternary deposits is hindered by lack of vegetation. Antarctic images show remarkable clarity and under certain conditions (moderate relief, selection of the optimum band for specific rock types, stereo-viewing) irregular contacts can be mapped in local areas that are amazing like those mapped at a scale of 1:25,000, but, of course, lack details due to resolution limitations. ERTS-1 images should be a valuable aid to Antarctic geologists who have some limited ground truth and wish to extend boundaries of geologic mapping from known areas.

Houston, R. S.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Thematic mapping, land use, geological structure and water resources in central Spain

The author has identified the following significant results. A method for a rapid updating of cartography at scale 1:200,000 was established. An annular tectonic structure was detected north of Madrid which was named Structural Halo of Guadalix, since its center is situated in the locality of Guadalix de la Sierra. This circular complex has from 30 to 40 km of radius and its influences at its most extreme edges reach Madrid.

Delascuevas, N.↗
NASA NTRS2021

Maya Forest Water Resources I: Using NASA Earth Observations to Map Forested Inundation in the Maya Forest

As climate change increases the severity and frequency of extreme weather events in the tropics, it is vital for the safety of local communities and the health of ecosystems to monitor seasonal inundation. Forested inundation affects the ability of forested wetlands to provide ecosystem services, such as flood mitigation, water filtration, carbon storage, and erosion mitigation. While ground-based monitoring has traditionally been used to map inundation extent, those methods are costly and time-intensive. The NASA DEVELOP team focused on seasonal inundation throughout 2008 in the Maya Forest, when changes in inundation were drastic. To monitor seasonal inundation, our team used in situ field data and Earth observations from Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+), Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) 1, Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), and products from the Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite (ICESat). The team applied a Random Forest algorithm to Landsat 7 imagery, generating an object-level land cover classification with an overall accuracy of 72.1% and forest class with 100% recall and 78% precision. The team applied L-band backscatter thresholds from existing literature to forest-masked ALOS imagery and refined the thresholds in an iterative process using field data and hydrology models to delineate seasonal inundation extent. These publicly available data products help end users from Belize’s Land Information Center (LIC) and Forest Department, Guatemala’s Center for Monitoring and Evaluation (CEMEC), and Mexico’s El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR) to inform land management and protect community infrastructure.

Madelyn Savan↗
NASA NTRS1974

Recent advancements in information extraction methodology and hardware for earth resources survey systems

The present work discusses some recent developments in preprocessing and extractive processing techniques and hardware and in user applications model development for earth resources survey systems. The Multivariate Interactive Digital Analysis System (MIDAS) is currently being developed, and is an attempt to solve the problem of real time multispectral data processing in an operational system. The main features and design philosophy of this system are described. Examples of wetlands mapping and land resource inventory are presented. A user model developed for predicting the yearly production of mallard ducks from remote sensing and ancillary data is described.

Erickson, J. D.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Application of the ERTS system to the study of Wyoming resources with emphasis on the use of basic data products

Many potential users of ERTS data products and other aircraft and satellite imagery are limited to visual methods of analyses of these products. Illustrations are presented from Wyoming studies that have employed these standard data products for a variety of geologic and related studies. Possible economic applications of these studies are summarized. Studies include regional geologic mapping for updating and correcting existing maps and to supplement incomplete regional mapping; illustrations of the value of seasonal images in geologic mapping; specialized mapping of such features as sand dunes, playa lakes, lineaments, glacial features, regional facies changes, and their possible economic value; and multilevel sensing as an aid in mineral exploration. Examples of cooperative studies involving botanists, plant scientists, and geologists for the preparation of maps of surface resources that can be used by planners and for environmental impact studies are given.

Houston, R. S.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Our national energy future - The role of remote sensing

An overview of problems and opportunities in remote sensing of resources. The need for independence from foreign and precarious energy sources, availability of fossil fuel materials for other purposes (petrochemicals, fertilizer), environmental conservation, and new energy sources are singled out as the main topics. Phases of response include: (1) crisis, with reduced use of petroleum and tapping of on-shore and off-shore resources combined; (2) a transition phase involving a shift from petroleum to coal and oil shale; and (3) exploitation of renewable (inexhaustible and clean) energy. Opportunities for remote sensing in fuel production and energy conservation are discussed along with problems in identifying the spectral signatures of productive and unproductive regions. Mapping of water resources, waste heat, byproducts, and wastes is considered in addition to opportunities for international collaboration.

Schmitt, H. H.↗
NASA NTRS2003

Mars Mission Optimization Based on Collocation of Resources

This paper presents a powerful approach for analyzing Martian data and for optimizing mission site selection based on resource collocation. This approach is implemented in a program called PROMT (Planetary Resource Optimization and Mapping Tool), which provides a wide range of analysis and display functions that can be applied to raw data or imagery. Thresholds, contours, custom algorithms, and graphical editing are some of the various methods that can be used to process data. Output maps can be created to identify surface regions on Mars that meet any specific criteria. The use of this tool for analyzing data, generating maps, and collocating features is demonstrated using data from the Mars Global Surveyor and the Odyssey spacecraft. The overall mission design objective is to maximize a combination of scientific return and self-sufficiency based on utilization of local materials. Landing site optimization involves maximizing accessibility to collocated science and resource features within a given mission radius. Mission types are categorized according to duration, energy resources, and in-situ resource utilization. Optimization results are shown for a number of mission scenarios.

G E Chamitoff↗
DOE OSTI2020

Analysis of Geothermal Resources in Three Texas Counties

This project updates the geothermal resources beneath our oil and gas fields, as part of the research for the Texas GEO project. This report "Analysis of Geothermal Resources in Three Texas Counties" (October 2020) improves on previous mapping of the Texas resources for the counties of Crockett (West Texas), Jackson (central Gulf Coast) and Webb (South Texas). Through additional bottom-hole temperatures (BHT), the number of well sites increased from 532 to 5,410 in total for these counties. The improved methodology to calculate formation temperatures from 3.5 km (11,500 ft) to 10 km (32,800 ft) includes thermal conductivity values more closely related to the actual county geological formations, incorporated radiogenic heat production of formations, and the related mapped depth to basement. The results show deep temperatures as hotter than previously calculated, with temperatures of 150 degrees Celcius possible for Webb County between depths of 2.6 - 5.1 km, Jackson County between depths 3.0 - 5.4 km, and Crockett County between depths of 2.7 - 8.0 km.

10 km↗
DOE OSTI2021

Shareable FPGA compute engine

Systems, apparatuses, and methods for sharing an field programmable gate array compute engine are disclosed. A system includes one or more processors and one or more FPGAs. The system receives a request, generated by a first user process, to allocate a portion of processing resources on a first FPGA. The system maps the portion of processing resources of the first FPGA into an address space of the first user process. The system prevents other user processes from accessing the portion of processing resources of the first FPGA. Later, the system detects a release of the portion of the processing resources on the first FPGA by the first user process. Then, the system receives a second request to allocate the first FPGA from a second user process. In response to the second request, the system maps the first FPGA into an address space of the second user process.

Kegel, Andrew G.↗
NASA NTRS1993

AVHRR-LAC estimates of forest area in Madagascar, 1990

Three AVHRR-LAC data sets acquired in September 1990 and January 1991 were used to map the forest resources of Madagascar. The island was partitioned into four strata to include: (1) the western hardwoods, (2) the central grasslands, (3) the eastern rainforest, and (4) spiny forest. Each stratum was classified separately using AVHRR-LAC data in conjunction with 1984-1988 Landsat-MSS photoproducts. The results of AVHRR classification indicate that approximately 11 percent of the island is covered by forest. Estimates of forest area, by stratum, are as follows: western hardwoods, 6697 sq km; central grasslands, 2830 sq km; eastern rainforest 34,167 sq km; and spiny forest, 17,224 sq km. The total forest area on the 587,041 sq km island is estimated to be 60,918 sq km. The AVHRR forest map was compared to a mid-1970s land cover map which was developed using Landsat-MSS photoproducts. The average class agreement between the mid 1970s ground reference map and the 1990 AVHRR-LAC map was 78.2 percent, the overall accuracy was 81.1 percent. Much of the per-pixel disagreement between the ground reference and AVHRR maps involved areas identified as forest in the 1970s and as nonforest in 1990.

Nelson, R.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Geothermal Energy and Resilience in Arctic Countries

The eight Arctic countries - Iceland, Canada, Denmark (Greenland and the Faroe Islands) Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, and the United States (Alaska) - have diverse energy systems, but can be split into two distinct groups based on energy characteristics. The first group includes systems in Europe (Finland, Norway, Sweden, and Iceland), which are heavily grid-connected. The second group includes the United States (Alaska), Canada, Russia, and Greenland, which have grid-connected energy systems in their more densely populated southern regions, but are also defined by the prevalence of remote microgrids. Energy sources for heat and power vary across grid-connected communities in the Arctic nations. The primary energy source for remote communities, on the other hand, is almost exclusively diesel. This is true for both heat and power. Despite these and other key distinctions, Arctic countries share many commonalities with regard to their energy systems. One is a fundamental need for heat. Heat and electric energy are linked in most communities - remote, rural, and urban - and those linked systems are increasingly vulnerable to disruptions. Several of the Arctic countries use baseload renewable energy resources for heat and power. Iceland uses geothermal and hydroelectric; Canada, the United States, Sweden, Norway, and Finland use hydroelectric. Utilization of baseload renewable energy resources on-site for combined heat and power appears to enhance the resilience of communities in Arctic countries with high penetration of those resources. On the other hand, reliance on diesel by remote communities in other Arctic countries may be amplifying vulnerabilities. Although geothermal energy is currently used in all eight Arctic countries, resources are poorly mapped, and details can be difficult to come by. Despite this, geothermal energy provides heat and sometimes electricity at both utility scales and at the microgrid scale. Geothermal electricity is produced in Iceland, Russia, and the United States (Alaska). Direct use of geothermal heat is used in Iceland, Russia, United States, Canada, and Norway. Geo-exchange is used in Sweden, Finland, Norway, Canada, and the United States. In this paper, we reframe geothermal heat and power systems as integrated energy systems, asking the question: are integrated geothermal energy systems - where available and economic - resilient solutions for communities in Arctic countries? We identify resilience attributes of integrated geothermal energy systems, with a focus on microgrids and small-scale applications. Based on the high-level, qualitative analysis presented in this paper, the answer appears to be yes. Further work should prioritize refining our understanding of geothermal resources in Arctic countries, because development of the most economic geothermal resources in Arctic countries has the potential to enhance the energy resilience of its residents, whether in a grid-connected or remote off-grid context.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗