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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 235 records · Page 13
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Emergent phenomena and proximity effects in two-dimensional magnets and heterostructures

Ultrathin van der Waals materials and their heterostructures offer a simple, yet powerful platform for discovering emergent phenomena and implementing device structures in the two-dimensional limit. The past few years has pushed this frontier to include magnetism. These advances have brought forth a new assortment of layered materials that intrinsically possess a wide variety of magnetic properties and are instrumental in integrating exchange and spin–orbit interactions into van der Waals heterostructures. This Review Article summarizes recent progress in exploring the intrinsic magnetism of atomically thin van der Waals materials, manipulation of their magnetism by tuning the interlayer coupling, and device structures for spin- and valleytronic applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Pressure-induced suppression of charge density phases across the entire rare-earth tritellurides by optical spectroscopy

The rare-earth tritellurides (RTe 3 ) are a distinct class of 2D layered materials that recently gained significant attention due to hosting such quantum collective phenomena as superconductivity or charge density waves (CDWs). Many members of this van der Waals (vdW) family crystals exhibit CDW behavior at room temperature, i.e., RTe 3 compound where R = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, and Tb. Here, our systematic studies establish the CDW properties of RTe 3 when the vdW spacing/interaction strength between adjacent RTe 3 layers is engineered under extreme hydrostatic pressures. Using a non-destructive spectroscopy technique, pressure-dependent Raman studies first establish the pressure coefficients of phonon and CDW amplitude modes for a variety of RTe 3 materials, including LaTe 3 , CeTe 3 , PrTe 3 , NdTe 3 , SmTe 3 , GdTe 3 , and TbTe 3 . Results further show that the CDW phase is eventually suppressed at high pressures when the interlayer spacing is reduced and interaction strength is increased. Comparison between different RTe 3 materials shows that LaTe 3 with the largest thermodynamic equilibrium interlayer spacing (smallest chemical pressure) exhibits the most stable CDW phases at high pressures. In contrast, CDW phases in late RTe 3 systems with the largest internal chemical pressures are suppressed easily with applied pressure. Overall results provide comprehensive insights into the CDW response of the entire RTe 3 series under extreme pressures, offering an understanding of CDW formation/engineering in a unique class of vdW RTe 3 material systems.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Exploring the Interface of Skin-Layered Titanium Fibers for Electrochemical Water Splitting

Water electrolysis is the key to a decarbonized energy system, as it enables the conversion and storage of renewably generated intermittent electricity in the form of hydrogen. However, reliability challenges arising from titanium-based porous transport layers (PTLs) have hitherto restricted the deployment of next-generation water-splitting devices. Here, it is shown for the first time how PTLs can be adapted so that their interface remains well protected and resistant to corrosion across ˜4000 h under real electrolysis conditions. It is also demonstrated that the malfunctioning of unprotected PTLs is a result triggered by additional fatal degradation mechanisms over the anodic catalyst layer beyond the impacts expected from iridium oxide stability. Now, superior durability and efficiency in water electrolyzers can be achieved over extended periods of operation with less-expensive PTLs with proper protection, which can be explained by the detailed reconstruction of the interface between the different elements, materials, layers, and components presented in this work.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Tunable room-temperature ferromagnetism in Co-doped two-dimensional van der Waals ZnO

The recent discovery of ferromagnetism in two-dimensional van der Waals crystals has provoked a surge of interest in the exploration of fundamental spin interaction in reduced dimensions. However, existing material candidates have several limitations, notably lacking intrinsic room-temperature ferromagnetic order and air stability. Here, motivated by the anomalously high Curie temperature observed in bulk diluted magnetic oxides, we demonstrate room-temperature ferromagnetism in Co-doped graphene-like Zinc Oxide, a chemically stable layered material in air, down to single atom thickness. Through the magneto-optic Kerr effect, superconducting quantum interference device and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism measurements, we observe clear evidences of spontaneous magnetization in such exotic material systems at room temperature and above. Transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy results explicitly exclude the existence of metallic Co or cobalt oxides clusters. X-ray characterizations reveal that the substitutional Co atoms form Co 2+ states in the graphitic lattice of ZnO. By varying the Co doping level, we observe transitions between paramagnetic, ferromagnetic and less ordered phases due to the interplay between impurity-band-exchange and super-exchange interactions. Our discovery opens another path to 2D ferromagnetism at room temperature with the advantage of exceptional tunability and robustness.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Stacking Fault Induced Symmetry Breaking in van der Waals Nanowires

While traditional ferroelectrics are based on polar crystals in bulk or thin film form, two-dimensional and layered materials can support mechanisms for symmetry breaking between centrosymmetric building blocks, e.g., by creating low-symmetry interfaces in van der Waals stacks. Here, we introduce an approach toward symmetry breaking in van der Waals crystals that relies on the spontaneous incorporation of stacking faults in a nonpolar bulk layer sequence. The concept is realized in nanowires consisting of Se-rich group IV monochalcogenide (GeSe 1–x S x ) alloys, obtained by vapor–liquid–solid growth. The single crystalline wires adopt a layered structure in which the nonpolar A-B bulk stacking along the nanowire axis is interrupted by single-layer stacking faults with local A-A' stacking. Density functional theory explains this behavior by a reduced stacking fault formation energy in GeSe (or Se-rich GeSe 1–x S x alloys). Computations demonstrate that, similar to monochalcogenide monolayers, the inserted A-layers should show a spontaneous electric polarization with a switching barrier consistent with a Curie temperature above room temperature. Second-harmonic generation signals are consistent with a variable density of stacking faults along the wires. Here, our results point to possible routes for designing ferroelectrics via the layer stacking in van der Waals crystals.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Introducing the monoclinic polymorph of the honeycomb magnet Na 2 Co 2 TeO 6

Recent theoretical studies have suggested that the low-energy Hamiltonian of honeycomb cobaltate systems could be dominated by anisotropic Kitaev interactions. Motivated by the theory, a honeycomb layered material Na 2 Co 2 TeO 6 with a hexagonal unit cell has been studied and found to exhibit antiferromagnetic (AFM) ordering at 27 K with two spin reorientation transitions at 15 and 5 K. Here we report a monoclinic polymorph of Na 2 Co 2 TeO 6 , also with honeycomb layered structure but with a single AFM transition at 9.6 K and without spin reorientation transitions at lower temperatures. Here, using neutron diffraction, we identify an in-plane zigzag AFM order in the ground state with the spins canted out of the honeycomb planes and ferromagnetically coupled between them. The zigzag order is suppressed by a magnetic field of 6T. The lower critical temperature and field, positive Curie-Weiss temperature, and out-of-plane canting of spins in the monoclinic Na 2 Co 2 TeO 6 suggest enhanced frustration in this polymorph compared to the hexagonal one.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2026

Chemo-Mechanics of α-V 2 O 5 During Lithiation and Implications for Rechargeable Battery Cathodes

Chemo-mechanical degradation of layered oxide electrodes is strongly influenced by crystallographic anisotropy, local stress evolution, and ion insertion, yet the intrinsic mechanical response of layered materials remains incompletely understood. Indeed, most prior studies have focused on polycrystalline materials but single crystals enable direct observation of coupling between anisotropic ion diffusion and mechanical response. This study aims to determine how crystallographic anisotropy and lithiation affect deformation, fracture, and mechanical properties in single-crystal V 2 O 5 , and compares this behavior with polycrystalline counterparts. Polycrystalline V 2 O 5 thin films and single-crystal α-V 2 O 5 were studied using nanoindentation, scanning electron microscopy, focused ion beam cross-sectioning, and Raman spectroscopy. Single crystals were tested in pristine and chemically lithiated states, including experiments in which crystals were first plastically deformed via nanoindentation and subsequently lithiated. Polycrystalline films exhibited significantly higher hardness and elastic modulus than single crystals. Single crystals indented normal to the exposed (001) basal plane exhibited pronounced anisotropic deformation, including directional slip, crystallographically-guided cracking, anisotropic crack propagation, interlayer separation, and shear localization. Lithiation caused substantial softening, reduced hardness and modulus, and suppressed displacement bursts during nanoindentation, while previously indented regions showed crack formation and growth upon lithiation. Mechanical behavior of α-V 2 O 5 is strongly governed by crystallographic anisotropy and further altered by lithiation, with pre-existing deformation serving as a strong driver of fracture during ion insertion. These findings illuminate the coupling among ion insertion, deformation, and fracture in layered oxides and provide a basis for understanding and mitigating mechanical failure in electrochemical energy-storage materials.

Anisotropy↗
DOE OSTI2020

Tracking ion intercalation into layered Ti 3 C 2 MXene films across length scales

Enhancing the energy stored and power delivered by layered materials relies strongly on improved understanding of the intricate interplay of electrolyte ions, solvents, and electrode interactions as well as the role of confinement. Here we report a highly integrated study with multiscale theory/modelling and experiments to track the intercalation of aqueous Li + , Na + , K + , Cs + , and Mg 2+ ions into Ti 3 C 2 MXene. The integrated analysis of experiments assisted by theory/modelling allows for a deep understanding of energy storage processes highlighting the importance of the dynamics of cations, their positionings between MXene sheets, their effects on mechanical properties and capacitive energy storage. Computational simulations and operando calorimetry measurements prove the processes involving cation dehydration and H+ rehydration, showing a good correlation for heat variations between experiments and theory. Operando liquid AFM mapped energy dissipation of ions appears non-uniformly across the MXene surface, indicating heterogeneities of ions inside the MXene and confirming partially the ion behaviour obtained in theory. We directly demonstrate that the average distance between the cation and MXene surface follows a modified two-sided Helmholtz model when plotted versus the open circuit potential capacitance, revealing a different electrical double layer mechanism in confinement. This new fundamental understanding lays the foundation for improved functional devices utilizing electrodes and membranes made of two-dimensional materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Thermokinetic mixing compounding for polymer composites – a comprehensive review

High-speed thermokinetic mixers (K-mixers) represent an advanced compounding technology that employs intense shear and friction to convert kinetic energy directly into thermal energy. This mechanism enables rapid mixing cycles, often under one minute, facilitating exceptional filler dispersion while minimizing the material’s thermal history. This is particularly effective for compounding challenging materials, including heat-sensitive biopolymers, wet filler feedstocks, and nanofillers prone to agglomeration. As the first comprehensive review of this technology, this article synthesizes the fundamental principles of thermokinetic mixing (K-mixing) and surveys recent advances in polymer composite fabrication. We contrast the working principles of K-mixers with conventional twin-screw extrusion, highlighting distinct advantages in dispersing nanoscale fillers, exfoliating layered materials, and processing wet cellulosic feedstocks and ultra-high filler loadings (e.g., 85 wt%). Furthermore, strategies to optimize filler–matrix interfacial bonding under rapid-processing constraints, such as the kinetic selection of compatibilizers and fiber surface treatments, are evaluated. Finally, we analyze key structure-processing-property relationships and outline future directions in scaling up, reactive processing, and hybrid material development.

Zhang, Xuefeng [University of Maine]↗
DOE OSTI2020

Evolutionary multi-objective optimization and Pareto-frontal uncertainty quantification of interatomic forcefields for thermal conductivity simulations

Predictive Molecular Dynamics simulations of thermal transport require forcefields that can simultaneously reproduce several structural, thermodynamic and vibrational properties of materials like lattice constants, phonon density of states, and specific heat. This requires a multi-objective optimization approach for forcefield parameterization. Existing methodologies for forcefield parameterization use ad-hoc and empirical weighting schemes to convert this into a single-objective optimization problem. Here, we provide and describe software to perform multi-objective optimization of Stillinger–Weber forcefields (SWFF) for two-dimensional layered materials using the recently developed 3rd generation non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-III). NSGA-III converges to the set of optimal forcefields lying on the Pareto front in the multi-dimensional objective space. This set of forcefields is used for uncertainty quantification of computed thermal conductivity due to variability in the forcefield parameters. We demonstrate this new optimization scheme by constructing a SWFF for a representative two-dimensional material, 2H-MoSe 2 and quantifying the uncertainty in their computed thermal conductivity.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2021

Effect of water frustration on water oxidation catalysis in the nanoconfined interlayers of layered manganese oxides birnessite and buserite

The role of geometric frustration of water molecules on the rate of water oxidation in the nanoconfined interlayer of manganese-oxide layered materials (birnessite, buserite) is examined in a well-controlled experiment. Calcium buserite is prepared, and used in a split-batch synthetic protocol to prepare calcium birnessite, sodium buserite, and sodium birnessite, and partially dehydrated sodium birnessite. Thus, four samples are prepared in which features effecting catalytic efficiency (defect density, average manganese oxidation state) are controlled, and the main difference is the degree of hydration of the interlayer (two layers of water in buserites vs one layer of water in birnessite). Here, molecular dynamics simulations predict birnessite samples to exhibit geometric water frustration, which facilitates redox catalysis by lowering the Marcus reorganizaiton energy of electron transfer, while buserite samples exhibit traditional intermolecular hydrogen bonding among the two-layer aqeuous region, leading to slower catalytic behavior akin to redox reactions in bulk water. Water oxdiation activity is investigated using chemical and electrochemical techniques, demonstrating and quantifying the role of water frustration in enhancing catalysis. Calculation and experiment demonstrate dehydrated sodium birnessite to be most effective, and calcium buserite the least effective, with a difference in electrocatlytic overpotential of ~750 mV and a ~20-fold difference in turnover number.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Revealing the two-dimensional electronic structure and anisotropic superconductivity in a natural van der Waals superlattice (PbSe) 1.14 NbSe 2

Van der Waals superlattices are important for tailoring the electronic structures and properties of layered materials. Here we report the superconducting properties and electronic structure of a natural van der Waals superlattice (PbSe) 1.14 NbSe 2 . Anisotropic superconductivity with a transition temperature T c = 5.6 ± 0.1 K, which is higher than monolayer NbSe 2 , is revealed by transport measurements on high-quality samples. Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) measurements reveal the two-dimensional electronic structure and a charge transfer of 0.43 electrons per NbSe 2 unit cell from the blocking PbSe layer. In addition, polarization-dependent ARPES measurements reveal a significant circular dichroism with opposite contrast at K and K' valleys, suggesting a significant spin-orbital coupling and distinct orbital angular momentum. In conclusion, our work suggests natural van der Waals superlattice as an effective pathway for achieving intriguing properties distinct from both the bulk and monolayer samples.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2024

Tunable Phonon Polariton Hybridization in a Van der Waals Hetero‐Bicrystal

Abstract Phonon polaritons, the hybrid quasiparticles resulting from the coupling of photons and lattice vibrations, have gained significant attention in the field of layered van der Waals heterostructures. Particular interest has been paid to hetero‐bicrystals composed of molybdenum oxide (MoO 3 ) and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), which feature polariton dispersion tailorable via avoided polariton mode crossings. In this work, the polariton eigenmodes in MoO 3 ‐hBN hetero‐bicrystals self‐assembled on ultrasmooth gold are systematically studied using synchrotron infrared nanospectroscopy. It is experimentally demonstrated that the spectral gap in bicrystal dispersion and corresponding regimes of negative refraction can be tuned by material layer thickness, and these results are quantitatively matched with a simple analytic model. Polaritonic cavity modes and polariton propagation along “forbidden” directions are also investigated in microscale bicrystals, which arise from the finite in‐plane dimension of the synthesized MoO 3 micro‐ribbons. The findings shed light on the unique dispersion properties of polaritons in van der Waals heterostructures and pave the way for applications leveraging deeply sub‐wavelength mid‐infrared light‐matter interactions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Extremely Large Response of Phonon Coherence in Twisted Penta‐NiN 2 Bilayer

Abstract Twisting has recently been demonstrated as an effective strategy for tuning the interactions between particles or quasi‐particles in layered materials. Motivated by the recent experimental synthesis of pentagonal NiN 2 sheet [ACS Nano2021, 15, 13539], for the first time, the response of phonon coherence to twisting in bilayer penta‐NiN 2 , going beyond the particle‐like phonon transport is studied. By using the unified theory of phonon transport and high order lattice anharmonicity, together with the self‐consistent phonon theory, it is found that the lattice thermal conductivity is reduced by 80.6% from 33.35 to 6.47 W m −1 K −1 at 300 K when the layers are twisted. In particular, the contribution of phonon coherence is increased sharply by an order of magnitude, from 0.21 to 2.40 W m −1 K −1 , due to the reduced differences between the phonon frequencies and enhanced anharmonicity after the introduction of twist. The work provides a fundamental understanding of the phonon interaction in twisted pentagonal sheets.

Chemistry↗
DOE OSTI2023

FWP FEAA149: “Next Generation Environmental Barrier Coatings”

Environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) are required coatings for utilization of SiC/SiC ceramic matrix composite (CMC) components in gas turbines, where the EBC represents the life-limiting factor for such components. EBC/CMC systems have shown success in aero-engine applications with increased turbine inlet temperatures and improved efficiencies, which are achieved through higher temperature stability, lower density, and decreased reliance on cooling air compared to traditional superalloys. While industrial gas turbines (IGTs) do not currently utilize SiC/SiC CMCs, the current shift towards low-carbon or carbon-free fuel sources for power generation could result in a need for EBC/CMC components with higher temperature capabilities. In this work, three tasks were outlined to improve understanding of EBC lifetimes to encourage use in IGTs with carbon-free fuel such as hydrogen: 1. Define the bond coating oxidation kinetics and EBC failure criteria, 2. Measure thermal expansion coefficients of each layered material, and 3. Perform advanced characterization and modeling to assess EBC lifetimes. Cyclic steam oxidation tests were conducted on various EBC/Si/SiC chemistries and EBC/SiC architectures to define substrate oxidation kinetics and EBC failure modes. An open-source code was developed to quantify the undulating thermally grown oxide thickness with thousands of measurements from specimen cross-section images. Bond coating oxidation kinetics were determined and used to develop a kinetic and thermodynamic model for predicting EBC lifetimes. High-temperature Raman spectroscopy was utilized for determining the SiO 2 thermally grown oxide phase transformation as the life-limiting feature for EBCs. Model efforts supported the claim that the SiO 2 phase transformation causes elevated stress during thermal cycling with associated cracking that decreases the adhesion strength of the EBC, eventually resulting in coating spallation. The finite element model subroutine will be made publicly available upon internal review. Further development of an EBC lifetime model for IGTs involves definition of a critical SiO 2 thickness for EBC spallation and must also consider both environmental (gas velocity, pressure, etc.) and specimen (EBC dopants, layer architectures, etc.) effects into predicted bond coating oxidation kinetics for long-lifetime components.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Theoretical study of the crystal and electronic properties of α - RuI 3

The material α-RuCl 3 , with a two-dimensional Ru honeycomb sublattice, has attracted considerable attention because it may be a realization of the Kitaev quantum spin liquid. Recently, a new honeycomb material, α-RuCl 3 , was prepared under moderately high pressure, and it is stable under ambient conditions. However, different from α-RuCl 3 , α-RuI 3 was reported to be a paramagnetic metal without long-range magnetic order down to 0.35 K. Here, the structural and electronic properties of the quasi-two-dimensional α-RuI 3 are theoretically studied. First, based on first-principles density functional theory calculations, the ABC stacking honeycomb-layer R$\bar{3}$ (No. 148) structure is found to be the most likely stacking order for α-RuI 3 along the c axis. Furthermore, both R$\bar{3}$ and P$\bar{3}$1c are dynamically stable because no imaginary frequency modes were obtained in the phononic dispersion spectrum without Hubbard U. Moreover, the different physical behavior of α-RuI 3 compared to α-RuCl 3 can be understood naturally. The strong hybridization between Ru 4d and I 5p orbitals decreases the “effective” atomic Hubbard repulsion, leading the electrons of RuI3 to be less localized than in RuCl 3 . As a consequence, the effective electronic correlation is reduced from Cl to I, leading to the metallic nature of α-RuI 3 . Based on the DFT+U (Ueff=2 eV) plus spin-orbital coupling, we obtained a spin-orbit Mott insulating behavior for α-RuCl 3 and, with the same procedure, a metallic behavior for α-RuI 3 , in good agreement with experimental results. Furthermore, when introducing large (unrealistic) U eff =6 eV, the spin-orbit Mott gap opens in α-RuI 3 as well, supporting the physical picture we are proposing. Our results provide guidance to experimentalists and theorists working on two-dimensional transition metal tri-iodide layered materials.

2-dimensional systems↗
DOE OSTI2022

Interdiffusion and Formation of Intermetallic Compounds in High-Temperature Power Electronics Substrate Joints Fabricated by Transient Liquid Phase Bonding

Power electronics packages typically comprise a dielectric substrate bonded to a metal layer and attached to heat sinks using a low-thermal-conductivity solder. These multiple layers increase the effective thermal resistance of the package and are responsible for package failures under cyclic thermal loads. Bonding the aluminum nitride dielectric layer (AlN) directly to a low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) aluminum silicon carbide (AlSiC) cold plate using copper-aluminum (Cu-Al) transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding has been shown to improve the mechanical reliability of the power electronic packages while making the package more compact by bringing the cooling solutions closer to the devices. This study aims to characterize the Cu-Al bonds formed during the TLP bonding of AlSiC with three different power electronics substrates: pure aluminum nitride (AlN), aluminum (DBA), and copper (DBC). The material compositions and microstructures of the bonds were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), confocal scanning acoustic microscopy (C-SAM), and x-ray diffraction (XRD). ..alpha..-Al solid compound was identified as the dominant phase in AlN-AlSiC and Al-AlSiC, with a notable presence of SiC particles. In contrast, three intermetallic phases - ..theta..-CuAl2, ..eta..-CuAl, and ..gamma..'- Cu9Al4 - were observed in the Cu-AlSiC bond. A computational solid-state diffusion model was developed to predict the intermetallic compounds (IMCs) formed during Cu-Al TLP bonding in each system, which supported the observation that an initial Cu volume fraction of 20 % in the material layers produced a final bond composition of >95 % Al with minimal IMC growth. However, increased Cu concentrations produced higher concentration gradients, leading to increased growth of IMCs, Kirkendall voids, and interstitial cracks.

DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗
DOE OSTI2023

Plasma-jet printing of colloidal thermoelectric Bi 2 Te 3 nanoflakes for flexible energy harvesting

Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) convert temperature differences into electrical power and are attractive among energy harvesting devices due to their autonomous and silent operation. While thermoelectric materials have undergone substantial improvements in material properties, a reliable and cost-effective fabrication method suitable for microgravity and space applications remains a challenge, particularly as commercial space flight and extended crewed space missions increase in frequency. This paper demonstrates the use of plasma-jet printing (PJP), a gravity-independent, electromagnetic field-assisted printing technology, to deposit colloidal thermoelectric nanoflakes with engineered nanopores onto flexible substrates at room temperature. We observe substantial improvements in material adhesion and flexibility with less than 2% and 11% variation in performance after 10 000 bending cycles over 25 mm and 8 mm radii of curvature, respectively, as compared to previously reported TE films. Our printed films demonstrate electrical conductivity of 2.5 × 10 3 S m -1 and a power factor of 70 μW m -1 K -2 at room temperature. To our knowledge, these are the first reported values of plasma-jet printed thermoelectric nanomaterial films. This advancement in plasma jet printing significantly promotes the development of nanoengineered 2D and layered materials not only for energy harvesting but also for the development of large-scale flexible electronics and sensors for both space and commercial applications.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗