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DOE OSTI2021

R3IT, Rapid Rural Resilient Interconnection Toolkit, Final Technical Report

Utilities nationwide are beginning to experience multiple solar interconnection requests per day. This request volume will soon overwhelm utility engineers, especially at smaller utilities which serve the majority of the landmass of the United States. In this project, we developed open-source software tool that automates the interconnection approval process and removes 80% of the time required to approve an interconnection and hence allow more solar to be quickly and safely integrated with the grid. This software is accompanied by a guidebook detailing interconnection best practices and utility lessons learned. Competing solar interconnection software is extremely expensive at ten times the cost of typical distribution engineering tools, it’s closed source which makes it hard to integrate into utility workflows, and it doesn’t address the hardest power flow modeling challenges of interconnection screening. Our solution was built built with our utility partners who are already experiencing multiple interconnection requests per day and integrates best practices from our past work with DOE and the cooperative community on solar integration. The resulting free and open-source solution has been disseminated through our media channels and conferences that engage over 1,900 utilities nationwide.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2021

Recommended Practices for Managing Induced Seismicity Risk Associated with Geologic Carbon Storage

The geologic storage of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is one method to help reduce or eliminate atmospheric CO 2 emissions. The sequestered CO 2 is originally captured from the atmosphere or from a stationary industrial source and subsequently injected into a deep subsurface porous rock formation. To facilitate the successful deployment of field scale carbon storage projects, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is developing tools and protocols for defensible, science-based frameworks to quantify and mitigate risks associated with the long-term storage of CO 2 . This protocol specifically addresses the risk of induced seismicity due to injection in a geologic carbon storage (GCS) site. This integrated and risk-based protocol is a product of the U.S. DOE Fossil Energy’s National Risk Assessment Partnership (NRAP), a multi-year collaborative research effort of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). These recommended practices describe a set of 7 steps to evaluate, manage, communicate, and mitigate the risk of induced seismicity at GCS sites. The base methodology of the recommended practices follows a framework similar to the $\textit{Protocol for Addressing Induced Seismicity Associated with Enhanced Geothermal Systems}$ (Majer et al., 2012), developed for the Geothermal Technology Office of the U.S. DOE. These recommended practices present a framework to systematically assess the induced seismicity risk and quantify the associated uncertainties. These recommendations are based on current research and are sufficiently general to allow for modification and application to a variety of different types of sites. The substance of the recommended practices contained herein includes both technical and non-technical issues, and covers all operational stages of the GCS project lifecycle. They start at the preliminary risk assessment phase, continue through site assessment and characterization, include best practice communication and seismic monitoring plan methodologies, discuss the evaluation and mitigation of seismic hazard and risk, and closes with an exploration of operational management plans, which conclude when the induced seismicity risk abates back to background level. The focus of these recommendations is on actively managing the risks associated with induced seismicity by developing an actionable risk management plan that starts at the project proposal stage and continues through site closure through an iterative assessment and improvement process. The audience of this document is expected to include all interested stakeholders (e.g., operators, project developers, regulators, and the general public) and is expressly written to be accessible to this broad range of partners. This document is intended to disseminate knowledge gained through recent advances in the science of induced seismicity hazard and risk assessments, to provide updates based on recent experience gained by similar corollary injection-induced seismicity cases, and most importantly to establish a uniform framework to carry out a successful induced seismicity risk management plan for carbon storage projects in the future. These recommendations do not directly address any domestic or international regulations or standards. A complementary NRAP report makes recommendations for the assessment and management of environmental subsurface risks associated with unwanted fluid migration at GCS sites (Thomas et al., 2021) and should be referred to in order to address those additional GCS site risks

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2021

New Approaches to Low-Cost Scalable Doping of Interdigitated back Contact Silicon Solar Cells (Final Report)

The goal of this project was to develop novel approaches to patterning of dopants in the rear fingers of interdigitated back contact (IBC) Si solar cells to reduce the cost of manufacturing this high-efficiency-potential cell architecture. The work throughout this project can be divided into four categories: (a) development of dopant patterning technique using laser scribed Si contacts masks that are mechanically aligned with ~10 μm resolution to the underlying Si substrate; (b) measuring dopant spreading profiles in the isolation region between n- and p-type dopant fingers during plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) of doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) via shadow masks, and dopant desorption and re-adsorption during high-temperature annealing; (c) understanding the role of dopant compensation on the shunt resistance in contaminated isolation regions through analysis of defect-enhanced compensation; and (d) simulation and fabrication of passivated two-sided grid and back-contact solar cells to demonstrate the use of direct dopant patterning in cell fabrication. For the passivated two-sided grid solar cells, masked deposition was used to demonstrate an improvement in the blue response of the cell by creating a shallow front emitter. During development of the masked PECVD patterning process, we measured 3-D dopant profiles using secondary ion mass spectrometry. After deposition, in the masked region, the phosphorus dopant tail was >100 µm at concentrations >10 19 cm -3 while the boron dopant tail was shorter. During high-temperature crystallization of doped a-Si:H films to polycrystalline Si (poly-Si), phosphorus atoms spread by desorbing from the poly-Si surface and re-adsorbing onto intrinsic poly-Si on adjacent wafers that were separated by several millimeters. These contamination mechanisms resulted in a decrease in resistivity from ~10 5 Ω·cm for intrinsic poly-Si to ~10 -1 Ω·cm for contaminated poly-Si. Mitigation strategies for each contamination mechanism were developed to maintain a resistivity of ~10 5 Ω·cm between doped fingers. During fabrication of the 209 cells created during this project, it was found that despite contamination of the IBC gap through the abovementioned mechanisms, high shunt resistances and FF ~75% were still reached. Investigation into this led to the discovery of defect-enhanced compensation which exists within highly defective poly-Si when net doping concentrations reach the value of defect density (~10 18 cm -3 for many poly-Si films). Simulations guided us in the fabrication of IBCs and the cells fabricated were able to meet the year-end goals for BP 2 and 3 of 15% and 17% IBC cell efficiency, as well as the BP 4 goal of a 1% absolute increase in efficiency for PERC-like devices. However, the most efficient cell created during this project of 18.6% fell short of the 21% final project target. While the champion device fell short in V oc and J sc , many devices fabricated were able to reach the necessary goals of ~40 mA/cm 2 , ~700 mV, and ~75% FF required for a 21% device. The results generated from this project were disseminated through 11 conference presentations and proceedings. Presentations included oral talks at 2019 IEEE PVSC, 2019 MRS Fall Meeting, 2020 PVSEC-30 and 2021 IEEE PVSC, as well as poster presentations at 2020 IEEE PVSC and 2021 SiPV. The project resulted in 2 peer reviewed publications – one published in IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics and one in ACS Applied Energy Materials. The information gained in this project will aid in development of improved processes for fabrication of high-efficiency solar cells and other areas of the semiconductor device industry as well. The IBC cells will also pave the way for higher efficiency tandem devices. Through further manufacturing of high-efficiency solar cells, more of the world’s energy demands can be met through renewable sources, helping to stave off the worst effects that may come about from global climate change.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2022

Development and Validation of Southeast Asia Solar Resource Data [Slides]

Lack of access to high-quality, publicly available, time series solar data to inform decisions that will transform energy sectors in Southeast Asia is a challenge. The solution is to level the playing field by offering free, high-quality, robust solar data to inform private sector investment and policymaking. This is done by (1) leveraging deep NREL expertise in atmospheric science, solar resource assessment, high-performance computing, and cloud-based data dissemination, (2) producing and validating high spatial and temporal resolution solar resource data, (3) making data available on the USAID-funded global Renewable Energy Data Explorer platform, (4) providing capacity building for data and applications, and (5) informing future demand-driven tool development.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2023

Development of Solid Isotope Harvesting Methods in Preparation for FRIB (Closeout Report)

This project developed the techniques necessary to isolate hydrolysable radiometals from irradiated accelerator components. It was a collaborative project headed by Dr. Jennifer Shusterman at Hunter College in coordination with Dr. Nick Scielzo at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Dr. Gregory Severin at Michigan State University. To develop the methods for harvesting hydrolysable radiometals, both non-radioactive and radioactive experiments were conducted. Non-radioactive tests involved dissolving common accelerator materials (tungsten, copper, aluminum, and gold), adding trace amounts of Zr 4+ and Y 3+ , and then separating the added ions out again using a variety of column-based approaches. These methods were then tested on surrogate materials that were created by irradiating tungsten, copper, aluminum and gold foils with a low-purity 88 Zr beam at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory. The implanted 88 Zr (and co-implanted and daughter-product 88 Y) were recovered, validating the developed methods. MSU’s role in the project was to develop the chemistry for recovering Zr and Y from tungsten; build the target station for irradiating the foils; conduct the irradiations with the collaborators; to validate the tungsten methodology using the irradiated foils; and to disseminate the results.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗

DOE OSTI2022

Solar Radiation Research Laboratory (SRRL) Final Report: Fiscal Years 2019-2021

The Solar Radiation Research Laboratory (SRRL) at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is a world-leading solar calibration and measurement facility and maintains and disseminates the World Radiation Reference (essentially the W/m 2 ) for the United States, which is essential for traceable and accurate measurements of solar radiation at all solar generation facilities. SRRL operates two International Organization for Standardization (ISO)/International Electrotechincal Commission (IEC) 17025 calibration facilities that provide unique, high-quality calibrations to NREL and other U.S. Department of Energy laboratories. The Baseline Measurement System at SRRL provides a high-quality record of solar irradiance and surface meteorological conditions. SRRL capabilities are used to develop: improved methods for the calibration of solar radiometers; new standards through the ISO, the IEC, and ASTM International; models; advanced instrumentation and methods for operating solar measurement stations. The SRRL data sets are also critical for the validation of new models and data sets, such as the National Solar Radiation Database (NSRDB).

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2022

Prototyping a self-learning digital twin platform for personalized treatment in melanoma patients (Final Report)

We completed all the Milestones and disseminated results at the 2021 Computational Approaches for Cancer Workshop (CAFCW21) at the SuperComputing21 conference. As part of Milestone 1, we developed and implemented a prototype digital twin of metastatic melanoma patients, performed quality checks on the code and released it as open source. The work has directly driven major grant proposals by the team on computational digital twins and supporting software infrastructure, including a successful fellowship application by the PI. Work was lead by Paul Macklin (Contact PI, Indiana University), in collaboration with Ilya Shmulevich (PI, Institute for Systems Biology), Tina Hernandez-Boussard (PI, Stanford Univ.), Jeffrey Bryan (Co-I, University of Missouri), Snigdhansu Chatterjee (Co-I, University of Minnesota), and Mohammad Fallahi-Sichani (Co-I, U. of Virginia). Postdoctoral student Heber L. Rocha (Macklin lab, IU) performed intensive computational work, in collaboration with Senior Research Scientist Boris Aguilar (Shmulevich lab, ISB).

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2022

High Explosive Testing Capabilities at Nevada National Security Site (NNSS) [Slides]

LANL is a non-profit Federally Funded Research & Development Center (FFRDC). LANL’s Integrated Weapons Experiments (J) Division addresses national security challenges by executing largescale, integrated, focused experiments, and tests of engineered devices and systems. J-NV plans, fields, and executes dynamic high explosive experiments at NNSS. This includes sub-critical experiments involving special nuclear material, as well as small- and largescale non-nuclear experiments. J-NV generates, analyzes, and disseminates unique, high-quality data.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2022

LaserNetUS Collaboration Network—University of Rochester (Final Report)

LaserNetUS Collaborative Network established in 2018 is a network of high-power laser facilities supported by the Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Fusion Energy Sciences (FES) and operating effectively as a user facility. Its mission is to advance and promote intense laser science and applications by providing scientists and students with broad access to unique facilities and enabling technologies, advancing the frontiers of laser-science research, and fostering collaboration among researchers and networks from around the world. Users who submit proposals through an annual call are selected by an external and independent proposal review panel (PRP) not involving personnel from any of the facilities. Besides the Omega Laser Facility at the University of Rochester’s Laboratory for Laser Energetics (UR/LLE), the network during this project period includes high-intensity laser facilities from six other universities and three national laboratories, namely, the Colorado State University (CSU), the University of Michigan (UM), the University of Nebraska at Lincoln (UNL), The Ohio State University (OSU), Université du Québec, the University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC) and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), respectively. The network facilities span a wide range in laser pulse energy, pulse duration, repetition rate, and experimental diagnostic equipment enabling innovative research in a variety of exciting areas. Details of the LaserNetUS facilities, organization and committees, events, and accomplishments can be found at the network website (https://lasernetus.org/). A very important role that the LaserNetUS fulfills is the training of students and young scientists who will be key for the future development of laser-plasma science and high-power laser technology itself. The network provides these students not only with access to the most advanced instrumentation and laser facilities, but also the opportunities to interact and collaborate with students from other institutions and with a large group of experienced scientists. As the largest university-based laser users’ facility in the world, the Omega Laser Facility at the UR/LLE has served the high-energy-density physics (HEDP) and inertial fusion science community for nearly 40 years. The multi-beam multi-kJ OMEGA EP Laser System brings unique capabilities to the LaserNetUS network. The combination of high intensity and high energy in short- and long-pulse operation together with solid or gas-jet targets and externally applied magnetic fields provides users a wide domain of experimental conditions. This award provides a total of eight shot days on OMEGA EP for LaserNetUS users. During the award period of performance (June 2019–November 2021), seven teams have fully utilized the eight shot days for their unique science experiments on OMEGA EP with a total of 83 target shots. These experiments involve 13 graduate students, two undergraduate students and six postdoctoral researchers. Results have been widely disseminated at international conferences including LaserNetUS annual meeting (~20 presentations including three invited), and in peer-reviewed journal publications (three published with several manuscripts in preparation).

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2022

Fundamental Mechanisms Controlling Dislocation-Obstacle Interactions in Metals and Alloys

This project combined modeling and experimentation across micro-meso-macro length scales to investigate the role of long-range internal stresses associated with obstacles and dislocation populations, in the deformation response of cubic metals. In addition to unique insights into the physical behavior of metals, advances were also made in modeling techniques and tools at the meso and atomistic level, and new characterization methods were developed and disseminated to the scientific community. Twenty eight journal papers, two dissertations and three theses have served as vehicles to share the gained scientific knowledge, and two open-source software packages have been developed, maintained and distributed. Additional publications are in progress.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Advanced Power Systems Measurements: A Literature Review

In 2020, a literature survey was performed as part of a project aimed at producing guidance for the Department of Energy in the form of a Roadmap. The topic of the Roadmap was measurement. That was viewed as being generally underrepresented in consideration of sensing and measurement or instrumentation and measurement. Sensing is just the beginning of a process, and the instrument is just the container for the process. Measurement, the experimental process, has acquired a considerable body of theory over the last few decades, theory that is not widely taught and disseminated. The results of the survey can be said broadly to reflect that lack of appreciation. Specifically, the review found that there is support for the development of a more “capable” PMU. New algorithms and new documentary standards will be needed. Some of the findings are: (1) Point-on-wave technology adds new capability to the existing suite of measurements, and could allow for improved operation and protection (2) Power quality analysis has historically been concerned with assessment of how non-sinusoidal the delivered voltage shows promise in signature recognition, a departure from the modeling that has historically characterized power system measurements. (3) The PMU is assed as being a remarkable measurement system, but its performance is held back by the lack of understanding of the measurement theory underpinning its operation. (4) The PMU is being considered for application in the distribution system. There is a danger that it will be seen only in the light of the successful PMU implementation in transmission, and the two have different requirements. These various expansions of measurements will no doubt benefit from a better appreciation of the theoretical aspects of measurement. In this, and other, regards, our survey of the literature has identified gaps as well as possibilities.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

DOE OSTI2022

SolSmart Technical Assistance Provider (Final Technical Report)

The SolSmart program was established in late 2015 to “establish a prominent national recognition and technical assistance program for local governments that will signal to installers and the public that a community is receptive to solar businesses and has established a supportive solar market environment. This, in turn, will reduce market barriers and lower soft costs, thus contributing to SunShot goals. The program will also assist communities who are just beginning to improve their solar markets.” By March 31, 2022 (the grant end date), the SolSmart Team designated 460 communities, more than 50% more than the initial program objective of 300 communities. The designated communities represent 42 states, the District of Columbia, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico. The SolSmart team developed and revised criteria representing best practices for local governments; recruited, trained, evaluated, and mentored communities to incorporate these best practices; and disseminated resources about solar and solar-related technologies as well as the newest best practices on a regular basis. 98% of local government officials who participated in the program said that SolSmart increased their knowledge of solar energy. The SolSmart program had both real and perceived tangible impacts on barriers to solar adoption in designated communities. Significantly, the time to permit a solar installation decreased by 7.5 days on average. This reduced the soft costs for both the solar installer (and therefore the customer) and the local government. The result is that solar installations in SolSmart communities increased by 17% per month compared with similar non-SolSmart communities. Larger and wealthier communities were more likely to pursue SolSmart designation and earn more points within SolSmart. As a result, IREC/TSF developed strategies to reach underserved communities and created new resources to help them more easily achieve designation, as described below. In the last year of the Award, 44% of designated communities were underserved, compared with 31% in the earlier years of the program. DOE issued two awards for SolSmart: the SolSmart Technical Assistance Provider (TAP), led by The Solar Foundation (TSF) which has since merged with the Interstate Renewable Energy Council (IREC), and the Designation Program Administrator (DPA), led by the International City/County Management Association (ICMA). IREC was lead for the TAP project and, until the time of TSF/IREC merger, was a subrecipient on the DPA project. These two projects were interdependent; one could not exist without the other. While this report will focus on the work performed by the TAP, it will be impossible to speak of this without talking about the successes, impacts, and benefits of the overall SolSmart program.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2022

U.S. Industrial and Commercial Motor System Market Assessment Report. Volume 3: Energy Saving Opportunity

This report seeks to inform the potential for motor systems to support decarbonization by estimating their potential energy, electricity cost, and CO 2 emissions reduction potential from adoption of proven energy efficiency actions and advanced technologies. This is the third and final report in a series of reports disseminating the findings of the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Motor System Market Assessment (MSMA). The MSMA and this report focus on polyphase motor systems greater than or equal to 1 horsepower (hp) in the industrial and commercial sectors. In the U.S. Industrial and Commercial Motor System Market Assessment Report Volume 1: Characteristics of the Installed Base (Volume 1 report), it was determined that these motor systems consume more than 1,000 terawatt-hours (TWh) annually. This equates to 29% of the U.S. electric grid load and results in 765 million metric tons (MMT) of CO 2 emissions and $166 billion in electricity costs. This report finds that substantial reductions to these energy, cost, and emissions impacts are possible, with three areas of significant opportunity being (1) improved load matching, (2) replacing older inefficient motors with more efficient motors, and (3) improving the condition of fluid (e.g., air, water, compressed air) distribution systems. A summary of the savings potential from these three opportunities placed within the context of the overall consumption for motor systems is illustrated in Figure ES 1 (industrial) and Figure ES 2 (commercial).

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

DOE OSTI2022

2022 Peer Review Project Summary: Advanced Protection for Microgrids and DER in Secondary Networks and Meshed Distribution Systems

Although there are increasing numbers of distributed energy resources (DERs) and microgrids being deployed, current IEEE and utility standards generally strictly limit their interconnection inside secondary networks. Secondary networks are low-voltage meshed (non-radial) distribution systems that create redundancy in the path from the main grid source to each load. This redundancy provides a high level of immunity to disruptions in the distribution system, and thus extremely high reliability of electric power service. There are two main types of secondary networks, called grid and spot secondary networks, both of which are used worldwide. In the future, primary networks in distribution systems that might include looped or meshed distribution systems at the primary-voltage (mediumvoltage) level may also become common as a means for improving distribution reliability and resilience. The objective of this multiyear project is to increase the adoption of microgrids in secondary networks and meshed distribution systems by developing novel protection schemes that allow for safe reliable operation of DERs in secondary networks. We will address these challenges by working with the appropriate stakeholders of secondary network operators, protection vendors, and standards committee. The outcomes of this project include: a) development and/or demonstration of candidate methods for enabling protection of secondary networks containing high levels of DER; b) development of modeling and testing tools for protection systems designed for use with secondary networks including DERs; and c) development of new industrial partnerships to facilitate widespread results dissemination and eventual commercialization of results as appropriate.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2022

NCSP Training and Education Program [Slides]

The mission of the Nuclear Criticality Safety Program is to provide sustainable expert leadership, direction and the technical infrastructure necessary to develop, maintain, and disseminate the essential technical tools, training, and data required to support safe, efficient fissionable material operations within DOE; the vision of the program is a Continually improving, adaptable, and transparent program that communicates and collaborates globally to incorporate technology, practices, and programs to be responsive to the essential technical needs of those responsible for developing, implementing, and maintaining nuclear criticality safety. Training and education topics for the program include a 1-week Manager/Criticality Safety Officer Course and a 2-week NCS Engineer Hands-on Training Course.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2022

Reducing Uncertainty of Fielded Photovoltaic Performance (Final Technical Report)

Improved analysis and reporting of photovoltaic (PV) field performance increases the certainty of owners and financiers that systems will perform as expected. Advanced module technologies (e.g., PERC, HJT, and bifacial) introduce new degradation mechanisms and performance characteristics. The FY19-21 Reducing Uncertainty project leveraged data from the ever-increasing PV fleet to develop models and understanding of the field performance of existing and new technologies. Specifically, we accomplished: report on field performance and degradation rates for high-efficiency silicon (HJT, PERC, IBC) and more conventional technologies; developed automated analysis techniques to quantify system performance (performance ratio, energy yield) and production shortfalls (soiling, degradation, availability); refined the RdTools software toolkit to bring standard, validated analysis techniques to bear on third-party data; analyzed and reported on large datasets including Treasury data and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Utility-Scale dataset to expand the high-quality degradation-rate histogram published previously; worked with industry partners and the DuraMAT data hub to enable private parties to share and aggregate PV production data anonymously, leveraging cloud-based data analysis infrastructure and publishing on US fleet-scale performance comprising over 7GW of operating systems. (https://www.nrel.gov/pv/fleet-performance-data-initiative.html). Through our industry collaborations we have engaged in NDA-covered data transfer with twelve PV fleet owners as of January 2022, with more agreements in negotiation. Our scalable cloud-based time series database contains over 30 billion rows (20TB) of PV time series data, representing over 1700 commercial and utility-scale systems, and over 7.2 GW of DC capacity (Fig 1). Initial field performance results have been distributed in several public reports. Because our fleet composition and data quality methods are continually improving, annual updates to these results are published to our PV Fleet webpage [ https://www.nrel.gov/pv/fleet-performance-data-initiative.html ] and DuraMAT data hub [DOI: 10.21948/1842958]. Another existing dissemination channel used for observed soiling losses is a map we maintain for soiling losses. Additional products developed include a report detailing fleet-wide performance index, availability, startup loss and snow loss factors, a detailed report on the 1603 grant dataset comprising over 100,000 PV systems with failure and performance details and a utility-scale report coauthored with LBNL on 31 GW of system performance.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2022

Nuclear Data for High Energy Ion Interactions and Secondary Particle Production

Understanding the harmful effects of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) on space exploration requires a substantial amount of nuclear data. Specifically, the interaction of energetic GCR charged particles with spacecraft materials generates secondary radiations that, through energy deposition, can harm astronauts and electronic systems. By identifying the gaps in our knowledge of the relevant nuclear data – interaction cross sections – and identifying ways to fill those gaps – with measurements, compilations, evaluations, disseminations, reaction modeling, sensitivity studies, and uncertainty quantification – the safety and viability of space exploration can be improved. This work surveys the state of the art in this interdisciplinary field and identifies promising collaborative research topics that have significant potential to advance our understanding of the effects of the space radiation environment on space exploration.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2022

Application of Advanced Metering Infrastructure Data to Advanced Utility System Operations: Cooperative Research and Development, CRADA Number CRD-17-00712 (Final Report)

The primary objective of the proposed project is to evaluate the capabilities of Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) based controls for grid operations. This includes monitoring and control at the secondary transformer level using existing AMI infrastructure. In addition, some of the challenges of using a model-less control will also be identified. The lessons learned will be disseminated to other utilities around the country through peer-reviewed publications with the consent of SDG&E. The scope of the work includes using data from SDG&E's existing AMI infrastructure and working with third party vendors selected by SDG&E. The grid edge monitoring systems and controls provided by the selected vendors will perform grid operations using AMI data. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) will perform a software and controller-based evaluation of the grid edge controller, intelligent devices and sensors, at the Energy System Integration Facility (ESIF) laboratory.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗