Mass transfer cooling on a porous flat plate in carbon-dioxide and air streams.
Transpiration cooling of porous flat plate by injection of carbon dioxide or air into carbon dioxide and air free streams
Hartnett, J. P.↗
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Gamma radiation characteristics of plutonium dioxide fuel
Investigation of plutonium dioxide as an isotopic fuel for Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators yielded the isotopic composition of production-grade plutonium dioxide fuel, sources of gamma radiation produced by plutonium isotopes, and the gamma flux at the surface.
Gingo, P. J.↗
Mass transfer cooling on a porous flat plate in carbon-dioxide and air streams.
Transpiration cooling of porous flat plate by injection of carbon dioxide or air into carbon dioxide and air free streams
Hartnett, J. P.↗
Heating of basalts with a carbon dioxide laser
Basalt heating with IR carbon dioxide laser, investigating vapor fractionation for inert atmospheres, very high temperatures and silicon dioxide poor materials
Blander, M.↗
Space-suit carbon dioxide absorption system: A concept
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide within a space suit is maintained at safe levels by regenerating carbon dioxide with potassium hydroxide solution on board spacecraft or by portable units.
Copeland, R. J.↗
Solid amine compounds as sorbents for carbon dioxide: A concept
Solid amine compounds were examined as possible absorbents for removal of carbon dioxide in life support systems of type which may be employed in high altitude aircraft, spacecraft, or submarines. Many solid amine compounds release absorbed carbon dioxide when heated in vacuum, therefore, when properly packaged spent amine compounds can be readily regenerated and put back into service.
Sutton, J. G.↗
The reaction of hydrogen peroxide with nitrogen dioxide and nitric oxide.
The reactions were studied with the aid of a mass spectrometer. A pinhole bleed system provided continuous sampling of the gas mixture in the cell during the reaction. It was found that the homogeneous reactions of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide with hydrogen peroxide are too slow to be of any significance in the upper atmosphere. However, the heterogeneous reactions may be important in the conversion of nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide in the case of polluted urban atmospheres.
Gray, D.↗
Regeneration of oxygen from carbon dioxide and water.
In a closed ecological system it is necessary to reclaim most of the oxygen required for breathing from respired carbon dioxide and the remainder from waste water. One of the advanced physicochemical systems being developed for generating oxygen in manned spacecraft is the solid electrolyte-electrolysis system. The solid electrolyte system consists of two basic units, an electrolyzer and a carbon monoxide disproportionator. The electrolyzer can reclaim oxygen from both carbon dioxide and water. Electrolyzer preparation and assembly are discussed together with questions of reactor design and electrolyzer performance data.
Weissbart, J.↗
Carbon dioxide adsorbent study
A study was initiated on the feasibility of using the alkali metal carbonate - bi-carbonate solid-gas reaction to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere of an EVA life support system. The program successfully demonstrates that carbon dioxide concentrations could be maintained below 0.1 mole per cent using this chemistry. Further a practical method for distributing the carbonates in a coherent sheet form capable of repeated regeneration (50 cycles) at modest temperatures (423 K), without loss in activity was also demonstrated. Sufficiently high reaction rates were shown to be possible with the carbonate - bi-carbonate system such that EVA hardware could be readily designed. Experimental and design data were presented on the basis of which two practical units were designed. In addition to conventional thermally regenerative systems very compact units using ambient temperature cyclic vacuum regeneration may also be feasible. For a one man - 8 hour EVA unit regenerated thermally at the base ship a system volume of 14 liters is estimated.
Onischak, M.↗
Fuel-Retention Properties of Tungsten-Uranium Dioxide Composites
Although tungsten-uranium dioxide composites appear very promising, as fuel element materials for high-temperature nuclear rocket reactors, one of the major problems with these materials is the loss of fuel at reactor operating temperatures (near or above 4500 F). Substantial fuel losses occur by vaporization whenever the uranium dioxide is directly exposed to elevated temperature environments and by fuel migration and vaporization when reactor operating conditions that involve thermal cycling are simulated. Several methods of minimizing fuel loss have been evaluated and appear quite promising.
Gedwill, Michael A.↗
Carbon dioxide hydrate and floods on Mars
Ground ice on Mars probably consists largely of carbon dioxide hydrate. This hydrate dissociates upon release of pressure at temperatures between 0 and 10 C. The heat capacity of the ground would be sufficient to produce up to 4% (by volume) of water at a rate equal to that at which it can be drained away. Catastrophic dissociation of carbon dioxide hydrate during some past epoch when the near-surface temperature was in this range would have produced chaotic terrain and flood channels.
Milton, D. J.↗
Electrochemical carbon dioxide concentrator subsystem math model
A steady state computer simulation model has been developed to describe the performance of a total six man, self-contained electrochemical carbon dioxide concentrator subsystem built for the space station prototype. The math model combines expressions describing the performance of the electrochemical depolarized carbon dioxide concentrator cells and modules previously developed with expressions describing the performance of the other major CS-6 components. The model is capable of accurately predicting CS-6 performance over EDC operating ranges and the computer simulation results agree with experimental data obtained over the prediction range.
Marshall, R. D.↗
GASP: A computer code for calculating the thermodynamic and transport properties for ten fluids: Parahydrogen, helium, neon, methane, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, oxygen, fluorine, argon, and carbon dioxide
A FORTRAN IV subprogram called GASP is discussed which calculates the thermodynamic and transport properties for 10 pure fluids: parahydrogen, helium, neon, methane, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, oxygen, fluorine, argon, and carbon dioxide. The pressure range is generally from 0.1 to 400 atmospheres (to 100 atm for helium and to 1000 atm for hydrogen). The temperature ranges are from the triple point to 300 K for neon; to 500 K for carbon monoxide, oxygen, and fluorine; to 600 K for methane and nitrogen; to 1000 K for argon and carbon dioxide; to 2000 K for hydrogen; and from 6 to 500 K for helium. GASP accepts any two of pressure, temperature and density as input conditions along with pressure, and either entropy or enthalpy. The properties available in any combination as output include temperature, density, pressure, entropy, enthalpy, specific heats, sonic velocity, viscosity, thermal conductivity, and surface tension. The subprogram design is modular so that the user can choose only those subroutines necessary to the calculations.
Hendricks, R. C.↗
Environmental carbon dioxide control
A study of environmental carbon dioxide control for NASA EVA missions found solid potassium carbonate to be an effective regenerable absorbent in maintaining low carbon dioxide levels. The supported sorbent was capable of repeated regeneration below 150 C without appreciable degradation. Optimum structures in the form of thin pliable sheets of carbonate, inert support and binder were developed. Interpretation of a new solid-gas pore closing model helped predict the optimum sorbent and analysis of individual sorbent sheet performance in a thin rectangular channel sorber can predict packed bed performance.
Onischak, M.↗
Carbon dioxide-water clathrate as a reservoir of CO2 on Mars
It has been suggested that the residual polar caps of Mars contain a resorvoir of permanently frozen carbon dioxide which is controlling the atmospheric pressure. However, observational data and models of the polar heat balance suggest that the temperatures of the Martian poles are too high for solid CO2 to survive permanently. On the other hand, the icelike compound carbon dioxide-water clathrate could function as a CO2 reservoir instead of solid CO2, because it is stable at higher temperatures. This paper shows that the permanent polar caps may contain several millibars of CO2 in the form of clathrate, and discusses the implications of this permanent clathrate reservoir for the present and past atmospheric pressure on Mars.
Dobrovolskis, A.↗
Photocatalytic oxidation mechanism of isobutane in contact with titanium dioxide (TiO2)
The photocatalytic oxidation of isobutane to acetone in the presence of irradiated ultraviolet irradiated titanium dioxide was found to occur in several steps. Insertion of an oxygen atom onto the tertiary carbon transforming the isobutane into tertiary butanol occurred first. This step implied the photonic formation of the 02- species and its reaction with positive holes. The tertiary butanol was then dehydrated to isobutene which is oxidized acetone and carbon dioxide. Insertion of an oxygen atom onto the primary carbon led to isobutanal after oxidation to the alcohol. An analogous reaction scheme was proposed for all alkanes.
Formenti, M.↗
Development of a prototype regeneration carbon dioxide absorber
A prototype regenerable carbon dioxide absorber was developed to maintain the environmental quality of the portable life support system. The absorber works on the alkali metal carbonate-bicarbonate solid-gas reaction to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The prototype sorber module was designed, fabricated, and tested at simulated extravehicular activity conditions to arrive at optimum design. The unit maintains sorber outlet concentration below 5 mm Hg. An optimization study was made with respect to heat transfer, temperature control, sorbent utilization, sorber life and regenerability, and final size of the module. Important parameters influencing the capacity of the final absorber unit were identified and recommendations for improvement were made.
Patel, P. S.↗
Effect of carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide on ICR mice
Times to incapacitation and death and LC(50) values were determined for male ICR mice exposed to different concentration of carbon monoxide for 30 min and of nitrogen dioxide for 10 min in a 4.2 liter hemispherical chamber. The data indicate that ICR mice are more resistant to these two toxicants than Swiss albino mice. The carbon monoxide LC(50) for a 30-min exposure was about 8,000 ppm for ICR mice compared to 3,570 ppm for Swiss albino mice. The nitrogen dioxide LC(50) for a 10-min exposure was above 2,000 ppm for ICR mice compared to about 1,000 ppm for Swiss albino mice.
Hilado, C. J.↗