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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 235 records · Page 13
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2011

Influence of induced axial magnetic field on plasma dynamics and radiative characteristics of Z pinches

The influence of an induced axial magnetic field on plasma dynamics and radiative characteristics of Z pinches is investigated. An axial magnetic field was induced in a novel Z-pinch load: a double planar wire array with skewed wires (DPWAsk), which represents a planar wire array in an open magnetic configuration. The induced axial magnetic field suppressed magneto-Rayleigh-Taylor (MRT) instabilities (with m = 0 and m = 1 instability modes) in the Z-pinch plasma. The influence of the initial axial magnetic field on the structure of the plasma column at stagnation was manifested through the formation of a more uniform plasma column compared to a standard double planar wire array (DPWA) load [V. L. Kantsyrev et al., Phys. Plasmas 15, 030704 (2008)]. The DPWAsk load is characterized by suppression of MRT instabilities and by the formation of the sub-keV radiation pulse that occurs before the main x-ray peak. Gradients in plasma parameters along the cathode-anode gap were observed and analyzed for DPWAsk loads made from low atomic number Z (Al) and mid-Z (brass) wires.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Revealing in-plane movement of platinum in polymer electrolyte fuel cells after heavy-duty vehicle lifetime

Fuel cell heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) require increased durability of oxygen-reduction-reaction electrocatalysts, making knowledge of realistic degradation mechanisms critical. Here identical-location micro-X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy was performed on membrane electrode assemblies. The results exposed heavy in-plane movement of electrocatalyst after HDV lifetime, suggesting that electrochemical Ostwald ripening may not be a local effect. Development of local loading hotspots and preferential movement of electrocatalyst away from cathode catalyst layer cracks was observed. The heterogeneous degradation exhibited by a modified cathode gas diffusion layer membrane electrode assembly after HDV lifetime was successfully quantified by the identical-location approach. Further synchrotron micro-X-ray diffraction and micro-X-ray fluorescence experiments were performed to obtain the currently unknown correlation between electrocatalyst nanoparticle size increase and loading change. A direct correlation was discovered which developed only after HDV lifetime. Finally, the work provides a route to engineer immediate system-level mitigation strategies and to develop structured cathode catalyst layers with durable electrocatalysts.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2015

Plasmon mediated cathodic photocurrent generation in sol-gel synthesized doped SrTiO{sub 3} nanofilms

Thin films of SrTiO{sub 3} (STO) and Rh-doped SrTiO{sub 3} (Rh-STO) were synthesized by sol-gel method and loaded with Ag nanoparticles. Pristine STO films exhibited anodic photocurrent while Rh-STO exhibited cathodic photocurrent. An enhancement in the overall cathodic photocurrent is observed with Ag nanoparticle loading and an additional enhancement in the visible light range is seen from the incident photon-to-current efficiency spectrum due to synergetic effect of Rh doping and Ag loading in STO.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Mass-transport properties of electrosprayed Pt/C catalyst layers for polymer-electrolyte fuel cells

Mass-transport properties of electrosprayed catalyst-layers based on Pt/C and ionomer (Nafion) are investigated with hydrogen limiting-current technique, water-vapor-uptake, scanning transmission microscopy (STEM), single-cell testing, and impedance spectroscopy. The hydrogen limiting-current technique provides the transport resistance of the layers ( R CL m t ), which demonstrates to be lower in electrosprayed layers compared with conventional layers, especially at very low platinum loadings (0.025 mg Pt ·cm -2 ) and low cell temperature, denoting superior mass-transport properties. Images of the distribution of Pt, F, and C elements reveal the ionomer preferentially interacting with the Pt nanoparticles. Water-vapor-uptake experiments show larger vapor absorption for electrosprayed than conventional catalyst layers. Such large water-vapor uptake capability is combined with superhydrophobicity, ie. very low interaction with water in liquid phase (wettability). Both apparently contradictory properties result from a particular configuration of the amphiphilic ionomer in the electrosprayed layers, and provide ideal conditions for high mass transport and ionic conductivity in a catalyst layer. Electrosprayed layers as cathode catalyst layers reflect peak response at a loading of 0.17 mg Pt ·cm -2 (18 μm layer thickness when using Pt/C 20 wt% catalyst) where they provide minimal mass-transport and polarization resistances.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2017

Zr-doped ceria additives for enhanced PEM fuel cell durability and radical scavenger stability

Doped ceria compounds demonstrate excellent radical scavenging abilities and are promising additives to improve the chemical durability of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells. Here in this paper, Ce 0.85 Zr 0.15 O 2 (CZO) nanoparticles were incorporated into the cathode catalyst layers (CLs) of PEM fuel cells (based on Nafion XL membranes containing 6.0 μg cm -2 ion-exchanged Ce) at loadings of 10 and 55 μg cm -2 . When compared to a CZO-free baseline, CZO-containing membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) demonstrated extended lifetimes during PEM chemical stability accelerated stress tests (ASTs), exhibiting reduced electrochemical gas crossover, open circuit voltage decay, and fluoride emission rates. The MEA with high CZO loading (55 μg cm -2 ) demonstrated performance losses, which are attributed to Ce poisoning of the PEM and CL ionomer regions, which is supported by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis. In the MEA with the low CZO loading (10 μg cm -2 ), both the beginning of life (BOL) performance and the performance after 500 hours of ASTs were nearly identical to the BOL performance of the CZO-free baseline MEA. XRF analysis of the MEA with low CZO loading reveals that the BOL PEM Ce concentrations are preserved after 1408 hours of ASTs and that Ce contents in the cathode CL are not significant enough to reduce performance. Therefore, employing a highly effective radical scavenger such as CZO, at a loading of 10 μg cm -2 in the cathode CL, dramatically mitigates degradation effects, which improves MEA chemical durability and minimizes performance losses.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Hydrogen fuel quality analyzer with self-humidifying electrochemical cell and methods of testing fuel quality

A fuel quality analyzer for detecting contaminants in a fuel supply includes an anode flow field plate defining a first fuel flow field channel and a fuel inlet port, a cathode flow field plate defining a second fuel flow field channel and a fuel outlet port, a polymer electrolyte membrane between the anode and cathode flow field plates, a first electrode between the anode flow field plate and the polymer electrolyte membrane, and a second electrode between the cathode flow field plate and the polymer electrolyte membrane. The second electrode has a higher platinum loading than the first electrode. A reservoir volume is defined by the anode and cathode flow field plates. At least a portion of the polymer electrolyte membrane extends into the reservoir volume. The reservoir volume is configured to retain water to humidify the polymer electrolyte membrane.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2011

Simulations of a surface glow discharge in a supersonic gas flow in the presence of external ionization

Results of two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of a surface glow discharge operating at pressures of 0.2-0.5 Torr in a nitrogen flow propagating with a velocity of 1000 m/s in the presence of external ionization are presented. The effect of the external ionization rate on discharge operation is analyzed. The current-voltage characteristics of the discharge are calculated for different intensities of external ionization in both the presence and absence of secondary electron emission from the cathode. The discharge structure and plasma parameters in the vicinity of the loaded electrode are considered. It is shown that, when the discharge operates at the expense of secondary emission from the cathode, the discharge current and cathode sheath configuration are insensitive to external ionization. It is also demonstrated that, even at a high rate of external ionization, the discharge operates due to secondary emission from the cathode.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2026

Development of a Chlorine Cathode and Anode Basket Assembly for Production of Uranium Chloride

A chlorine cathode has been developed for in situ chlorination of metals, oxides, and oxychlorides in molten chloride electrolytes that could be used to support synthesis of chloride fuel salts for molten salt reactors. The chlorine cathode is designed to electrochemically reduce chlorine gas to generate chloride ions that, when paired with a metal anode, chlorinate that metal as it is oxidized into the salt. The designed porous carbon electrode effectively distributes Cl 2 to the electrode surface and efficiently generates Clions in the molten chloride electrolyte. This report highlights recent improvements made to the electrode assembly, with a focus on operational control of the anode basket stability. Synthesis tests demonstrated the successful chlorination of uranium metal, resulting in 3.6 wt% uranium generated in the LiCl-KCl base salt in 45 minutes, performed in a bench-scale chlorination apparatus. Higher concentrations could be achieved by applying longer chlorination times or increasing the amount of uranium loaded in the anode basket. Overall, the chlorine cathode can be used with an appropriately designed anode to chlorinate uranium in situ for synthesis of molten salt reactor fuel salts.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Strategies for Reducing the PGM Loading in High Power AEMFC Anodes

Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (AEMFCs) have experienced a significant rise in attention in recent years, largely motivated by the potential to overcome the costs that have plateaued for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. However, despite significant advances in power generation, membrane conductivity, membrane stability, and catalyst activity, the vast majority of high performing AEMFCs are fabricated with a high PGM loading (0.4-0.8 mg cm -2 ). This work demonstrates an electrode fabrication method that reduces the anode catalyst loading by 85 % while still achieving performance ca. 1 W cm -2 - accomplished by designing a multi-layered electrode comprised of an optimized ionomer:carbon:PGM ratio catalyst layer coupled with a hydrophobic microporous layer. If paired with a high-performing PGM-free cathode, this new anode can meet existing DOE PGM loading and performance targets.

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗
DOE OSTI2022

Membrane‐electrode assembly design parameters for optimal CO 2 reduction

Commercial-scale generation of carbon-containing chemicals and fuels by means of electrochemical CO 2 reduction (CO 2 R) requires electrolyzers operating at high current densities and product selectivities. Membrane-electrode assemblies (MEAs) have been shown to be suitable for this purpose. In such devices, the cathode catalyst layer controls both the rate of CO 2 R and the distribution of products. In this study, we investigate how the ionomer-to-catalyst ratio (I:Cat), catalyst loading, and catalyst-layer thickness influence the performance of a cathode catalyst layer containing Ag nanoparticles supported on carbon. In this paper, we explore how these parameters affect the cell performance and establish the role of the exchange solution (water vs. CsHCO 3 ) behind the anode catalyst layer in cell performance. We show that a high total current density is best achieved using an I:Cat ratio of 3 at a Ag loading of 0.01–0.1 mg Ag /cm 2 and with a 1.0 M solution of CsHCO 3 circulated behind the anode catalyst layer. For these conditions, the optimal CO partial current density depends on the voltage applied to the MEA. The work also reveals that the performance of the cathode catalyst layer is limited by a combination of the electrochemically active surface area and the degree to which mass transfer of CO 2 to the surface of the Ag nanoparticles and the transport of OH – anions away from it limit the overall catalyst activity. Hydration of the ionomer in the cathode catalyst layer is found not to be an issue when using an exchange solution. The insights gained allowed for a Ag CO 2 R MEA that operates between 200 mA/cm 2 and 1 A/cm 2 with CO faradaic efficiencies of 78–91%, and the findings and understanding gained herein should be applicable to a broad range of CO 2 R MEA-based devices.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Enhanced Electrochemical Performance of Disordered Rocksalt Cathodes Enabled by a Graphite Conductive Additive

Cobalt-free cation-disordered rocksalt (DRX) cathodes are a promising class of materials for next-generation Li-ion batteries. Although they have high theoretical specific capacities (>300 mA h/g) and moderate operating voltages (~3.5 V vs Li/Li + ), DRX cathodes typically require a high carbon content (up to 30 wt %) to fully utilize the active material which has a detrimental impact on cell-level energy density. To assess pathways to reduce the electrode’s carbon content, the present study investigates how the carbon’s microstructure and loading (10–20 wt %) influence the performance of DRX cathodes with the nominal composition Li 1.2 Mn 0.5 Ti 0.3 O 1.9 F 0.1 . While electrodes prepared with conventional disordered carbon additives (C65 and ketjenblack) exhibit rapid capacity fade due to an unstable cathode/electrolyte interface, DRX cathodes containing 10 wt % graphite show superior cycling performance (e.g., reversible capacities ~260 mA h/g with 85% capacity retention after 50 cycles) and rate capability (~135 mA h/g at 1000 mA/g). Furthermore, a suite of characterization tools was employed to evaluate the performance differences among these composite electrodes. Overall, these results indicate that the superior performance of the graphite-based cathodes is largely attributed to the: (i) formation of a uniform graphitic coating on DRX particles which protects the surface from parasitic reactions at high states of charge and (ii) homogeneous dispersion of the active material and carbon throughout the composite cathode which provides a robust electronically conductive network that can withstand repeated charge–discharge cycles. Overall, this study provides key scientific insights on how the carbon microstructure and electrode processing influence the performance of DRX cathodes. Based on these results, exploration of alternative routes to apply graphitic coatings is recommended to further optimize the material performance.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Integrated reactor architecture of conductive network and catalytic nodes to accelerate polysulfide conversion for durable and high-loading Li-S batteries

The development of carbon-based heterogeneous framework host with synergistic catalytic and conductive effects for sulfur cathode is a promising strategy to realize high performance lithium sulfur batteries (LSBs). Here, an integrated reactor architecture with defective carbon nodes (IRA-DC) is designed for serving as high-loading (92.4 wt%) sulfur host. The hierarchical porous IRA-DC consists of untangled conductive carbon nanotube network and Co/N co-doped catalytic nodes with high dispersity. Therein the optimization of electric field distribution and homogenization of adsorption-catalysis sites offer the multi-electron conversion reaction of polysulfides with excellent kinetics and stability. The resultant IRA-DC/S cathode enables a high areal capacity of 8.86 mAh cm -2 under ultra-high sulfur loading (13.1 mg cm -2 ) and lean electrolyte (8 μL mg sulfur -1 ). It also displays a long-term cycling performance (1200 cycles at 1 C) and ultrahigh rate performance up to 20 C (with a capacity of 473.6 mAh g -1 ). In conclusion, this work provides an electrode building strategy by optimizing the environments of heterogeneous electrocatalysis and micro electric field to activate the polysulfide conversion efficiency and utilization of high-loading sulfur in monolithic sulfur-carbon cathodes.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Novel Solid Electrolyte Based Lithium-Sulfur Batteries

This project aims to develop safe, reliable, and low-cost Li-S batteries with high energy density and long cycle life. Two approaches have been used to realize this purpose. One is the adaptation of extremely high-surface-area carbon substrates to confine sulfur in their optimal nano-pores. A superionic conductor has also been developed to further improve the cycle life of the Li-S batteries. The developed Li-S cells demonstrated significantly improved energy density and cycle life. The composite cathodes effectively inhibited the polysulfide shuttle mechanism and provided appropriate elasticity for sulfur lithiation, enabling Li-S cells to retain more than 70% of initial discharge capacity after 300 cycles. Moreover, These cathodes proved to have confined an extremely high loading of sulfur, significantly improving specific energy to more than 300 Wh/kg (on a basis of active cell components). In addition, the Li-S cells are able to operate at high charge/discharge rate (1 C), directly promoting their power density. The proposed project has led to great improvements in energy/power density and cycle life of Li-S batteries. Meanwhile, the low prices of Li-S batteries make them more commercially viable in comparison to lithium ion batteries. This is significant because high energy density, long cycle life and low cost will enable Li-S batteries to power automotive vehicles and public transit systems.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Large-diameter and heteroatom-doped graphene nanotubes decorated with transition metals as carbon hosts for lithium–sulfur batteries

This work addresses here performance issues of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries via retaining the polysulfide intermediates within a novel cathode nanocarbon host. Herein, we report a series of nitrogen and oxygen co-doped and transition metal-decorated large size (200–500 nm in diameter) graphene nanotubes (M-GNTs) (M = Co, Ni, and/or Fe) as effective carbon hosts for sulfur cathodes (S@M-GNTs) in Li–S batteries. The exceptionally large diameters of the graphene tubes allow facile diffusion of sulfur inside the tubes with sufficient loadings, yet leaving room for volume expansion during the lithiation process. The GNTs with the largest diameter and abundant N and O doping along with FeCoNi alloy decoration (FeCoNi-GNTs) exhibit the best sulfur cathode performance. In addition to the unique nanocarbon structures, the heteroatom dopants and transition metal nanoparticles likely also play promotional roles in retaining long-chain polysulfide discharge intermediates within the carbon host, therefore improving rate capability and cycle stability. In particular, a S@FeCoNi-GNT cathode with a high sulfur loading (~4.5 mg S cm -2 ) exhibits discharge capacities up to 1234.7 mA h g -1 at C/20 and 909.0 mA h g -1 at C/5. A discharge capacity of 554.4 mA h g -1 at 1C after 500 cycles was retained, further demonstrating its encouraging potential in Li–S batteries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Screening Bifunctional Pt Based NSTF Catalysts for Durability with the Rotating Disk Electrode: The Effect of Ir and Ru

Various amounts of Ir (<20 μg cm -2 ) and Ru (up to 12 μg cm -2 ) on a consistent base Pt loading of 85 μg cm -2 , were sputter deposited on a nanostructured thin film catalyst support to mimic a hydrogen fuel cell's cathode catalyst. The nanostructured support was grown on glassy carbon disks designed for a rotating disk electrode, which was used to simulate what happens to a fuel cell cathode during repeated start-up, operation, and shut-down. The testing protocol subjected the catalyst to a minimum potential of 0.65 V RHE and a maximum between 1.53 and 1.8 V RHE . The upper potential was achieved with a galvanostatic hold which is an alternative way to simulate potential transients on the cathode caused by start-up and shut-down. Increasing Ir loading improved the durability of both oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity. When combined with Ir, Ru provided no benefit to OER durability except at an Ir loading of 10 μg cm -2 . Ru addition (no Ir present) improved the ORR durability compared to pure Pt. ORR durability was not influenced by Ru addition to Ir-containing samples. In general, ORR durability showed no dependence on Ru loading for all the Ru containing samples and ORR activity was decreased by OER catalyst addition, though more so for Ir than Ru.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Comparative study of monolithic platinum and iridium as oxygen-evolving anodes during the electrolytic reduction of uranium oxide in a molten LiCl–Li 2 O electrolyte

A series of four electrolytic reduction runs was performed in molten salt at bench scale to compare the performance characteristics of monolithic platinum and iridium as oxygen-evolving anodes, while simultaneously reducing uranium oxide to metal. In each run, 25 g of uranium oxide particulate was loaded into a permeable steel basket, which, in turn, was immersed in a pool of LiCl—1 wt% Li 2 O at 650 °C. Both anodes, each 3 mm in diameter, were suspended vertically in the salt pool, adjacent to the steel cathode basket. The anodes were connected in parallel to separate direct current power supplies with the uranium oxide-loaded basket as the common cathode. A cell voltage (3.1 V) was intermittently applied to the system with both power supplies operating concurrently, effecting the reduction of uranium oxide to uranium metal at the cathode basket and the simultaneous oxidation of oxygen anions in the salt to oxygen gas at each anode. Anode and cathode potentials and currents were recorded to compare the performance of platinum vis-à-vis iridium. After completing the series of runs, both anodes were removed and subjected to dimensional, chemical, and microscopic analyses. Furthermore the accumulated charges on each anode over the series of four runs were similar, the platinum anode exhibited up to 29% reduction in cross-sectional area compared to <3% for the iridium anode.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Improving the performance for direct electrolysis of CO 2 in solid oxide electrolysis cells with a Sr 1.9 Fe 1.5 Mo 0.5 O 6– δ electrode via infiltration of Pr 6 O 11 nanoparticles

Direct CO 2 electrolysis using solid oxide electrolysis cells (CO 2 -SOECs) holds promise to efficiently convert carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide and oxygen. Cathodes with desirable catalytic activity and chemical stability play a critical role in the development of direct CO 2 -SOECs. Although Sr 2 Fe 1.5 Mo 0.5 O 6–δ (SFM) has exhibited promise for direct CO 2 -SOECs due to its redox stability, it suffers from insufficient activity for the CO 2 reduction reaction (CO 2 RR). Here we report interface engineering of nanosized Pr 6 O 11 on the SFM cathode obtained through infiltration to promote the CO 2 RR performance for direct CO 2 -SOECs. The effect of Pr 6 O 11 loading on the performance of the CO 2 RR is systematically investigated. At 800 °C, the current density of the Pr 6 O 11 infiltrated SFM cathode with an optimum Pr 6 O 11 loading of 14.8 wt% reaches 1.61 A cm –2 at 1.5 V, more than double that of the SFM cathode (0.76 A cm –2 ) under the same operating conditions. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterization and in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) analysis indicate that the adsorption ability of CO 2 on the SFM cathode has been significantly improved by the formation of Pr 6 O 11 . Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) of CO 2 measurements further manifest that a 14.8 wt% Pr 6 O 11 -SFM cathode has better CO desorption capacity. In addition, polarization resistance of the SFM cathode has significantly decreased with the addition of Pr 6 O 11 . Three-electrode measurement was used to analyze the improved electrode kinetics. Finally, these results demonstrate that the formation of Pr 6 O 11 in the SFM cathode through infiltration is a promising approach for increasing CO 2 RR activity for CO 2 -SOECs.

03 NATURAL GAS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Yolk–Shelled C@Fe 3 O 4 Nanoboxes as Efficient Sulfur Hosts for High‐Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Owing to the high theoretical specific capacity (1675 mA h g −1 ) and low cost, lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries offer advantages for next‐generation energy storage. However, the polysulfide dissolution and low electronic conductivity of sulfur cathodes limit the practical application of Li–S batteries. To address such issues, well‐designed yolk–shelled carbon@Fe 3 O 4 (YSC@Fe 3 O 4 ) nanoboxes as highly efficient sulfur hosts for Li–S batteries are reported here. With both physical entrapment by carbon shells and strong chemical interaction with Fe 3 O 4 cores, this unique architecture immobilizes the active material and inhibits diffusion of the polysulfide intermediates. Moreover, due to their high conductivity, the carbon shells and the polar Fe 3 O 4 cores facilitate fast electron/ion transport and promote continuous reactivation of the active material during the charge/discharge process, resulting in improved electrochemical utilization and reversibility. With these merits, the S/YSC@Fe 3 O 4 cathodes support high sulfur content (80 wt%) and loading (5.5 mg cm −2 ) and deliver high specific capacity, excellent rate capacity, and long cycling stability. This work provides a new perspective to design a carbon/metal‐oxide‐based yolk–shelled framework as a high sulfur‐loading host for advanced Li–S batteries with superior electrochemical properties.

He, Jiarui↗