Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “Zn”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 235 records · Page 13

Materials Data on Zn(CuN)2 by Materials Project

Zn(CuN)2 crystallizes in the tetragonal P-4m2 space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of one Zn(CuN)2 sheet oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. Cu2+ is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two equivalent N3- atoms. Both Cu–N bond lengths are 1.81 Å. Zn2+ is bonded to four equivalent N3- atoms to form corner-sharing ZnN4 tetrahedra. All Zn–N bond lengths are 2.10 Å. N3- is bonded in a see-saw-like geometry to two equivalent Cu2+ and two equivalent Zn2+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Zn(WN)2 by Materials Project

Zn(WN)2 crystallizes in the tetragonal P-4m2 space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of one Zn(WN)2 sheet oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. W2+ is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two equivalent N3- atoms. Both W–N bond lengths are 1.93 Å. Zn2+ is bonded to four equivalent N3- atoms to form corner-sharing ZnN4 tetrahedra. All Zn–N bond lengths are 2.07 Å. N3- is bonded to two equivalent W2+ and two equivalent Zn2+ atoms to form corner-sharing NZn2W2 tetrahedra.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Zn(CrN)2 by Materials Project

Zn(CrN)2 crystallizes in the tetragonal P-4m2 space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of one Zn(CrN)2 sheet oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. Cr2+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent N3- atoms. Both Cr–N bond lengths are 1.84 Å. Zn2+ is bonded to four equivalent N3- atoms to form corner-sharing ZnN4 tetrahedra. All Zn–N bond lengths are 2.24 Å. N3- is bonded in a see-saw-like geometry to two equivalent Cr2+ and two equivalent Zn2+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Zn(SnN)2 by Materials Project

Zn(SnN)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2 space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of one Zn(SnN)2 sheet oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. Zn2+ is bonded to four equivalent N3- atoms to form corner-sharing ZnN4 tetrahedra. All Zn–N bond lengths are 2.05 Å. Sn2+ is bonded in a water-like geometry to two equivalent N3- atoms. There are one shorter (2.11 Å) and one longer (2.12 Å) Sn–N bond lengths. N3- is bonded to two equivalent Zn2+ and two equivalent Sn2+ atoms to form corner-sharing NZn2Sn2 tetrahedra.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Zn(AgO2)2 by Materials Project

Zn(AgO2)2 is Orthorhombic Perovskite-like structured and crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pmn2_1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are four inequivalent Ag3+ sites. In the first Ag3+ site, Ag3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing AgO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 48–71°. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.09–2.22 Å. In the second Ag3+ site, Ag3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing AgO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 48–71°. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.09–2.22 Å. In the third Ag3+ site, Ag3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing AgO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 48–71°. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.04–2.51 Å. In the fourth Ag3+ site, Ag3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing AgO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 48–71°. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.03–2.51 Å. There are two inequivalent Zn2+ sites. In the first Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven O2- atoms. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.12–2.51 Å. In the second Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven O2- atoms. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.12–2.51 Å. There are eight inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three Ag3+ and two equivalent Zn2+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three Ag3+ and two equivalent Zn2+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Ag3+ and one Zn2+ atom to form distorted OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids that share corners with two equivalent OZn2Ag3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with two equivalent OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids, and edges with two equivalent OZn2Ag3 trigonal bipyramids. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Ag3+ and one Zn2+ atom to form distorted OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids that share corners with two equivalent OZn2Ag3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with two equivalent OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids, and edges with two equivalent OZn2Ag3 trigonal bipyramids. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three Ag3+ and two equivalent Zn2+ atoms. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three Ag3+ and two equivalent Zn2+ atoms. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Ag3+ and two equivalent Zn2+ atoms to form distorted OZn2Ag3 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with two equivalent OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids, edges with two equivalent OZn2Ag3 trigonal bipyramids, and edges with two equivalent OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Ag3+ and two equivalent Zn2+ atoms to form distorted OZn2Ag3 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with two equivalent OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids, edges with two equivalent OZn2Ag3 trigonal bipyramids, and edges with two equivalent OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Zn(PO2)2 by Materials Project

Zn(PO2)2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pmma space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of one Zn(PO2)2 sheet oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form edge-sharing ZnO6 octahedra. There are two shorter (1.98 Å) and four longer (2.26 Å) Zn–O bond lengths. There are two inequivalent P3+ sites. In the first P3+ site, P3+ is bonded in a water-like geometry to two equivalent O2- atoms. Both P–O bond lengths are 1.54 Å. In the second P3+ site, P3+ is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two equivalent O2- atoms. Both P–O bond lengths are 1.53 Å. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two equivalent Zn2+ and one P3+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Zn2+ and one P3+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Zn(OF)2 by Materials Project

ZnF2O2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Fddd space group. The structure is one-dimensional and consists of eight O2 ribbons oriented in the (1, 0, 0) direction and eight ZnF2 ribbons oriented in the (1, 0, 0) direction. In each O2 ribbon, O is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two equivalent O atoms. Both O–O bond lengths are 1.55 Å. In each ZnF2 ribbon, Zn is bonded in a square co-planar geometry to four equivalent F atoms. All Zn–F bond lengths are 1.94 Å. F is bonded in an L-shaped geometry to two equivalent Zn atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Zn(GaS2)2 by Materials Project

ZnGa2S4 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Fddd space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are three inequivalent Zn2+ sites. In the first Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight S2- atoms. There are four shorter (2.87 Å) and four longer (2.89 Å) Zn–S bond lengths. In the second Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight S2- atoms. There are four shorter (2.83 Å) and four longer (2.99 Å) Zn–S bond lengths. In the third Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight S2- atoms. There are a spread of Zn–S bond distances ranging from 2.72–3.14 Å. There are two inequivalent Ga3+ sites. In the first Ga3+ site, Ga3+ is bonded to four S2- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing GaS4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Ga–S bond distances ranging from 2.28–2.32 Å. In the second Ga3+ site, Ga3+ is bonded to four S2- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing GaS4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Ga–S bond distances ranging from 2.30–2.32 Å. There are four inequivalent S2- sites. In the first S2- site, S2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two Zn2+ and two equivalent Ga3+ atoms. In the second S2- site, S2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two Zn2+ and two equivalent Ga3+ atoms. In the third S2- site, S2- is bonded to two Zn2+ and two Ga3+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing SZn2Ga2 trigonal pyramids. In the fourth S2- site, S2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two Zn2+ and two Ga3+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

An Iron-Decorated Carbon Aerogel for Rechargeable Flow and Flexible Zn–Air Batteries

Mechanically stable and foldable air cathodes with exceptional oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activities are key components of wearable metal-air batteries. Herein, a directional freeze-casting and annealing approach is reported for the construction of a 3D honeycomb nanostructured, N,P-doped carbon aerogel incorporating in situ grown FeP/Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles as the cathode in a flexible Zn-air battery (ZAB). The aqueous rechargeable Zn-air batteries assembled with this carbon aerogel exhibit a remarkable specific capacity of 648 mAh g -1 at a current density of 20 mA cm -2 with a good long-term durability, outperforming those assembled with commercial Pt/C+RuO 2 catalyst. Furthermore, such a foldable carbon aerogel with directional channels can serve as a freestanding air cathode for flexible solid-state Zn-air batteries without the use of carbon paper/cloth and additives, giving a specific capacity of 676 mAh g -1 and an energy density of 517 Wh kg -1 at 5 mA cm -2 together with good cycling stability. This work offers a new strategy to design and synthesize highly effective bifunctional air cathodes to be applied in electrochemical energy devices.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

Chemical and Electronic Structure at the Interface between a Sputter-Deposited Zn(O,S) Buffer and a Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se) 2 Solar Cell Absorber

The chemical and electronic structure of the interface between a sputter-deposited Zn(O,S) buffer layer and an industrial Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se) 2 (CIGSSe) absorber for thin-film solar cells is investigated with X-ray and UV photoelectron spectroscopy, inverse photoemission spectroscopy, and X-ray emission spectroscopy. We find a CIGSSe absorber surface band gap of 1.61 (±0.14) eV, which is significantly increased as compared to the minimal value derived with bulk-sensitive methods (≈1.1 eV). We find no indication for diffusion of absorber elements into the buffer layer. Surface- and bulk-sensitive measurements of the buffer layer suggest the presence of S-Zn and S-O bonds in the Zn(O,S) layer. We find that the naturally existing downward band bending toward the CIGSSe absorber surface is increased by the formation of the interface, likely enhancing carrier separation under illumination. We also derive a flat conduction band alignment, in line with the reported high conversion efficiencies of corresponding large-area solar cells.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Galvanic corrosion of AZ31B joined to dual-phase steel with and without Zn layer by ultrasonic and friction stir welding

Galvanic corrosion of AZ31B joined with bare or Zn-coated DP590 steel by ultrasonic spot welding or linear friction stir welding was quantitatively studied by pre-defining anode and cathode in the lap joint samples. Corrosion volume and depth from Mg anode surfaces exposed to 0.1 M sodium chloride solution was analyzed as functions of cathode surface type and welding method. Characterization of as-welded joints was performed to identify any microstructural feature of the bonding zone that could impact galvanic corrosion behavior. COMSOL modeling with modified user subroutine was conducted to simulate the progression of Mg corrosion in the same joint and electrode configurations used for the corrosion experiments. The experimental results indicated that Zn-coated cathode surface can reduce Mg galvanic corrosion significantly as galvanic polarization and cathodic current on Zn-coated surface remained relatively low for Mg in the weld joints. COMSOL modeling described the growth of Mg galvanic corrosion in a reasonable manner but showed limitation by underestimating the corrosion volume as it did not capture self-corrosion.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Origins of high ductility exhibited by an extruded magnesium alloy Mg-1.8Zn-0.2Ca: Experiments and crystal plasticity modeling

Low ductility and strength are major bottlenecks against Mg alloys' wide applications. In this work, we systematically design the composition and fabrication process for a low-alloyed Mg-Zn-Ca alloy, showing that it can be extruded at low temperatures (~ 250 degrees C) and high speeds (~2 mm/s). After the extrusion, this alloy exhibits a substantially weakened basal texture, relatively small grain size, very high tensile elongation (~ 30%), and good strength. The origin of the considerably improved ductility was studied using a combination of three-dimensional atom probe tomography (3D-APT), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) in conjunction with surface slip trace analysis, in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction, and elasto-plastic self-consistent (EPSC) modeling. Co-segregation of Zn and Ca atoms at a grain boundary is observed and associated with texture weakening and grain boundary mediated plasticity, both improving the ductility. While basal slip and prismatic slip are identified as the dominant deformation systems in the alloy, the ratio between their slip resistances is substantially reduced relative to pure Mg and most other Mg alloys, significantly contributing to the improved ductility of the alloy. This Mg-Zn-Ca alloy exhibiting excellent mechanical properties and low fabrication cost is a promising candidate for industrial productions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

High mass loading potassium ion stabilized manganese dioxide nanowire forests for rechargeable Zn batteries

Manganese dioxide (MnO 2 ) represents an ideal cathode material for rechargeable aqueous Zn batteries due to its high theoretical capacity (308 mAh g -1 ), suitable potential (1.4 V vs. Zn 2+ /Zn), natural abundance, and negligible toxicity. However, the capacity and rate capability of MnO 2 deteriorate significantly in thick electrodes owing to its low electrical and ionic conductivities. Herein, we report the design of high mass loading potassium ion stabilized α-MnO 2 (K 0.133 MnO 2 ) nanowire forests on carbon cloth through a seed-assisted hydrothermal method for Zn batteries. Further, the vertically aligned K 0.133 MnO 2 nanowire forests with uninterrupted charge transport afford a high area capacity of 3.54 mAh cm -2 and a capacity retention of 79.2% over 1000 cycles in aqueous electrolyte. Moreover, the high area capacity and cyclability can be readily transferred to quasi-solid-state devices.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

Superior metal storage behavior of Zn-containing porous carbon nanostructures for Na and Li metal batteries

Na and Li metals are ideal anodes for high-energy rechargeable batteries. However, their poor coulombic efficiency and the associated safety issues due to dendritic metal deposition and large volume changes during metallic plating/stripping are the major causes that persistently hinder their practical energy-storage applications. Herein, Zn-containing carbon nanostructures derived from typical zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) are proposed as advanced metal anode materials for both Na and Li metal batteries. In this study; the three-dimensional interconnected porous surfaces confine metallic Na and Li within the nanostructures, filling the carbon scaffold, and covering the electrode surface to form stable solid electrolyte interphases. Based on the metal nucleation and growth results obtained through various electrochemical tests, Zn incorporation and pore morphology have been revealed to be the key factors that regulate the metal nucleation and metallic plating/stripping during cycling. Thus, the incorporation of Zn in the closed pores of a carbon nanostructure improves the cycle performance, even in carbonate electrolytes, and produces stable Na and Li metallic anodes for next-generation rechargeable batteries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

An Overview of Challenges and Strategies for Stabilizing Zinc Anodes in Aqueous Rechargeable Zn-Ion Batteries

Aqueous rechargeable zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) have been revived and are considered a promising candidate for scalable electrochemical energy storage systems due to their intrinsic safety, low cost, large abundance, mature recyclability, competitive electrochemical performance, and sustainability. However, the deployment of aqueous rechargeable ZIBs is still hampered by the poor electrochemical stability and reversibility of Zn anodes, which is a common, inherent issue for most metal-based anodes. This review presents a comprehensive and timely overview of the challenges and strategies of Zn anodes toward durable ZIBs. First, several challenges that significantly reduce the Coulombic efficiency and cycling stability of Zn anodes are briefly discussed including dendrite formation, hydrogen evolution, and corrosion. Then, the mitigation strategies are summarized in terms of modifying the electrode/electrolyte interfaces, designing electrode structures, and optimizing electrolytes and separators. Further, we comprehensively discuss the mechanisms behind these issues and improvement strategies with respect to the anodes, electrolytes, and separators. Lastly, we provide perspectives and critical analyses of remaining challenges, outlook, and future direction for accelerating the practical application of aqueous rechargeable ZIBs.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

Al-Cu-Zn-Mg Alloy for Additive Manufacturing by Electron Beam Deposition

The application of fusion-based additive manufacturing (AM) to aircraft structural components is limited by the lack of high-strength aluminum alloys optimized for AM processing. High strength aluminum alloys (such as 7050-T7451) are difficult to process by AM because of their solidification cracking susceptibility and loss of volatile alloying elements such as Zn and Mg. The performance of a proprietary Al-Cu-Zn-Mg alloy wire feedstock was evaluated for AM utilizing electron beam deposition. Deposit microstructure, composition, occurrence of porosity and cracking, and post-heat treatment tensile and fracture toughness were correlated with deposition parameters. Post-heat treatment strength, ductility, and fracture toughness were lower than typical values for wrought 7050-T7451, related to significant losses of Zn and Mg and to porosity. Recommendations are offered for modifications to wire feedstock composition and adjustments to deposition conditions and heat treatment to enable AM of electron beam deposited material that has strength comparable to 7050-T7451 wrought products.

Al-Cu-Zn-Mg alloy, electron beam deposition, mecha↗

On Energy Storage Chemistry of Aqueous Zn-Ion Batteries: From Cathode to Anode

Rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) have resurged in large-scale energy storage applications due to their intrinsic safety, affordability, competitive electrochemical performance, and environmental friendliness. Extensive efforts have been devoted to exploring high-performance cathodes and stable anodes. However, many fundamental issues still hinder the development of aqueous ZIBs. Here, we critically review and assess the energy storage chemistries of aqueous ZIBs for both cathodes and anodes. First, this review presents a comprehensive understanding of the cathode charge storage chemistry, probes the existing deficiencies in mechanism verification, and analyzes contradictions between the experimental results and proposed mechanisms. Then, a detailed summary of the representative cathode materials and corresponding comparative discussion is provided with typical cases encompassing structural features, electrochemical properties, existing drawbacks, and feasible remedies. Subsequently, the fundamental chemical properties, remaining challenges, and improvement strategies of both Zn metal and non-Zn anodes are presented to thoroughly explore the energy storage chemistry of ZIBs and pursue the development of high-performance ZIBs. Furthermore, the progress of mechanistic characterization techniques and theoretical simulation methods used for ZIBs is timely reviewed. Finally, here we provide our perspectives, critical analysis, and insights on the remaining challenges and future directions for development of aqueous ZIBs.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

Unveiling Charge Transport and Degradation Mechanisms of Aqueous Zn|α-MoO 3 Batteries in Conventional Concentration and Water-in-Salt Electrolytes: A Multi-Modal In Situ and Operando Study

Herein charge storage and transport properties are elucidated and cell degradation mechanisms of rechargeable aqueous Zn|alpha-MoO 3 batteries in three electrolyte systems (3 m ZnSO 4 , 3 m ZnCl 2 , and 30 m ZnCl 2 [12.5 m] water-in-salt (WIS)) are distinguished by a combination of in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), operando optoelectrochemistry, and operando energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD). In conventional concentration 3 m electrolytes, in situ XRD and XAS, as well as ex situ scanning transmission electron microscopy data collectively support Zn 2+ as the primary charge carrier. In addition, these systems are susceptible to cathode dissolution, Zn corrosion coupled with the hydrogen evolution reaction, and the resultant formation of basic zinc salt phases. The multi-modal in situ and operando experimental analyses validate facile H+ intercalation and extraction in concentrated 30 m ZnCl 2 WIS electrolyte. Via operando EDXRD, reaction front and charge transport limitation during discharge and charge in the viscous WIS electrolyte are spatially tracked. Here this work provides new insight into the stability and degradation mechanisms of aqueous zinc batteries during static storage and upon dynamic cycling, and highlights the utility of in situ and operando techniques in understanding the superior stability of WIS electrolytes.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗