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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 235 records · Page 13
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2018

Two-photon absorption of soft X-ray free electron laser radiation by graphite near the carbon K-absorption edge

We have examined the transmission of soft X-ray pulses from the FERMI free electron laser through carbon films of varying thickness, quantifying nonlinear effects of pulses above and below the carbon K-edge. At typical of soft X-ray free electron laser intensities, pulses exhibit linear absorption at photon energies above and below the K-edge, ~308 and ~260 eV, respectively; whereas two-photon absorption becomes significant slightly below the K-edge, ~284.2 eV. The measured two-photon absorption cross section at 284.18 eV (~6 x 10-48 cm4 s) is 7 orders of magnitude above what is expected from a simple theory based on hydrogen-like atoms - a result of resonance effects.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2023

Neutrino self-interactions: A white paper

Neutrinos are the Standard Model (SM) particles which we understand the least, often due to how weakly they interact with the other SM particles. Beyond this, very little is known about interactions among the neutrinos, i.e., their self-interactions. The SM predicts neutrino self-interactions at a level beyond any current experimental capabilities, leaving open the possibility for beyond-the-SM interactions across many energy scales. In this white paper, we review the current knowledge of neutrino self-interactions from a vast array of probes, from cosmology, to astrophysics, to the laboratory. Furthermore, we also discuss theoretical motivations for such self-interactions, including neutrino masses and possible connections to dark matter. Looking forward, we discuss the capabilities of searches in the next generation and beyond, highlighting the possibility of future discovery of this beyond-the-SM physics.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2015

In-Reactor Oxidation of Zircaloy-4 Under Low Water Vapor Pressures

Complementary in- and ex-reactor oxidation tests have been performed to evaluate the oxidation and hydrogen absorption performance of Zircaloy-4 (Zr-4) under relatively low partial pressures (300 and 1000 Pa) of water vapor at specified test temperatures (330° and 370°C). Data from these tests will be used to support fabrication of components intended for isotope-producing targets and provide information regarding the temperature and pressure dependence of oxidation and hydrogen absorption of Zr-4 over the specified range of test conditions. Comparisons between in- and ex- reactor test results were performed to evaluate the influence of irradiation.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2019

Effects of irradiation temperature on the response of CeO2, ThO2, and UO2 to highly ionizing radiation

Microcrystalline CeO 2 , ThO 2 , and UO 2 were irradiated with 198 MeV 132 Xe ions to the same fluence at temperatures ranging from 25°C to 700°C then characterized by synchrotron X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. All samples retain crystallinity and their nominal fluorite-type phase at a fluence of 1.5x10 13 ions/cm 2 . Both CeO 2 and ThO 2 display defect-induced unit cell expansion after irradiation at room temperature (~0.15% and ~0.10%, respectively), yet as irradiation temperature increases, the maximum swelling produced decreases to ~0.02%. Alternatively, UO 2 shows an initial contraction in unit cell parameter (approximately -0.05%), for room temperature irradiation most likely related to irradiation-enhanced annealing or irradiation-induced oxidation. At higher temperatures (above 200°C), UO 2 begins to swell, surpassing its unit cell parameter prior to irradiation (~0.05%), an effect which could be attributed to minor reduction in uranium oxidation state in vacuum. However, while CeO 2 irradiated at room temperature undergoes partial reduction, both UO 2 and ThO 2 exhibit no measurable change in cation oxidation state as evidenced by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. All samples display a decrease in irradiation-induced heterogeneous microstrain as a function of increasing irradiation temperature.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

A quantitative study of retention and release of deuterium and tritium during irradiation of y-LiAlO2 pellets

This study reports on the quantification of deuterium in ion-irradiated gamma-LiAlO2 pellets as a function of dose and temperature. The gamma-LiAlO2 pellets were sequentially irradiated with He+ and D2+ ions to the same fluences of 5E16, 1E17 and 2E17 He++D+/cm2 at 188 K. Additional irradiation was performed to 1E17, 2E17 and 4E17 He++D+/cm2 at 573 K. A set of the pellets irradiated at 188 K was shipped and stored at low temperatures from 80 to 132 K and characterized using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry at ~173 K. The deuterium depth profiles show a Gaussian-like distribution in the low-temperature pellets. The total deuterium retention is found to be directly proportional to the ion fluence. About 27 at.% of the implanted deuterium atoms were released from the pellet irradiated to 2E17 He++D+/cm2 at 188 K during storage at room temperature for ~1 month. Retention of the trapped or bound deuterium during ion irradiation at 573 K increases initially with ion fluence and tends to saturate at a high fluence. The amount of the released deuterium is observed to be quantitatively consistent with that of the released tritium from similar standard pellets during neutron irradiation at 573 K.

Deuterium retention and release, ion irradiation, ↗
DOE OSTI2016

In situ electrochemical-electron spin resonance investigations of multi-electron redox reaction for organic radical cathodes

Organic radical batteries (ORBs) bearing robust radical polymers as energy storage species, are emerging promisingly with durable high energy and power characteristics by unique tunable redox properties. Here we report the development and application of in situ electrochemical-electron spin resonance (ESR) methodologies to identify the charge transfer mechanism of Poly(2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidinyloxy-4-yl methacrylate) (PTMA) based organic radical composite cathodes in the charge-discharge process of lithium half cells. The in situ experiments allow each electrochemical state to be associated with the chemical state (or environment) of the radical species upon the cell cycling. In situ ESR spectra of the composite cathode demonstrate a two-electron redox reaction of PTMA. Moreover, two different local environments of radical species are found in the composite electrode that includes both concentrated and isolated radicals. These two types of radicals show similarities during the redox reaction process while behave quite differently in the non-faradic reaction of ion sorption/desorption on the electrode surface.

Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory↗
DOE OSTI2011

Quantification of stress history in type 304L stainless steel using positron annihilation spectroscopy

Five Type 304L stainless steel specimens were subjected to incrementally increasing values of plastic strain. At each value of strain, the associated static stress was recorded and the specimen was subjected to positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) using the Doppler Broadening method. A calibration curve for the 'S' parameter as a function of stress was developed based on the five specimens. Seven different specimens (blind specimens labeled B1-B7) of 304L stainless steel were subjected to values of stress inducing plastic deformation. The values of stress ranged from 310 to 517 MPa. The seven specimens were subjected to PAS post-loading using the Doppler Broadening method, and the results were compared against the developed curve from the previous five specimens. It was found that a strong correlation exists between the 'S' parameter, stress, and strain up to a strain value of 15%, corresponding to a stress value of 500 MPa, beyond which saturation of the 'S' parameter occurs. Research Highlights: {yields} Specimens were initially in an annealed/recrystallized condition. {yields} Calibration results indicate positron annihilation measurements yield correlation. {yields} Deformation produced by cold work was likely larger than the maximum strain.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

A lithium-sulfur battery with a solution-mediated pathway operating under lean electrolyte conditions

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery is one of the most promising candidates for the next generation energy storage systems. However, several barriers, including polysulfide shuttle effect, the slow solid-solid surface reaction pathway in the lower discharge plateau, and corrosion of Li anode still limit its practical applications, especially under the lean electrolyte condition required for high energy density applications. Here, we propose a solution-mediated sulfur reduction pathway to improve the capacity and reversibility of the sulfur cathode and suppress dendrite growth on the Li metal anode simultaneously. With this method, a high coulombic efficiency (99%) and stable cycle life over 100 cycles were achieved under application-relevant conditions (S loading: 6.2 mg cm-2; electrolyte to sulfur ratio: 3 mLE gs-1; sulfur weigh ratio: 72 wt%). This result is enabled by a specially designed Li2S4-rich electrolyte, in which Li2S is formed through a chemical disproportionation reaction instead of electrochemical routes. A diglyme solvent was used to obtain electrolytes with the optimum range of Li2S4 concentration. Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy confirms the solution pathway in a practical Li-S cell. This solution pathway not only introduces a new electrolyte regime for practical Li-S batteries, but also provides a new perspective for bypassing the inefficient surface pathway for other electrochemical processes.

Wang, Hui↗
DOE OSTI2015

Design and fabrication of prototype 6×6 cm 2 microchannel plate photodetector with bialkali photocathode for fast timing applications

Planar microchannel plate-based photodetector with bialkali photocathode is capable of fast and accurate time and position resolutions. A new 6 cm x 6 cm photodetector production facility was designed and built at Argonne National Laboratory. Small form-factor MCP-based photodetectors completely constructed of glass were designed and prototypes were successfully fabricated. Knudsen effusion cells were incorporated in the photocathode growth chamber to achieve uniform and high quantum efficiency hotocathodes. The thin film uniformity distribution was simulated and measured for an antimony film deposition, showing uniformity of better than 10%. Several prototype devices with bialkali photocathodes have been fabricated with the described system and their characteristics were evaluated in the large signal (multi-PE) limit. A typical prototype device exhibits time-of-flight resolution of ~ 27 psec and differential time resolution of ~ 9 psec, corresponding to spatial resolution of ~ 0.65 mm.

bialkali photocathode↗
DOE OSTI2012

The Fuel Accident Condition Simulator (FACS) furnace system for high temperature performance testing of VHTR fuel

The AGR-1 irradiation of TRISO-coated particle fuel specimens was recently completed and represents the most successful such irradiation in US history, reaching peak burnups of greater than 19% FIMA with zero failures out of 300,000 particles. An extensive post-irradiation examination (PIE) campaign will be conducted on the AGR-1 fuel in order to characterize the irradiated fuel properties, assess the in-pile fuel performance in terms of coating integrity and fission metals release, and determine the fission product retention behavior during high temperature safety testing. A new furnace system has been designed, built, and tested to perform high temperature accident tests. The Fuel Accident Condition Simulator furnace system is designed to heat fuel specimens at temperatures up to 2000 degrees C in helium while monitoring the release of volatile fission metals (e.g. Cs, Ag, Sr, and Eu), iodine, and fission gases (Kr, Xe). Fission gases released from the fuel to the sweep gas are monitored in real time using dual cryogenic traps fitted with high purity germanium detectors. Condensable fission products are collected on a plate attached to a water-cooled cold finger that can be exchanged periodically without interrupting the test. Analysis of fission products on the condensation plates involves dry gamma counting followed by chemical analysis of selected isotopes. This paper will describe design and operational details of the Fuel Accident Condition Simulator furnace system and the associated fission gas monitoring system, as well as preliminary system calibration results.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗