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At least 235 records · Page 13

Maximum likelihood estimation for life distributions with competing failure modes

The general model for the competing failure modes assuming that location parameters for each mode are expressible as linear functions of the stress variables and the failure modes act independently is presented. The general form of the likelihood function and the likelihood equations are derived for the extreme value distributions, and solving these equations using nonlinear least squares techniques provides an estimate of the asymptotic covariance matrix of the estimators. Monte-Carlo results indicate that, under appropriate conditions, the location parameters are nearly unbiased, the scale parameter is slightly biased, and the asymptotic covariances are rapidly approached.

Sidik, S. M.↗

On the radial structure of planetary rings

Viscous shear stress of a ring of particles in orbit about a planet due to the radial gradient of orbital velocity is discussed. This stress tends to spread the ring with time. At low optical depth (t) and at high t, the shear stress is an increasing function of t. In the intermediate range stress may decrease with increasing t, leading to a diffusive instability which tends to break an initially uniform ring into ringlets of high and low optical depths. According to the shepherd satellite model of narrow ring confinement, the viscous shear stress is opposed by tidal torques from neighboring shepherds, so that radial spreading does not occur. By requiring that the gradient of the viscous shear stress (i.e., angular momentum deposited) be equal to the shepherd satellite torque density at all radii in the rings, equilibrium radial density profiles of a confined ring were constructed. The most noteworthy feature of these profiles is a narrow, high density ringlet surrounded by a low optical density halo of greater width.

Harris, A. W.↗

The Influence of C and Si on the Flow Behavior of NiAl Single Crystals

Alloys based on the intermetallic compound NiAl are considered potential replacements for Ni and Co-based superalloys in high temperature structural applications due to their excellent oxidation resistance, low densities, high thermal conductivities, and increased melting points. Unfortunately, NiAl exhibits low tensile ductility at room temperature and low strengths at elevated temperatures which have combined to hinder its development. Recent efforts, have revealed that NiAl in the presence of sufficient solute levels, is subject to the phenomenon of strain aging which manifests itself as: sharp yield points, abnormally low strain rate sensitivities (SRS), plateaus or peaks in yield stress and work hardening rate as a function of temperature, flow stress transients upon an upward change in strain rate, reduced tensile elongations at elevated temperatures, and serrated stress-strain curves. Though recent efforts via either alloying or the removal of interstitial impurities, have resulted in consistent room-temperature tensile elongations exceeding 5% and the elimination of serrated flow, the effects of particular substitutional and interstitial elements and the mechanisms by which they might enhance or hinder the mechanical properties remain unknown. Consequently, the purpose of the present paper is to provide a preliminary assessment of the influence of common substitutional and interstitial impurities on the deformation behavior of NiAl. To accomplish this goal a series of NiAl single crystal alloys containing various interstitial solutes were prepared and their mechanical properties were evaluated between 77 and 1100 K. Because Si is a common impurity in conventional purity single crystals grown by the Bridgman method, Si concentrations were also varied in order to determine the influence of this element.

Weaver, M. L.↗

ANSYS Modeling of Hydrostatic Stress Effects

Classical metal plasticity theory assumes that hydrostatic pressure has no effect on the yield and postyield behavior of metals. Plasticity textbooks, from the earliest to the most modem, infer that there is no hydrostatic effect on the yielding of metals, and even modem finite element programs direct the user to assume the same. The object of this study is to use the von Mises and Drucker-Prager failure theory constitutive models in the finite element program ANSYS to see how well they model conditions of varying hydrostatic pressure. Data is presented for notched round bar (NRB) and "L" shaped tensile specimens. Similar results from finite element models in ABAQUS are shown for comparison. It is shown that when dealing with geometries having a high hydrostatic stress influence, constitutive models that have a functional dependence on hydrostatic stress are more accurate in predicting material behavior than those that are independent of hydrostatic stress.

Allen, Phillip A.↗

Radome thermal stress investigation

Computer determinations of convergent series and continuous functions in main-body thermal stress solution for radomes of interceptor missiles during hypersonic flight

HYPERSONIC FLIGHT↗

Surface temperatures and glassy state investigations in tribology, part 2

Measurements of lubricant shear rheological behavior in the amorphous solid region and near the liquid solid transition are reported. Elastic, plastic and viscous behavior was observed. The maximum yield shear stress (limiting shear stress) is a function of temperature and pressure and is believed to be the property which determines the maximum traction in elastohydrodynamic contacts such as traction drives. A shear rheological model based on primary laboratory data is proposed for concentrated contact lubrication. The model is Maxwell model modified with a limiting shear stress. Three material properties are required: low shear stress viscosity, limiting elastic shear modulus, and the limiting shear stress the material can withstand. All three are functions of temperature and pressure.

Bair, S. S.↗

Microgravity Foam Structure and Rheology

To exploit rheological and multiple-light scattering techniques, and ultimately microgravity conditions, in order to quantify and elucidate the unusual elastic character of foams in terms of their underlying microscopic structure and dynamics. Special interest is in determining how this elastic character vanishes, i.e. how the foam melts into a simple viscous liquid, as a function of both increasing liquid content and shear strain rate. The unusual elastic character of foams will be quantified macroscopically by measurement of the shear stress as a function of static shear strain, shear strain rate, and time following a step strain; such data will be analyzed in terms of a yield stress, a static shear modulus, and dynamical time scales. Microscopic information about bubble packing and rearrangement dynamics, from which these macroscopic non-Newtonian properties presumably arise, will be obtained non-invasively by novel multiple-light scattering diagnostics such as Diffusing-Wave Spectroscopy (DWS). Quantitative trends with materials parameters, such as average bubble size, and liquid content, will be sought in order to elucidate the fundamental connection between the microscopic structure and dynamics and the macroscopic rheology.

Durian, Douglas J.↗

On dynamics of laminated anisotropic plates using a refined mixed plate element

An analysis of the free vibration and transient response of laminates using a mixed shear flexible element is presented. The element is based on a refined theory that accounts for a parabolic distribution of the transverse shear stresses through each lamina and requires no shear correction coefficients. The mixed formulation of the theory treats the five displacement functions and six stress resultants independently so that they are nodal degrees of freedom in the finite element model. Sample problems using the element are analyzed and the results of free vibration and transient response are presented. Compared to the existing shear deformation plate theory the present refined theory gives more accurate results for frequencies, displacements and stresses.

Putcha, N. S.↗

Foam Optics and Mechanics

The Foam Optics and Mechanics (FOAM) project will exploit the microgravity environment to more accurately measure the rheological and optical characteristics of wet aqueous foams. Using both rheology and laser light scattering diagnostics, the goal is to quantify the unusual elastic character of foams in terms of their underlying microscopic structure and dynamics. Of particular interest is determining how the elastic character vanishes, i.e., how the foam 'melts' into a simple viscous liquid, as a function of both increasing liquid content and increasing shear strain rate. The unusual elastic character of foams will be quantified macroscopically by measurement of the shear stress as a function of shear strain rate and of time following a step strain. Such data will be analyzed in terms of a yield stress, shear moduli, and dynamical time scales. Microscopic information about bubble packing and rearrangement dynamics, from which the macroscopic non-Newtonian properties ultimately arise, will be obtained non-invasively by multiple-light scattering: diffuse transmission spectroscopy (DTS) and diffusing wave spectroscopy (DWS). Quantitative trends with materials parameters, most importantly average bubble size and liquid content, will be sought in order to elucidate the fundamental connection between the microscopic structure and dynamics and the macroscopic rheology.

Durian, Douglas J.↗

Altered immunological response in mice subjected to stress and exposed to fungal spores

Space flight and related factors such as stress appear to have an adverse effect on astronauts' immune systems. The presence of potentially pathogenic microbes including several genera of fungi reported from spacecraft environment may be a cause of concern in such situations. In order to study the role of such organisms in causing opportunistic or allergic diseases in crewmembers, we have tried to develop an animal model. BALB/c mice were suspended upside down for varying periods of time to induce stress, and their lymphocyte functions were evaluated. These studies indicate that the stress resulted in lowered mitogen induced lymphocyte stimulation as represented by 3H-thymidine uptake. We have also studied the ability of these animals to respond to Aspergillus fumigatus spores. The results of the study clearly demonstrate a definite down-regulation in T-cell proliferation and a higher incidence of infection with A. fumigatus.

Kurup, Viswanath P.↗

Cooperative Effects of Corticosteroids and Catecholamines upon Immune Deviation of the Type-1/Type-2 Cytokine Balance in Favor of Type-2 Expression in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells

A growing number of studies show strong associations between stress and altered immune function. In vivo studies of chronic and acute stress have demonstrated that cognitive stressors are strongly correlated with high levels of catecholamines (CT) and corticosteroids (CS). Although both CS and CT individually can inhibit the production of T-helper 1 (TH1, type-1 like) cytokines and simultaneously promote the production of T-helper 2 (TH2, type-2 like) cytokines in antigen-specific and mitogen stimulated human leukocyte cultures in vitro, little attention has been focused on the effects of combination CT and CS in immune responses that may be more physiologically relevant. We therefore investigated the combined effects of in vitro CT and CS upon the type-1/type-2 cytokine balance of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) as a model to study the immunomodulatory effects of superimposed acute and chronic stress. Results demonstrated a significant decrease in type-1 cytokine production (IFN-gamma) and a significant increase in type-2 cytokine production (IL-4, IL-10) in our CS+CT incubated cultures when compared to either CT or CS agents alone. Furthermore, variable enhancement of type-1/type-2 immune deviation occurred depending upon when the CT was added. The data suggest that CS can increase the sensitivity of PBMC to the immunomodulatory effects of CT and establishes an in vitro model to study the combined effects of in vivo type-1/type-2 cytokine alterations observed in acute and chronic stress.

Salicru, A. N.↗

Particle velocity experiments in anorthosite and gabbro

Shock wave experiments were conducted in San Gabriel anorthosite and San Marcos gabbra 10 11 GPa using a 40 mm-borne propellant gun. Particle velocities were measured directly at several points in each target by means of electromagnetic gauges. Hugoniot states were calculated by determining shock-transit time from the gauge records. Sound speeds indicate a loss of shear strength upon sock compression for both rocks, with the strength loss persisting upon release to zero stress om the anorthosite. Stress-density release paths in the anorthosite indicate possible transformation of albite to jadeite + (quartz or coesite), with the amount of material transformed increasing as a function of shock stress. Electrical interferene effects in the gabbro precluded the determination of accurate release paths for the rock.

Boslough, M. B.↗

Room temperature shear properties of the strain isolator pad for the shuttle thermal protection system

Tests were conducted at room temperature to determine the shear properties of the strain isolator pad (SIP) material used in the thermal protection system of the space shuttle. Tests were conducted on both the .23 cm and .41 cm thick SIP material in the virgin state and after fifty fully reversed shear cycles. The shear stress displacement relationships are highly nonlinear, exhibit large hysteresis effects, are dependent on material orientation, and have a large low modulus region near the zero stress level where small changes in stress can result in large displacements. The values at the higher stress levels generally increase with normal and shear force load conditioning. Normal forces applied during the shear tests reduces the low modulus region for the material. Shear test techniques which restrict the normal movement of the material give erroneous stress displacement results. However, small normal forces do not significantly effect the shear modulus for a given shear stress. Poisson's ratio values for the material are within the range of values for many common materials. The values are not constant but vary as a function of the stress level and the previous stress history of the material. Ultimate shear strengths of the .23 cm thick SIP are significantly higher than those obtained for the .41 cm thick SIP.

Sawyer, J. W.↗

Nonlinear Reynolds stress models and the renormalization group

The renormalization group is applied to derive a nonlinear algebraic Reynolds stress model of anisotropic turbulence in which the Reynolds stresses are quadratic functions of the mean velocity gradients. The model results from a perturbation expansion that is truncated systematically at second order with subsequent terms contributing no further information. The resulting turbulence model applied to both low and high Reynolds number flows without requiring wall functions or ad hoc modifications of the equations. All constants are derived from the renormalization group procedure; no adjustable constants arise. The model permits inequality of the Reynolds normal stresses, a necessary condition for calculating turbulence-driven secondary flows in noncircular ducts.

Rubinstein, Robert↗

Effect of specimen thickness of fatigue-crack-growth behavior and fracture toughness of 7075-T6 and 7178-T6 aluminum alloys

A study was made to determine the effects of specimen thickness on fatigue crack growth and fracture behavior of 7075-T6 and 7178-T6 aluminum alloy sheet and plate. Specimen thicknesses ranged from 5.1 to 12.7 mm (0.20 to 0.50 in.) for 7075-T6 and from 1.3 to 6.4 mm (0.05 to 0.25 in.) for 7178-T6. The stress ratios R used in the crack growth experiments were 0.02 and 0.50. For 7075-T6, specimen thickness had relatively little effect on fatigue-crack growth. However, the fracture toughness of the thickness of the thickest gage of 7075-T6 was about two-thirds of the fracture toughness of the thinner gages of 7075-T6. For 7178-T6, fatigue cracks generally grew somewhat faster in the thicker gages than in the thinnest gage. The fracture toughness of the thickest gage of 7178-T6 was about two-thirds of the fracture toughness of the thinner gages of 7178-T6. Stress intensity methods were used to analyze the experimental results. For a given thickness and value of R, the rate of fatigue crack growth was essentially a single-valued function of the stress intensity range for 7075-T6 and 7178-T6. An empirical equation developed by Forman, Kearney, and Engle fit the 7075-T6 and 7178-T6 crack growth data reasonably well.

Hudson, C. M.↗

Measuring vibration and torque with the oscillograph

The recent development of technical science demands maximum reliability of functioning, together with maximum utilization of construction materials. For this purpose we must know what stresses are produced during functioning. One cause of great stresses are mechanical vibrations and this report describes a method of using an oscilloscope to measure the stresses of rapidly changing phenomena.

INSTRUMENTS - OSCILLOGRAPHS↗

Composite-Plate-Buckling Analysis Program

Composite-Plate-Buckling Analysis Program (COMPPAP) helps engineers determine buckling loads of orthotropic or isotropic irregularly shaped plates without need to perform manual calculations and extensive finite-element mathematical modeling. One-element finite-element program utilizing high-order displacement functions to perform plane-stress analysis of general plate followed by buckling calculation based on stresses found in plane-stress solution. High order of displacement functions enables user to obtain results more accurately. Written in ANSI FORTRAN 77. Two machine versions available: (MSC-22428) for computers of IBM PC 386 and higher series and for compatible computers; and UNIX (MSC-22286).

Smith, James P.↗

Characterization of Magnetoacoustic Emission Related to Structural Properties of Ferromagnets

An extensive study of magnetoacoustic emission (MAE) properties has been performed over the past several years. As a result, the dependence of the spectral characteristics of MAE on certain microstructural variations and uniaxially applied stress in a particular type of low carbon steel are now well known. The embrittlement-causing concentration of certain atomic species, e. g., tin, sulphur, phosphorous etc., at the grain boundaries of this steel creates strong potential barriers resisting the motion of non-180 domain walls which is the source of MAE. (Since the only type of non-180 domain walls in this material are 90 domain walls, the term 90 domain wall will be used throughout this paper in place of non-180 domain wall.) An MAE burst produced during one-half cycle of a hysteresis loop at a low AC magnetic field frequency (e. g., 0.7 Hz) shows two sub-peaks; the leading peak is usually sharp and short-lived, while the trailing peak is usually smooth and long-lasting. It has been shown that the enhanced domain wall-defect interaction, due to the strengthened potential barriers, causes an increase in the asymmetry of the MAE signal by suppressing the leading sub-peak and amplifying the trailing sub-peak. This phenomena is due to the delayed motion of the 90 domain walls. The effect of a tensile stress applied parallel to the external AC magnetic field is to diminish the MAE. On the other hand, the amplitude of the MAE burst has been shown to be a non-monotonic function of the stress amplitude. Recently, our study has concentrated on obtaining quantitative values for parameters computed from the MAE spectra averaged over a sufficient number of cycles to achieve statistical stability. Nevertheless, certain fundamental elements of the MAE characteristics remain unexplained.

Namkung, M.↗